NOUN

Noun

NOUN Naming word PAGE

2
Types

1 2 3 4 5
Proper Noun Common Noun Abstract Noun Material Noun Collective Noun

Exact Name Generic Name That can be Denotes a A collection of a

felt but cannot Physical number of
सट�क नाम सामान् नाम be touched Substance people or things
• India • Boy इसे महससू �कया एक भौ�तक पदाथर को एक संग् या बहुत से
E.g. E.g.
जा सकता है ले�कन �नरू�प करता है लोग या वस्त का नाम
• Delhi • City छुआ नह�ं जा सकता • Gold E.g. • Army
E.g.
• Ram • Planet E.g.
• Joy • Cotton • Jury
• Love • Silver • Team
 Noun

Common Noun PAGE

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1 2 3 4
Masculine Feminine Common Neuter
If the common Noun If the Common Noun If the same Noun can Refers to the names
has male has female be used for both man of things/ objects
characteristics. characteristics. and woman
(य�द Common Noun म� (य�द Common Noun म� (अगर एक ह� Noun पुरु (वस्तुओ के नाम के बारे म�
पुरु गुण ह�, तो वे म�हला �वशेषताएं ह�, तो वे और म�हला दोन� के �लए बताता है )
Masculine Gender म� Feminine Gender म� प्रयु हो, तो वे Common
आते ह�।) आते ह�) Gender म� आते ह�।)

E.g. E.g. E.g. E.g.

Bridegroom = दल
ू ्ह, वर Bride = दल
ु ्ह, वधू Teacher = अध्याप Chair = कुस�
Tiger = बाघ Tigress = शेरनी Student = छात Desk = मेज़
Master = �श�क Mistress = अध्या�पक Client = ग्रा Bench = ब�च
 Noun

Common Noun PAGE

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1 2 3 4

Masculine Feminine Common Neuter

Milkman = दध
ू वाला Milkmaid=दध
ू वाल� Customer = ग्रा Table = मेज

Landlord = मकान मा�लक Landlady=मकान माल�कन Lawyer = वक�ल Book = पुस्त

Man servant = नौकर Maid servant= नौकरानी Relative = संबंधी Chocolate = चॉकलेट

Fox = लोमड़ Vixen= लोमड़ी Child = बच्च Pen = कलम

Horse = घोड़ा Mare= घोड़ी Parent = माता-�पता Pencil = प� �सल

Billy Goat = बकरा Nanny goat= बकर� Enemy = दशु ्म Fan = पंखा

Wizard = जादग
ू र Witch= जादग
ू रनी/डायन Doctor = �च�कत्स Road = सड़क

Gander = बत्त (नर) Goose= बत्त (मादा) Employee = कमर्चार Key = चाबी

Rooster = मग
ु ार Hen= मग
ु � Neighbour = पड़ोसी Wallet = बटुआ
 Noun

Common Noun PAGE

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1 2 3 4

Masculine Feminine Common Neuter

Bull dolphin Cow dolphin Musician = संगीतकार Glass = �गलास
Buck rabbit Doe rabbit Guardian = अ�भभावक Car = गाड़ी
जो पहल� बार
Debutant �कसी �ेत्र म� Debutante Worker = मज़दरू Kit = �कट
Confidant = �वश्वासपा (पुरू) Confidante = �वश्वासपा (म�हला) Person = व्यिक Headphone = हे ड फोन्
Heir = वा�रस Heiress = वा�रस (स्त) Singer = गायक Window = �खड़क�
Benefactor = दानकतार Benefactress = दान करनेवाल� Dancer = नतर्क Radio = रे �डयो
Fiance = मंगेतर Fiancee = मंगेतर (स्त) Director = �नदे शक Board
Actor = अ�भनेता Actress = अ�भनेत् Bird = �च�ड़या Bag
 Noun

Common Noun PAGE

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Uncountable Noun Countable Noun

That cannot be counted That can be counted

(िजसक� �गनती नह�ं हो सकती है) (िजनक� �गनती हो सकती है)
E.g.

Singular Noun Plural Noun

Knowledge (�ान) Knowledges
E.g. Boy E.g. Boys
Air (वाय)ु Airs Pen Pens

Uncountable Noun Singular Noun Plural Noun

Verb Singular Verb Singular Verb Plural Verb

Pronoun It She, He, It They

 Noun

3rd Method PAGE

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Uncountable Noun Singular Noun Plural Noun

Article ×/ the a / an / the ×/ the
Adjective Quantity of (क� मात्) × Number of
Little (मात्रा म� ) × Few (संख्या म� क)
Much (मात्रा म� ज्य) × Many (संख्या म� ज्या)
Plenty of (काफ�) × Plenty of (काफ�)
Great deal of (काफ�) × Numerous (कई)
Some (कुछ) Some (कोई) Some (कुछ)
Lots of (बहुत) × Lots of
A lot of (बहुत) × A lot of
E.g  Money Star Stars (Countable but
countless)
 Noun
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8

Uncountable Noun:-

It has no plural form, E.g.: Knowledge (�ान) Knowledges

Air (वाय)ु Airs

If we find Plural form of Uncountable Noun, it is either wrong or has an entirely different
meaning.

