Weather Systems

Force per unit area exerted on a surface
ATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE
Measures the weight of the air per unit area
Average pressure at sea level

WEATHER SYSTEMS
CEP14 Hydrology 1013 760 mm
1 atm
millibars Hg
Engr. SiddArtha Valle | AY 2021-22 2nd Sem
CEP14: Weather Systems | Engr. S. Valle
why does atmospheric pressure exist?
because the air in the atmosphere is pulled 1 m2 column of air

toward the Earth by gravity (mass = 104 kg)
Currently there is a column of

air above us that extends
approximately 180 km up with
a mass of about 10 000 kg
1 atm pressure
at surface
CEP14: Weather Systems | Engr. S. Valle CEP14: Weather Systems | Engr. S. Valle
Higher Elevation At higher altitudes, this pressure drops
→ Lower Molecular Density and there is less oxygen available. If you
→ Lower Air Pressure travel to a high elevation without letting
your body adjust to the new altitude, you
may experience altitude sickness.
Symptoms include headache and nausea.
Acute altitude sickness arises after at

least four hours spent at an altitude
above 2,000 m
Lower Elevation
→ Higher Molecular Density
→ Higher Air Pressure
CABIN PRESSURIZATION
The low air pressure associated with high-altitude flights can restrict passengers from
receiving an adequate amount of oxygen unless the cabin is pressurized.
WIND
Airplanes need pressurized cabins because it ensures passengers, as well as crew
members, receive an adequate amount of oxygen in the air they breathe. air in natural motion, as that
moving horizontally at any
velocity along the earth's surface:
• Horizontal pressure variation that occurs due to low- and high- pressure systems is responsible for wind
• Cold air masses are generally associated with higher atmospheric pressure
The potential for solar heating is

added which creates contrasting
surface areas of temperature and
atmospheric pressure.
Atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude

as depicted by the drawn isobars
At the surface, the wind blows from
HIGH → LOW pressure
The wind rises up to upper air high
pressure system because of
thermal buoyancy
WIND CIRCULATION DUE TO PRESSURE GRADIENTS
Uneven heating of the THE CORIOLIS EFFECT:

earth’s surface through WIND describes the pattern of deflection
solar input (appear to move at a curve as opposed
to a straight line) taken by objects not
firmly connected to the ground (like
planes or currents of air) as they travel
long distances around the Earth
GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC
CIRCULATION SYSTEM
named after this guy
Gaspard-Gustave de
Coriolis
Earth’s rotation CORIOLIS EFFECT
INTERTROPICAL CONVERGENCE ZONE (ITCZ)
characterized by convective activity which generates often vigorous thunderstorms over large areas. It is
most active over continental land masses by day and relatively less active over the oceans.
DOLDRUMS: region of light and variable winds near the equator also known as ITCZ; area of maximum
solar heating where surface air rises and flows toward both poles
HADLEY CELL
also tropical cell; characterized by north-east trades
EASTERLIES
trade winds between 30 degrees north latitude and the equator flowing toward the south
HORSE LATITUDES
region around the 30 degrees north and south latitudes, with descending air creating minimal
winds and little cloudiness
TROPOPAUSE
the interface between the troposphere and the stratosphere
FERREL CELL
also mid-latitude cell; characterized by warm south westerlies
WESTERLIES
warm air that travels northwards tend to shift to the right
in the northern hemisphere due to the Coriolis force
HORSE LATITUDE
Habagat Amihan
Season Season
the warm and wet southwest
monsoon wind that blows
the cool and dry northeast monsoon
northwestward from the warm seas
wind that blows southeastward from
around Celebes and the equator
Siberia and Manchuria in a
towards Asia but veers
clockwise Coriolis pattern out to the
northeastward to hit the western
Pacific Ocean then southwestward
seaboard of the Philippines.
towards the Philippines during
mid-November until mid-February
brings humid air, thick clouds, and
heavy rains to the country from
does not pick up much moisture
mid-June to mid-September. This
from the cool ocean waters. Rain
wind strengthens whenever a
sometimes hits the country's
typhoon enters the the "Philippine
eastern seaboard but the rest of the
Area of Responsibility" at this
country usually remains dry
season, bringing heavy rains and
floods.
TROPICAL CYCLONE: a rapid rotating storm originating over tropical

oceans from where it draws the energy to develop; has a low pressure centre and El Niño and La Niña are the El Niño-Southern
clouds spiraling towards the eyewall surrounding the "eye", the central part of the warm and cool phases of a
system where the weather is normally calm and free of clouds. Its diameter is
recurring climate pattern
Oscillation (ENSO)
typically around 200 to 500 km, but can reach 1000 km
across the tropical Pacific.
The pattern shifts back and

forth irregularly every 2 to 7
years, and each phase triggers
predictable disruptions of
temperature, precipitation.
These changes disrupt the

large-scale air movements in
the tropics, triggering a
cascade of global side effects.
El Niño: A warming of the ocean surface, or above-average sea surface temperatures
(SST), in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. Rainfall tends to become reduced
while rainfall increases over the tropical Pacific Ocean. The low-level surface winds, which
normally blow from east to west along the equator (“easterly winds”), instead weaken or, in
some cases, start blowing the other direction (from west to east or “westerly winds”).
La Niña: A cooling of the ocean surface, or below-average sea surface temperatures (SST),
in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. Rainfall tends to increase while rainfall
decreases over the central tropical Pacific Ocean. The normal easterly winds along the
equator become even stronger.
Neutral: Neither El Niño or La Niña. Often tropical Pacific SSTs are generally close to
average. However, there are some instances when the ocean can look like it is in an El
Niño or La Niña state, but the atmosphere is not playing along (or vice versa).
Any
Questions?
s.valle
time :)
u for your
Thank yo

Weather Systems

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Weather Systems

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Force per unit area exerted on a surface

Average pressure at sea level

CEP14: Weather Systems | Engr. S. Valle

why does atmospheric pressure exist?

because the air in the atmosphere is pulled 1 m2 column of air

Currently there is a column of

Symptoms include headache and nausea.

Acute altitude sickness arises after at

The potential for solar heating is

Atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude

WIND CIRCULATION DUE TO PRESSURE GRADIENTS

Uneven heating of the THE CORIOLIS EFFECT:

TROPICAL CYCLONE: a rapid rotating storm originating over tropical

The pattern shifts back and

These changes disrupt the

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