Business Mathematics Lecture 7

Exercise 5 Solutions
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Business Mathematics
BBA/BPA/BCom (FM, SCM, MKT, RM, IB, ENT, ACC)
3) The sum of leave days taken by three employees at a local pharmacy in one year was 36 days. The first employee took half
as many days leave as the second employee, while the third employee took four more days of leave than the first employee.
How many days of leave did each employee take in the year?
.......
4) The sum of three consecutive numbers is 48. What are the numbers?
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5) The sum of three consecutive odd numbers is 87. What are the numbers?
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Business Mathematics Unit 4 Outcomes
• Describe what a ratio is

• Calculate ratios in simple problems
• Describe the concept of rates
• Calculate rates in simple problems
Defintions
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 What is a ratio? A ratio is a means of comparing two quantities. If you

have two quantities, say A and B. The ratio is written as A:B.
 What is a proportion? It is the portion or contribution of a quantity to

the whole. For two quantities, say A and B. The total is A+B, thus the
proportion of A is A/(A+B) and the proportion of B is B/(A+B).
Application Example
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Eg. You have 3 apples, 4 bananas and 6 pears. Calculate

the ratio, proportion and percentage of each of these
fruit.
Ratio 3: 4: 6
Proportion: Apples = 3/13 = 0.23
Bananas = 4/13 = 0.31
Pears = 6/13 = 0.46
Percentage: Apples = 3/13 ×100 = 23%
Bananas = 4/13 ×100 = 31%
Pears = 6/13 ×100 = 46%
Ratios
.......
• Ratios should generally be expressed as integers (avoid decimals)

• Ratios can be simplified, as we did with fractions.
• NOTE: If applying division or multiplication, you have to apply this
operation to all quantities in the ratio.
• Eg. 2: 12 can be simplified by dividing both quantities by 2, reducing
it to 1:6.
• E.g. 3.25 : 1 = 13 : 4
Rates
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• Rates are typically used to compare ratios; thus, the ratios must be
converted to have the same base.
E.g., Driver A has a petrol consumption of 1520km per 100 litres of
petrol, whereas Driver B has a petrol consumption of 1200km per 150
litres. Which vehicle has a lower petrol consumption?
A: 1520km/100 litres = 15.2 km/litre
B: 1200km/150 litres = 8km/litre
Therefore, A has a better consumption (more kms per litre)
Exercise 1
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1) Simplify the following ratios

a) 9 : 18 : 12
b) 5 : 15 : 25
c) 3 : 1.5 : 7.5
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1) Simplify the following ratios

a) 9 : 18 : 12
Dividing all terms by 3 yields 3 : 6 : 4
b) 5 : 15 : 25
Dividing all terms by 5 yields 1 : 3 : 5
c) 3 : 1.5 : 7.5
Decimals are not preferred – to remove multiply
Multiply all terms by 2 yields 6 : 2 : 15
Exercise 2
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1) Paul invests R65000 and Amy invests R40000. They agree to divide
any profits in the same ratio as their initial investments. The business
shows a profit of R420000 in the first year. Express the ratio of their
initial investments in a simplified form. How much profit share will each
person make in the first year?
2) Distribute R9000 in the ratio 4 : 3 : 8
3) Philip invests R45000 and Bongani invests Rx. They agree to divide
any profits in the same ratio as their initial investments. Philip gets
R60000 of profit and Bongani gets R40000. Calculate x.
.......
1) Paul invests R65000, and Amy invests R40000. They agree to divide any profits in the same ratio as their
initial investments. The business shows a profit of R420000 in the first year. Express the ratio of their initial
investments in a simplified form. How much profit share will each person make in the first year?
.......
3) Philip invests R45000 and Bongani invests Rx. They agree to divide any profits in the same ratio as their initial
investments. Philip gets R60000 of profit and Bongani gets R40000. Calculate x.
.......
Business Mathematics Unit 5 Outcomes
• Introduce topic areas for the unit