For E.g.: 'Airs' means 'affectation' (बनावट� व्यवहा)

 Noun
PAGE

List of Uncountable Nouns:- 9

Scenery दृष, नजारा Wastage �य Music संगीत

Poetry काव् Knowledge �ान Confectionary केक-पेस्ट
Advice सलाह Jewellery आभष
ू ण Pottery �मट् के बतर्न
Furniture फन�चर Breakage टूटे हुए टुकड़े Bakery बेकर� (ब्र/�बस्कु इत्या�)
Hair बाल Equipment उपकरण Fuel �धन
Information जानकार� Evidence सबत
ू Cost लागत
Business व्यापा Work काम Behaviour व्यवहा
Bread ब्र Percentage प्र�त Gratitude कृत�ता
Stationery �लखने क� सामग् News समाचार Dirt गंदा
Crockery चीनी �मट् के बतर् Paper कागज़ Filth गंदगी
Luggage सामान Traffic यातायात Beauty सद
ुं रता
Baggage सामान Dust धूल Word वादा, संदेश
Postage डाक Electricity �बजल� Stationary िस्थ (not moving)

Note:- Poetry is uncountable while poem is countable.

Stationary — Not movable (Adjective)
 Noun
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10

1. Mr. Sharma is my confidante.

2. The debutante will surely make her parents proud.

3. How many eggs and milk do you need?

4. The sceneries of Kashmir enchanted me.

5. Please order some bakeries for the party.

 Noun
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11
Answers

1. Confidant

2. No error

3. Add 'how much' before milk

4. Scenery

5. Bakery

* Enchant – to attract (मंत्रमुग्ध क)

 Noun
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12

6. We have two bakeries/ confectionaries in our colony.

7. (i) The costs of oxen are too high for the farmers to
bear.
(ii) The Ox costs Rs. 20,000.
Work
8. I have many works to do today.

Work (काम) Work Works

9. I have read many works of John Keats.

No Plural form
10. I wrote two poetries last night.
Can come in plural form if it means Factory
literary pieces. (अगर इसका अथर् सा�हत्
लेख हो, तो Plural form म� 'works' होगा।)
 Noun
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13

Explanations 6. No error.

Bread & Cakes  only singular form

Confectionary/
Bakery Shops where cakes etc. are sold  both singular
and plural form
7. (i) Cost
(ii) No error. Here 'costs' is S.V.

8. Much work or many pieces of work.

9. Work can take Plural form if it means literary pieces

(Work Plural Form ले सकता है अगर इसका अथर literary pieces होता हो)
 Noun

Paper PAGE
14

11. He gave me two papers to write the essay. Paper Paper Papers
(कागज)
12. Where are the property papers?
No plural form Documents
13. Don't utter a word. (दस्तावे)
Word
14. The essay must be of 250 words.

15. What is the words limit? (शब्) Message Promise

Word Words Word

 Noun
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15

Explanation 11. sheets of paper

12. No error

13. No error

14. No error

15. If any 'Noun' is used as an 'Adjective', it must be in Singular Form.

(य�द कोई 'Noun', 'Adjective' के रू म� है , तो यह 'Singular form' म� होना चा�हए।)

Lung Cancer Six-foot tall boy

Eye Infection Five-star hotel
 Noun
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16

16. He is a man of words.

17. He sent me words to meet him at the earliest.

18. I took his word for it and handed over the papers.

19. Such a behaviour is deplorable.

20. We need some equipments for this experiment.

 Noun
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17

Explanations 16. Change 'words' into 'word' as here it means promise.

