Digital radiografi

Computer Radiografi
Computed Radiography (CR)
 Menggunakan imaging plate sebagai
pengganti kaset dan film
 Menggunakan bucky dan peralatan sinar-X
konvensional
CR Exposure & Readout
CR Readout
Another View: CR Operation
 Computer Radiography (CR)
• plate is
photostimulable
phosphor
• radiation traps Higher Energy
electrons in high - Elect ron
St at e
energy states
• higher states
form latent image Phot on pumps
elect ron t o
X-Ray higher energy st at e
Phot on

Lower Energy - - - - - - - - -
Elect ron - - - - - -
- - -
St at e - - - - - - -
- -
 Reading Imaging Plate
 reader scan IP dengan laser
 laser melepaskan elektron
yang terperangkap di
daerah energi tinggi
Laser Beam

 Elektron jatuh ke area

energi rendah
 Ekektron melepaskan Higher Energy
Elect ron -
energi sebagai cahaya St at e
tampak
 Intensitas cahaya diukur
sebagai insiden radiasi Lower Energy
Electron State

Lower Energy - - - - - - -
- -
Elect ron - - - - -
- - - -
St at e - - - - - - -
- -
 Reading Imaging Plate
• Reader scans plate
with laser light
using rotating
mirror
• Film pulled
through scanner by
rollers
• Light given off by
plate measured by
PM tube &
recorded by
computer
Laser & Emitted Light are Different Colors
 Phosphor stimulated by laser light
 Intensity of emitted light indicates amount of radiation
incident on phosphor at each location
 Only color of light emitted by phosphor measured by PMT
 CR Operation

• after read-out, plate erased using a

bright light
• plate can be erased virtually without
limit
• Plate life defined not by erasure cycles
but by physical wear
CR Resolution
• Small cassettes have better spatial
resolution
– Smaller pixels
– More pixels / mm
 CR Latitude
 Much greater latitude than
screen/film
 Plate responds to many
decades of input exposure
 under / overexposures
unlikely
 Computer scale inputs
exposure to viewable
densities
 Unlike film, receptor
separate from viewer
Film Screen vs. CR Latitude

CR Latitude:
.01 – 100 mR

100
 Digital Radiography (DR)

• Digital bucky
• Incorporated
into x-ray
equipment
 Digital Radiography (DR)
• Receptor provides direct digital output
• No processor / reader required
– Images available in < 15 seconds
– Much less work for technologist
 Direct vs. Indirect

TFT = THIN-FILM TRANSISTOR ARRAY

 Digital Radiography (DR)
• Potentially lower patient dose than CR
• High latitude as for CR
• Digital bucky fragile
– First DR portables coming
to market
Raw Data Image

• Unprocessed image as read from

receptor
– CR
• Intensity data from PMT’s as a result of scanning plate
with laser
– DR
• Raw Data read directly from TFT array
• Not a readable diagnostic image
• Requires computer post-processing
– Specific software algorithms must be
applied to image prior to presenting it as
finished radiograph
* Enhancing Raw Image (Image
Segmentation)
1. Identify collimated image border
2. Separate raw radiation from This process is
anatomy specific to a
3. Apply appropriate tone-scale to particular body
image part and
 Done with look-up table (LUT) projection
 Image Segmentation

 Computer must establish location of

collimated border of image
• Computer then defines
anatomic region

• Finished image produced by

tone scaling
Requires histogram analysis of
anatomic region
 Histogram

• Graph showing
how much of
image is
exposed at
various levels
 Tone Scaling
Post-Processing
• Body part & projection-specific algorithms
determine average exposure
– Must correctly identify anatomical region
• LUT computed to display image with proper
– Density
– Contrast
 Film/Screen Limited Latitude

• Film use has

little
ambiguity
about proper
radiation
exposure
Should I Worry?

In CR & DR, image

density is no longer
a reliable indicator
of exposure factor
control.
 CR / DR Latitude

DANGER
Will
Robinson!!!
• Almost impossible to under or
overexpose CR / DR
• Underexposures look noisy
• Overexposures look GOOD!!!
So how do I know if exposure is optimum
by looking at my image?
 Exposure Index

• Each manufacturer provides feedback to

technologist on exposure to digital receptor
• Displayed on CR reader monitor
• Displayed on workstations
Index Exposure dipengaruhi oleh:

• Pemilihan teknik X-Ray

• Titik bidik citra yang tidak tepat
pada kaset
• Pemilihan proyeksi atau studi yang
tidak tepat
• Peletakan dua atau lebih gambar
pada kaset yang sama
– Dapat menyebabkan citra terlihat
gelap
Citra panthom

• 75 kVp
• 88 mAs
• 2460 EI
Sekarang kita dobelkan mAs

• 75 kVp • 75 kVp
• 88 mAs • 160 mAs
• 2460 EI • 2680 EI
Semakin tinggi mAs-nya

• 75 kVp • 75 kVp
• 88 mAs • 640 mAs
• 2460 EI • 3300 EI
How Low Can You Go? Buat mAs setengahnya!

• 75 kVp • 75 kVp
• 88 mAs • 40 mAs
• 2460 EI • 2060 EI
 Kita turunkan mAs-nya lagi

• 75 kVp • 75 kVp
• 8 mAs • 1 mAs
• 1380 EI • 550 EI
CR Artifacts
• Physical damage to imaging plates
– Cracks, scuffs, scratches
– Contamination
– Dust / dirt
• Dirt in reader
• Highly sensitive to scatter radiation
DR Artifacts
• Dead detector elements
• Spatial variations in background
signal & gain
• Grid interference
• Software can help correct for above