• Plot points on a set of axes
• Plot a straight-line graph
• Use a graph to solve simultaneous equations
• Use a graph to illustrate non-linear and involve equations that have
powers of the x-variable other than 1
Introduction
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• Graphs assist in establishing relationships between two variables. For

example, they can show how a variable, height, changes with another
variable, age. Two variables, called an “ordered pair” can be
expressed as coordinates on an xy-plane. The first variable is called
the x-coordinate and the second variable is called the y-coordinate.
• An ordered pair is written as (x,y).
• In our earlier example, age will be denoted x and height will be
denoted y. For every x value, there is a y value. So, every value of age
will have a corresponding value of height.
Drawing an x-y axis
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• How does an xy-plane look? It consists of a horizontal x-axis, a vertical

y-axis and an origin (which is the point of intersection of the axes).
• Positive x values on right of origin and positive y values above the
origin.
Drawing an x-y axis
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To draw:
1. Draw the axes
2. Add equally spaced markings and label each marking with a number.
3. Label the x and y axis.
Plotting points
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E.g., Plotting (1,2), (-5, -1), (4, -3), (-2,1)

Exercise 1
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Plot the following sets on points

1) (-2,6), (-3,2), (4,6), (1,5)
2) (2,3), (4,5), (-1, -2), (-2, 1)
3) (2,3), (-3, 5), (4, -1), (-2,-5)
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1) (-2,6), (-3,2), (4,6), (1,5)

.......
2) (2,3), (4,5), (-1, -2), (-2, 1)

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3) (2,3), (-3, 5), (4, -1), (-2,-5)

Plotting a straight line
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• A straight line has the equation: y = bx + a

• Where, b is the slope of a graph and a is the y-intercept.
• The slope describes the rate at which y changes with x.
• The y-intercept is where the graph cuts the y-axis at x = 0.
• You need at least 2 points to plot a line and thus to determine its
equation.
• Once you have an equation, you can plot the line.
Plotting example
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E.g. y = 3x + 1
• Choose x values (some positive and some negative)
• x = -2 , y = 3(-2) + 1 = -5
• x = -1 , y = 3(-1) + 1 = -2
• x = 0, y = 3(0) + 1 = 1
• x = 1, y = 3(1) + 1 = 4
• x = 2, y = 3(2) + 1 = 7
• Ordered pairs: (-2, -5), (-1,-2), (0,1), (1,4), (2,7)
Plotting example
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E.g. y = 3x + 1
Ordered pairs: (-2, -5), (-1,-2),
(0,1), (1,4), (2,7)
Plotting example
.......
E.g. y = 3x + 1
Ordered pairs: (-2, -5), (-1,-2),
(0,1), (1,4), (2,7)
Plotting example
.......
E.g. y = 3x + 1
Ordered pairs: (-2, -5), (-1,-2),
(0,1), (1,4), (2,7)
Exercise 2
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Plot the following line graphs:

1) y = 6x + 2
2) x + y = 4
3) 4x + 2y = 6
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1) y = 6x + 2
Choose x values (some positive and some negative)
x = -2 , y = 6(-2) + 2= -10
x = -1 , y = 6(-1) + 2 = -4
x = 0, y = 6(0) + 2 = 2
x = 1, y = 6(1) + 2 = 8
x = 2, y = 6(2) + 2 = 14
Ordered pairs: (-2, -10), (-1,-4), (0,2), (1,8), (2,14)
.......
1) y = 6x + 2
Ordered pairs: (-2, -10), (-1,-4),
(0,2), (1,8), (2,14)

Business Mathematics Lecture 7

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Exercise 5 Solutions

• Describe what a ratio is

 What is a ratio? A ratio is a means of comparing two quantities. If you

 What is a proportion? It is the portion or contribution of a quantity to

Eg. You have 3 apples, 4 bananas and 6 pears. Calculate

• Ratios should generally be expressed as integers (avoid decimals)

1) Simplify the following ratios

1) Simplify the following ratios

• Introduce topic areas for the unit

• Graphs assist in establishing relationships between two variables. For

• How does an xy-plane look? It consists of a horizontal x-axis, a vertical

E.g., Plotting (1,2), (-5, -1), (4, -3), (-2,1)

Plot the following sets on points

1) (-2,6), (-3,2), (4,6), (1,5)

2) (2,3), (4,5), (-1, -2), (-2, 1)

3) (2,3), (-3, 5), (4, -1), (-2,-5)

• A straight line has the equation: y = bx + a

Plot the following line graphs:

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