17. Change 'words' into 'word' as here it means message.

18. 'To take someone's word for' means to believe what some one says'

19. Behaviour is uncountable so it will not take 'a'.

20. Equipment is an uncountable noun. Remove 's'.

 Noun
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How to use Uncountable Noun as Countable Noun:- 18

Bread, Ice, Snow etc are uncountable nouns but many times we want to use them in
countable or plural form. See the word added to them to change them as per our
requirement. The word that is added takes singular/ plural form.
(Bread, Ice, Snow इत्या� Uncountable Nouns है पर कई बार हम उन्ह Countable के रू म� प्य र ु करना
चाहते ह�। ऐसे म� उनके साथ एक शब् जोड़ा जाता है िजसका Singular या Plural बनाया जा सकता है ।)

Examples 1. A loaf/ slice of bread (Plural – Loaves/ Slices of bread)

2. An ice cube (Plural – Ice cubes)

3. A flake of snow

4. A blade of grass

5. A particle of dust/ dirt

6. A speck of dust/ dirt (धूल का कण)

 Noun
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How to use Uncountable Noun as Countable Noun:- 19

7. A cake/ bar of soap (साबून क� �ट�कया)

8. A bar of chocolate

9. An ear of corn (एक भु�ा)

10. A fit of rage (गुस्से का आे

व )

11. An act of kindness

12. A sense of humour (मजाक का लहजा)

13. A pang of hunger (भूख क� टीस)

14. A strand of hair (एक बाल)

 Noun
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How to use Uncountable Noun as Countable Noun:- 20

15. A lock of hair (बालो का लट)

16. A scoop/ bar/ brick of ice cream

17. A ray of hope (आशा क� �करण)

18. A ray of sunlight (सूरज क� �करण)

19. A beam of sunlight (सूरज क� �करण�)

20. A sigh of relief (चैन क� सांस)

21. A morsel of food (खाने का िनवाला)

22. A breath of fresh air (ताज़ी हवा का झ�का)

 Noun
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How to use Uncountable Noun as Countable Noun:- 21

23. A stroke of luck

24. A flash of lightning (िबजली क� चमक)

25. A gust of wind (हवा का झ�का)

26. A shower of rain (बा�रश क� बौछार)

27. A pinch of salt (एक चुटक� नमक)

28. An iota of evidence (र�ी भर सबूत)

29. A piece of furniture/ advice/ information/ work etc

30. A piece of / an article of jewellery

 Noun
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22

Eg:- 1. He committed the murder in a fit of rage

2. I cannot repay such a kindness.

3. Such a behaviour is intolerable.

4. Put few ice in the juice.

5. The gift basket contains a pastry, an eclairs and a chocolate.

6. The lab assistant bought an equipment.

7. I need an advice.

8. The police have a few information.

 Noun
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Explanations 23

1. No error

2. Change 'a kindness' into 'an act of kindness.'

3. Remove 'a' as behaviour is an Uncountable Noun.

4. Put a little ice in the juice.

Put a few ice cubes in the juice.

5. Change 'a chocolate' into 'a bar of chocolate'.

6. Change 'an' into 'some'. Equipment is uncountable.

7. Change 'an advice' into 'a piece of advice'.

8. Change 'a few information' into 'a few pieces of information'.

 Noun

COUNTABLE NOUNS PAGE

24
into
Singular Countable Noun (S.C.N) Plural Countable Noun (P.C.N).

S.C.N. P.C.N.
1. Girl + s Girls V + s/es because Singular
2. Bench + es Benches N + s/es because Plural

If a noun ends in s, ss, ch, sh, z, x and o, it takes 'es' to become plural in form
else it takes 's'.
(अगर Noun s, ss, ch, sh, z, x और o म� खत् हो, तो 'es' लेकर plural form बनाता है वनार �सफर 's'
लगता है ।)
 Noun

COUNTABLE NOUNS PAGE

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There are certain nouns that always come in Plural form. They always take plural verb and
they cannot take singular form (by removing s/es)
(Certain Noun ह� जो हमेशा Plural Form म� आते ह�, वे हमेशा Plural Verb लेते ह� तथा वे Singular Form नह�ं
ले सकते ह� (s/es को हटाकर ))

(I) Clothes and Accessories: Jeans, Pants, Trousers (प� ट), Shorts, Braces (�नकले हुए दाँत सह�
करने वाले तार), Sunglasses, Reading glasses, Goggles,
Spectacles

(II) Instruments: Binoculars (दरू बीन), Forceps (�चमट�), Handcuffs (हथकड़ी), Scissors (क�ची),
Tongs (�चमटा), Gloves (दस्तान), Pliers (प्ला), Bellows (फँू कनी), Pincers (क�ल
�नकालने वाला यंत)
 Noun

