1. Which of the following accurately describes nonequivalent group design?

a. The researcher cannot control which people go into each group and cannot ensure that the groups
are equivalent.
b. The two groups have completely different characteristics.
c. The researcher randomly assigns people to groups, so there is no guarantee that the groups are
equal.
d. The number of participants is different from one group to another
2. The basic threat to internal validity for a nonequivalent groups design is
a. history.
b. assignment bias.
c. regression.
d. Reactivity.
3. Differential research is classified as
a. correlational.
b. experimental.
c. quasi-experimental
d. Nonexperimental

4. One of the primary advantages of a pretest–posttest nonequivalent control group design, in

comparison to other nonequivalent group designs, is
a. the posttest scores can help reduce threats from history effects.
b. the pretest scores can help reduce the threat of assignment bias.
c. the posttest scores can help reduce the threat of differential history. d. the pretest scores can help
reduce the threat of differential history

5. In a typical pre–post study

a. two groups are measured before and after a treatment.
b. two groups are measured after a treatment.
c. one group is measured after a treatment.
d. one group is measured before and after a treatment

6. The internal validity of the pre–post designs is threatened by

a. threats related to time.
b. threats related to differences between groups.
c. differential effects.
d. the other three choices are all threats to pre–post designs

7. A prison psychologist measures depression for a group of prisoners each day for one week
before and for one week after the psychologist begins a series of group therapy sessions. This
is an example of a(n) design.
a. time series
b. interrupted time series
c. equivalent time samples
d.one-group pretest–posttest design

8. In a time series design, the series of observations before treatment helps reduce threats to
internal validity because a. a series of observations is more reliable than
a. single observation.
b. a series of observations has more validity than a single observation.
 c. if an outside factor is influencing the scores, the effects should be seen before the treatment is
administered.
d. if an outside factor is influencing the scores, it can be stopped before the treatment is administered

9. A researcher is examining motor skill development by observing children at 18 months, 24

months, and 30 months. If the researcher uses a cross-sectional design and obtains 20 scores
for each age, then how many children participated in the entire study?
a. 20
b. b. 40
c. c. 60
d. d. Cannot determine without more information.

10. The primary problem with a cross-sectional developmental design is that differences between age
groups may not be caused by age but rather are caused by
a. history effects.
b. regression toward the mean.
c. cohort effects.
d. differential attrition.

Answer Key:
1.A
2.B
3.D
4.B
5. D
6. A
7. A
8. C
9. C
10. C