COUNTABLE NOUNS PAGE

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(III) Others:
Gallows (फाँसी का फंदा), Arrears (बकाया), Fangs (साँप के दाँत), Archives, Congratulations
(मब
ु ारकबाद), Thanks (धन्यवा), Fireworks (पटाके), Savings (बचत), Riches (धन-संपित्), embers
(राख), lodgings, outskirts (बाहर� इलाका), regards (सम्मा), shambles (बरु � अवस्थ), remains (बचा-
खच
ु ा जो है ), surroundings (आस-पास का इलाका), tidings (समाचार (News)), troops (झंड
ू ), tactics
(यिक्
ु ), valuables (मल
ू ्यवा चीज�), belongings (सामान), eatables (खाने क� चीज�), fetters (बे�ड़यां),
tethers (गाय, बकर� को बांधने वाल� रस्स), entrails (�कसी जानवर के अंत�ड़यां इत्या�), nuptials (शाद�),
proceeds, ashes (राख), goods, premises (जगह), auspices (समथर्), alms (दान), contents (जो
अंदर मौजूद है), whereabouts (अता-पता), wages (मजदरू �/नतीजा), dues (बकाया), assets.

Proceeds — the total amount of money or profit that is made by sale.

Goods — movable property (सामान)
Assets — Immovable property (सम्पि)
Archives — where historical documents are kept (जहाँ ऐितहािसक दस्तावेज रखे जाते ह)
 Noun
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SPECTACLE
1. Where is my spectacles?

2. Sunrise is a beautiful spectacles. नजारा चश्म

• Spectacle • Spectacles
3. Riches has wings.
• Spectacles (A pair of spectacles)
4. His jeans is always flashy. (as Singular form)
5. He bought a pant and two shorts.
WAGES
6. Wages of hard work is sweet.

7. Wages are paid in cash.

नतीजा मजदरू �
8. The proceeds has been deposited.

9. The nuptial has taken place recently. S.V P.V

10. The contents of my book has been updated.
 Noun

Answers PAGE
28

1. Change 'is' into 'are'.

2. Change 'spectacles' into spectacle'.

3. Change 'has' into 'have'.

4. Change 'is' into 'are'.

5. Change 'a pant' into 'a pair of pants' and 'two shorts' into 'two pairs of shorts'.

6. No error.

7. No error.

8. Change 'has' into 'have'.

9. Change 'nuptial has' into 'nuptials have'.

10. Change 'has' into 'have'.

 Noun
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11. The monument is lying in shambles.

12. Alms is given to the poor.

13. No more supply will be made unless arrear is paid.

14. Tiding about torrential rain is causing great concern.

15. He was robbed of

his valuable (×)

his valuable things ()

his valuables ()

 Noun

Answers PAGE
30

11. No error.

12. Change 'is' into 'are'.

13. Change 'arrear' into 'arrears'.

14. Change 'tiding' into 'tidings' and 'is' into 'are'.

 Noun
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16. Eatables is not allowed in

theatres. stone – building material
19 • Stone
stones (छोटे -छोटे पत्थ).
17. We pay Rs. 5000 for boarding
and lodging. Marble (S.N) – संगमरमर
• Marble
Marbles (P.N) – कंचे
18. The lodging were uncomfortable
as the landlord's child threw wood (S.N) – लकड़ी
• Wood
tantrums all the times. Woods (P.N) – जंगल

19. The house is built of iron/ Iron (S.N) – लोहा

• Iron
stone/ marble/ wood. Irons (P.N) – बे�ड़या

Brick (Building material)

• Brick
Bricks – (ईटे)
 Noun

Answers PAGE
32

16. Change 'is' into 'are'.

17. The correct phrase is 'board and lodging'. 'Board and lodging' means 'the meals and
room' that are provided when someone pays to stay somewhere.

18. No error.

Lodgings means a room in somebody's house.

 Noun
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Note:- Certain Noun are plural in form but singular in meaning. They take singular verb with them

Subjects Mathematics, Civics, Physics, Statistics, Economics, Politics, Ethics (नीित),

Linguistics (भाषा� क� पढ़ाई).

Diseases Measles , Mumps, Rickets, Psoriasis, Shingles, Diabetes, Rabies

Books & Movies Gulliver's Travels, Arabian Nights, Two States, Three Musketeers etc

Games Chess, Darts, Billiards

Others Summons (कोटर् का बुलाव), Athletics (वे खेल िजसम� शारी�रक बल चािहए), News

1. I have received. Linguistics — the study of languages

(i) Two summonses

(ii) One summons

 Noun
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2. No news _________ good news. (be)

3. Statistics_________ my favourite subject.

4. Politics _________ not my cup of tea.

5. Politics of Marx and Gandhi _________ poles apart.

6. Economics of Tata and Reliance _________ better than those of many other companies.

7. Three idiots _________ an interesting movie.

 Noun

Answers PAGE
35

2. is Explanation – 5 & 6
3. is
Politics
4. is One
S. Verb
5. are Economics Subject
follows
(िवषय)
6. are
Statistics
7. is

Politics Political view

P.V
Statistics Data
follows
Economics Money Management skills
 Noun

Certain Nouns look singular but are plural in meaning. Use PAGE

plural verb with them. 36

6 Ps — Police, People, Poultry, Peasantry, Personnel (staff),

Public
3 Cs — Cattle (मवेशी), Clergy (पादरी), Cavalry,
Electorate, Infantry, Gentry, Vermin, Youth

1. ________ are small insects and animals harmful to plants and crops.

2. ________ means very unpleasant and offensive

3. The police ________ arrived.

4. ________ have voted against the Congress Party. Electorate — People who are
eligible to vote

5. The youths needs jobs. Youth — Young people

 Noun
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6. ________ means high class people.

7. Cattles are grazing in the fields.

8. Local clergy ________ come to resolve the issue. (has/ have)

9. Five persons have come.

10. Many peoples come to see the Taj Mahal.

11. The Greeks were brave peoples.

12. A clergy member has come.

 Noun

Answers PAGE
38

1. Vermin • Vermin —वो छोटे जानवर और क�ड़े जो plants and crop को खराब करते है।
2. Vermin
3. have
4. Electorate • Electorate — people who can vote
5. Youth (P.N) — young people
6. Gentry
7. Cattle
8 Clergy — priests. Use P.V 'have'.
9. No error
10. people
11. • Person — �ि�
• Persons — �ि�य�
• Peoples — of different races
(एक ही नस् के ह� तो Peoples नह� आएगा बिल्क'People' आएगा)
12. Clergy is a plural noun. As a singular noun use 'clergy member'.
 Noun

Poultry PAGE
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Meat of Hens & Ducks Hens & Ducks

S.V P.V
Peasantry

Profession Farmers / Peasants

S.V P.V
Cavalry

Unit of Army Horse-mounted soldiers

S.V P.V
Infantry

Unit of Army Foot-Soldiers

S.V P.V
 Noun
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13. Peasantry ________ a thankless profession. (be)

14. Peasantry ________ raising slogans against the government. (be)

15. Poultry ________ better than red meat. (be)

16. Poultry ________ culled to check bird flu. (be)

17. Infantry ________ taught how to camouflage themselves. (be)

18. Infantry ________ an essential unit of army. (be)

19. Police personnels have arrived.

20. Public knows everything.

 Noun

Answers PAGE
41

13. is
14. are
15. is
16. are/were
➥ Culled — to kill animals or birds in large number (पंक्/जानवर क� भारी संख्या म�
हत्या करन)
17. are
➥ Camouflage — to hide oneself by getting unrecognizable and mixed
with nearby object.
18. is
19. Change 'Personnels' into 'Personnel'.
20. Change 'knows' into know'.
 Noun

There are certain Nouns that do not take plural form but are PAGE

both singular and plural in meaning. They will take plural 42

Verb and Plural Adjective if used in plural sense.

Eg:- Deer Sheep Offspring (वंशज)

Aircraft Vacation (छु�ट्टय) Fish

1. Three ________ ________ killed. (deer, be)

One ________ ________ killed. (deer, be)

2. He bought one ________ and cooked it. (Fish)

3. He bought two ________ and cooked them. (Fish)

4. ________ look beautiful in aquarium. (Fish)

5. He died intestate as he has no ________.

6. The poachers killed three deers.

 Noun

Answers PAGE
43

1. deer, were
deer, was
2. fish
3. fish
4. Fishes
5. offspring
6. Changes 'deers' into 'deer'.

Note:- • Plural of fish is 'fish'.

• The Proper Noun of the different species of fish will also be in singular form
Rohu, Katla, Salmon
• Fishes — fish of different species
 Noun
PAGE
Certain 'Nouns' will always be in plural form but they 44
can come in both singular and plural structures.
Eg:- Headquarters, Species, Series, Innings

1. Many ________ are endangered and this ________ of flies has become extinct.

2. We won the last ________

3. We won two ________ Answers

1. species, species
4. The headquarter of UNICEF is in New York. 2. series
3. series
4. Change 'headquarter' into
headquarters.
 Noun
PAGE
There are Certain Noun, that take one more 45
meaning when converted into Plural Form.
Letter  अक्, िच�ी Letters  सािहत्, अक्ष, िच��यां
Custom  चलन Customs  चलन, सीमा-शुल्
Manner  तरीका Manners  तरीके, िश�ाचार (Etiquettes)
Quarter  1/4 Quarters  1/4 (Plural म�), Residence

1. There are 26 ________ in English Alphabet.

2. You have no ________.

3. He became a ________ officer.

4. Serving tea is an English ________. Answers

5. Economy will improve in three ________. 1. letters 2. manners
3. customs 4. custom
6. He lives in a government ________ .
5. quarters 6. quarters
7. He is a man of ________ . 7. letters
 Noun

Answers PAGE
46

Explanation to question 4:-

(i) Custom (ii) Tradition (iii) Habit

चलन जो एक आदत बन Custom जब ब�त पुराना हो �ि�गत होता है।

जाती है। जाए और हमारे धमर् म� समा जाए (Individual)
(Common Practice) Eg:- Sati pratha was a
Hindu tradition
 Noun

There are certain 'Nouns' that take a different PAGE

meaning when changed into plural form. 47

Pain  ददर् Pains  अथक �यास

Air  हवा Airs  बनावटी �वहार
Return  वापसी Returns  लेखा-जोखा
Force  बल Forces  सेना/पुिलस क� टु किड़याँ
Sand  रे त Sands  रेिगस्तान
Abuse  दुप्यो
र Abuses  गािलयाँ
Water  पानी Waters  समु�
Work  काम Works  factory, सािहत्य
Fruit  फल Fruits  types (फल का), नतीजा
Wit  वाक्पटुता Wits  Intelligence
Wood  लकड़ी Woods  जंगल
Money  पैसा Monies  amount
Ground  जमीन Grounds  आधार
Brain  एक अंग Brains  बुि�मता
 Noun
PAGE
48

1. Increase the intake of ________ and ________ .

2. ________ of hard work ________ (be) sweet.

3. This book is the ________ of my hard work.

4. These books are the ________ of my hard work.

5. ________ like mango, lichi and watermelon make summer desirable.

6. I have many ________ today.

7. I have read many ________ of Shakespeare.

8. He toils in an iron ________ for the whole day.

 Noun

Answers PAGE
49

1. Ans:- fruit and vegetables. In general sentence, fruit is in singular and vegetables is
in plural form.

2. Fruits, is FRUIT

3. Fruit
फल फल (प्रक) As Subject (नतीजा) As object (नतीजा)
4. Fruits
Fruit (S.N) Fruit Fruits Fruits Fruit Fruits
5. Fruits (फल)
6. I have many pieces of work today.
I have much work today.
7. Answer is 'works'
8. Answer is 'works'
 Noun
PAGE
50

9. Grey matter means ________ or ________ .

10. ________ of power breeds corruption.

11. When he entered his bed room, he saw a snake crawling on the ______. (floor/ground)

12. What are the ________ of his conviction?

13. He ________ as he is foul-mouthed. His ________ are intolerable.

14. He takes pain in his work.

15. He gives himself ________ .

 Noun

Answers PAGE
51

9. Answer is 'wits' or 'brains' (बुि�मता)

10. Answer is 'Abuse' (दुप्यो

र )

11. Answer is 'ground' (जमीन), 'floor' (फशर)

12. Answer is 'grounds' (आधार)

13. Answer is 'abuses' (गाली दन

े ा), 'abuses' (गािलयाँ)

14. Answer is 'pains' (अथक �यास), 'Pain' (ददर)

15. Answer is 'airs'

Gives himself airs — throws tantrums (नखरे करना)

 Noun

If a Noun ends in 'f' or 'fe', then 'f' PAGE

and 'fe' gets converted into 'ves'. 52

Eg:- Knife Knives

Wife Wives
Exception Sheaf (गट्) Sheaves
Singular Noun Meaning (अथर) Plural Noun
Explanation
Belief  मान्यत/ िव�ास Beliefs
Grief  दुख/तकलीफ Griefs • Believe (V)  िव�ास करना
Cliff  नुक�ला च�ान Cliffs
Safe  ितजोरी Safes • Grieve (V)  मातम मनाना
Turf  घास का परत (िम�ी क� साथ) Turfs
• Safe (N)  तीजोरी
Chief  मुिखया Chiefs
Handkerchief  �माल Handkerchiefs Safe (Adj)  सुरिक्
Gulf  खाड़ी Gulfs
• Chief (Adj)  मुख् (Main)
Scarf  गले म� डालने Scarfs
वाला कपड़ा • Chief (N)  मुिखया
Brief  कायर-संबध
ं ी सूचनाएँ Briefs
Dwarf  बौना Dwarfs/ Dwarves • Brief (Adj)  छोटा
Roof  छत Roofs • Brief (N)  कायर-संबध
ं ी सूचनाएँ
 Noun
PAGE
53

1. The ________ of Hindus brought them close to nature.

2. He ________ you word for word.

3. His ________ know no bound.

4. He ________ day in, day out.

5. The police will ________ the press tomorrow.

6. The police released the ________ after the investigation.

 Noun

Answers PAGE
54

1. Answer is 'beliefs'
2. Answer is 'believes'
3. Answer is 'griefs'
4. Answer is 'grieved'
5. Answer is 'brief'
6. Answer is 'brief'
 Noun
PAGE
The Nouns that end in 'O' takes 'es'. 55

S.N P.N.
Examples Hero  Heroes
Potato  Potatoes
Studio  Studios

Solo (अकेला Performance)  Solos

Exceptions Memento (स्मृितिचन)  Mementos
Piano  Pianos
Photo  Photos
Dynamo  Dynamos
Ratio  Ratios
Embryo (�ूण)  Embryos
Zoo (िचिड़यां घर)  Zoos
 Noun
PAGE
Certain Nouns that end in 'is' change into 'es' 56

a long piece of S.N P.N.

writing on some Thesis  Theses
topic
Hypothesis  Hypotheses
Brain disorder Neurosis  Neuroses
Basis  Bases
Crisis  Crises
Analysis  Analyses

Hypothesis (N) An idea or theory not proven but that leads to further studies.
 Noun
PAGE
Two nouns end in 'on', they change into 'a' 57

S.N P.N.
–on  –a
Phenomenon  Phenomena
Criterion  Criteria
 Noun
PAGE
Certain Nouns end in 'um', they change into 'a' 58

Exception
S.N P.N.
S.N P.N.
um  a
1. Datum  Data 1. Asylum  Asylums
2. Agendum  Agenda 2. Forum  Forums
3. Memorandum  Memoranda 3. Premium  Premiums
4. Ovum  Ova 4. Museum  Museums
+s
5. Dictum  Dicta 5. Pendulum  Pendulums
6. Stratum  Strata 6. Spectrum  Spectrums,
Spectra
7. Bacterium  Bacteria
7. Stadium  Stadiums
 Noun
PAGE
59

1. These are many hypothesis regarding the age of our planet.

2. You will face many criterions of selection procedure.
3. Photosynthesis and transpiration are two phenomenons found in plants only.
4. Things to be considered or done in a meeting are put in the ___________ .
5. The official record of the proceedings of a meeting.  ___________
6. A place of/ group meeting on a particular issue ___________.
7. A religious group meeting at a place ___________ .
8. ___________ means shelter or refuge.
9. A person who takes care of ___________ is called a curator.
10. ___________ means religious teachings.
11. A ___________ of seven colours is seen when white light passes through a prism.
12. ___________ of views on Article 370 were seen at T.V.
 Noun

Answers PAGE
60

1. Replace 'hypothesis' with 'hypotheses'

2. Replace 'criterions' with 'criteria'
3. Replace 'phenomenons' with 'phenomena'
4. agenda
5. minutes
6. forum
7. congregation
8. Asylum
Spectrums
9. museum
Spectrum
10. Dicta
Spectra
11. spectrum
12. Spectra
 Noun
PAGE
61

S.N P.N.

Cloths — (कपड़े के टु कड़े)

1. Cloth
Clothes (garment)

Dies (साँच)े
2. Die
Dice (पासा)

Brothers (भाईय�)
3. Brother
Brethren (people of the same community)

Indexes (lists of chapters etc at the end of book)

4. Index
Indices (mathematical signs)
 Noun
PAGE
The Nouns given above have two plural forms 62
with different meanings

Digits Letters

S.N P.N. S.N P.N.

5  5s i  i's
+'s
2 +s  2s u  u's
1  1s

1. Mind your ___________ means to have proper manners.

2. Dot your _____ and cross your ______ means to do something completely.

Answers
1. p's and q's
2. i's, t's
 Noun
PAGE
Two Nouns given below take 'en' and form their plural forms. 63

S.N P.N.
Child  Children
Ox  Oxen

The Four Nouns given below have their 'us' replaced by 'i'.

S.N P.N.

Focus  Foci
Locus  Loci
Syllabus  Syllabi
Radius  Radii
Nucleus  Nuclei
 Noun
PAGE
Certain Nouns have their internal vowel changed:- 64

S.N P.N.

Mouse (चूहा)  Mice

Louse (जू)ं  Lice

Man (पु�ष)  Men

Woman (मिहला)  Women

Goose (कलहंस)  Geese

Foot (पैर)  Feet

Tooth (दांत)  Teeth

S.N P.N.
Formula  Formulae
 Noun
PAGE
In compound Nouns add 's' to the main word 65

S.N P.N.

1. Mother-in-law  Mothers-in-law
2. Brother-in-law  Brothers-in-law
3. Step son  Step sons
4. Half brother  Half brothers
5. Assistant commissioner  Assistant commissioners
6. Tooth brush  Tooth brushes
7. Bed room  Bed rooms
8. Code of conduct  codes of conduct
9. Passer by  Passers by
10. Man eater  Man eaters
11. Man hater  Man haters
 Noun
PAGE
In compound Nouns add 's' to the main word 66
S.N P.N.
12. Man servant  Men servants
13. Woman doctor  Women doctors
14. Major General  Major Generals
15. Lieutenant General  Lieutenant Generals
16. General Manager  General Managers
17. Secretary General  Secretaries General
18. Attorney General  Attorneys General
19. Advocate General  Advocates General
20. Governor General  Governors Generals
21. Spoonful  Spoonfuls
22. Mouthful  Mouthfuls
23. Handful  Handfuls
 Noun
PAGE
Use of Apostrophe 67
(Possession = अिधकार दशार्ता है)

1. Ram's book.

2. The girl's conduct.

Apostrophe

3. A boy's conduct Boys' school

Plural
Singular A girl's attitude Girls' hostel

If Plural form is made by adding s/es, add apostrophe (') after 's' and do not add 's' again
 Noun
PAGE
68

4. Man's superiority Men's wear

Plural
Singular A woman's rights Women's hostel

If Singular form is different from the plural form, use ('s) with both of them.

1. Peace' sake
2. My boss' mother.

If the noun ends with a hissing sound only apostrophe is added not followed by s

3. This is not my book. This is

(i) someone's else (ii) Someone else' (iii) Someone else's
Ans. (iii) This is an exception to hissing sound rule.
Note:- Mend your ways for god's sake.
(भगवान के वास्ते अपनी चाल सुधार)
 Noun
PAGE
69

1. Amitabh and Ajitabh's father was a great poet.

2. Ria and Raman's joint account has been freezed.

X Y's

A (both X & Y possess A)

3. I love Lata's and Asha's songs.

4. I have read all William wordsworth's and Keats' works.

X's Y's

A B
(Lata) (Asha)
A (both do not possess the same thing)
 Noun
POSSESSIVE PRONOUN/ ADJECTIVE PAGE
70

1. This book is her's. (×)

Possessive Pronoun
This book is hers. ()
His
Hers Note:- 2. The dog had a chain around it's neck. (×)
Yours We do not use The dog had a chain around its neck. ()
Ours apostrophe with
3. The children's dog slept in their uncle's house.
Theirs possessive pronoun
The children's dog slept in the house of the
Mine
children's uncle.
Its Possessive Adjective
4. This is my car and that is theirs.
In (3), the subject is 'dog', hence the verb 5. _____ bus arrived on time.
& possessive adjective will follow dog.
So we will have to use children's so that
(i) their (ii) theirs (iii) their's
the meaning is clear, but we cannot use. Ans. (i)
Two apostrophe together. The house of
the children's uncle is the best structure. 6. Its raining. (×)
It's raining ()
 Noun
PAGE
71

1. This is my friend's Ram's house. (×)

This is my friend Ram's house. ()
2. My father's boss' mother has expired. (×)
The mother of my father's boss has expired. ()
We use 'of' to express possession of 'Non-living thing'.
Fan's blade (×) The blade of fan. ()

Table's leg (×) The leg of table. ()

Exceptions 1. Heavenly bodies.

Eg: The Earth's atmosphere comprises many gases. ()
2. Idioms & Phrases
Eg: Keep such people at arm's length.
3. Respectable things
Eg: We have heard the court's order.
 Noun
PAGE
72

4. Units of Time, Space and Weight

Eg: 1. We were at a kilometre's distance.

2. The rabbit crossed the fence in a second's time.

3. A pound's weight is sufficient.

5. Days, Currency, Government, Personification

Eg: 1. Today's weather is fine.

2. Rupee's value is falling.

3. We have to obey the government's decision.

4. The Sun's fury knows no bound in deserts.

 Noun
PAGE
73

Exceptions summarized Apostrophe ('s) comes with:-

1. Heavenly objects.
Eg: Mars' temperature, Saturn's rings.
2. Idioms and Phrases.
Eg: Within a stone's throw.
3. Respectable things
Eg: Duty's call.
4. The unit of distance, time and weight.
5. Today, Tomorrow etc.
6. Currency
7. Government, City, Country etc.
Eg: City's life
8. Non-living things when they are personified.
Eg: Nature's love