Quantitative

Chemistry
Stoichiometry: Part 1
 How is the mass of
01 atom measured?
One grain of sand contains millions
of atoms, so atoms must be really
small. How is the mass of an atom
measured?
 How is the mass of atom measured?

Instead,
02 all atoms are
compared with the
mass of carbon-12.
Atoms
are so small that their 01
masses are not
measured directly
So,
03 The mass of an atom on
this scale is called its
relative atomic mass.
What is Relative Atomic Mass?
The values of
relative atomic mass
Atomic number →
(r.a.m.) are usually
given in a data book
or found in the
periodic table. So
Relative atomic mass →
you don’t have to
work them out or
remember them all!
 Identifying Relative Atomic Mass
01 02 03
Sr (Strontium) Cl (Chlorine) Ca (Calcium)
R.A.M. = 88 R.A.M. = 35.5 R.A.M. = 40

04 05
Group VA, 4th period Group VIA, 2nd period
As (Arsenic) O (Oxygen)
R.A.M. = 75 R.A.M. = 16
 Why isn’t r.a.m. always a whole
number?
The standard r.a.m.
● Relative atomic mass value of each element
(r.a.m.) is not always a is actually the average
whole number. relative atomic mass,
● For example, the r.a.m. which takes all the
of chlorine is 35.5. isotopes of each
element into account.
Chlorine has two
isotopes:
chlorine-35 (75%) and
chlorine-37 (25%). So
the R.A.M of Cl is:

= (35 x 75%) + (37 x 25%)

= (35 x 0.75) + (37 x 0.25)
= 26.25 + 9.25
= 35.5
 Calculating Average R.A.M from
Isotopes
Average:
= (79 x 50.5%) + (81 x 49.5%)
Naturally-occurring bromine
= (79 x 0.505) + (81 x 0.495)
●
is composed of two
= 39.895 + 40.095
isotopes: bromine-79
= 79.99 ≈ 80
(50.5%) and bromine-81
(49.5%).
● What is the average r.a.m. of
naturally-occurring
bromine?
What about the mass
of compounds?
For example, NaCl?
 We can work in the same way
01 03
02 To find the
The mass of relative formula
a molecule is mass of a
called the This is calculated by compound, add
relative adding up the relative up the relative
formula atomic masses of all atomic masses of
mass. the atoms in the all the atoms in its
molecule. formula.
 It can be done in 3 steps
Find
Find the r.a.m. of each 2
type of atom in the
molecule.
Write
1 Write down the
formula of the
molecule.
Multiply
Multiply each r.a.m. by 3
the number of atoms of
that element and add
these values together.
What is the relative formula mass of sodium chloride?
Find
R.A.M. values: 2
sodium = 23
chloride = 35.5
Write
1 formula of table salt
is NaCl
Multiply
relative formula mass 3
= (23 x 1) + (1 x 35.5)
= 58.55
Relative formula mass ‘calculator’

● NaOH
● H2SO4
● (NH4)2SO4

Answer:
• NaOH = (23x1)+(16x1)+(1x1) = 40
• H2SO4 = (1x2)+(32x1)+(16x4) = 98
• (NH ) SO = (14x2)+(1x8)+(32x1)+(16x4) = 132
Mole Concept
The term mole is also
used to 
talk about mass.
One mole of a
substance is its relative
atomic mass, or relative
formula mass, in grams.
 For example, the relative atomic
mass of carbon is 12, so one mole of
carbon atoms weighs 12 grams.

Mr : m = 1 : 1
(in 1 mole)
What is the mass of one mole…
N H2SO4
14 98

KOH S
56 32

Ca(OH)2 CaCl2
74 111
n = m/relative mass How many grams of NaOH in 1.5
moles of substance? (Ar Na = 23,
m = n x relative mass O = 16, H = 1)
Answer:
n = mole (mole) m = 1.5 moles x (23+16+1)
m = mass (gram) = 1.5 x 40 = 60 grams
 Let’s Practice!

Relative Atomic Grams Grams

Mass (in 1.75 moles) (in 0.5 moles)

Iodine 127 222.25 63.5

Potassium 39 68.25 19.5

Aluminium 27 47.25 13.5

 Can you work out which fertilizer is best?
“My uncle uses fertilizers on his allotment to grow his
prize-winning pumpkins. How can he work out which
fertilizer contains the most nitrogen?”

“Different fertilizers contain different compounds.

Your uncle needs to find out the percentage by
mass of nitrogen in each compound.”
 How is percentage by mass calculated?
Scientists use percentage by mass
calculations to help them work The percentage by mass of
out how useful a substance is, an element in a compound
how pure it is or even to identify is sometimes known as the
an unknown substance. percentage composition.

Percentage by mass is %of element =

r.a.m x atomic number
calculated using r.a.m.
and r.f.m. r.f.m. of compunds
 Calculating percentage by mass –
example 1
Step 1: Work out the relative
formula mass (r.f.m.) of NH3.

What percentage by mass

of nitrogen is in ammonia
(NH3)? (r.a.m.: H = 1, N = 14)
 Calculating percentage by mass –
example 1
Step 2: Work out the percentage
by mass of nitrogen.

What percentage by mass

of nitrogen is in ammonia
(NH3)? (r.a.m.: H = 1, N = 14)
Calculating percentage by mass –
example 2

What percentage by mass of hydrogen is

in ammonia (NH3)? (r.a.m.: H = 1, N = 14)
Calculating percentage by mass –
example 2

What percentage by mass of hydrogen is

in ammonia (NH3)? (r.a.m.: H = 1, N = 14)
The formula of calcium
hydroxide is Ca(OH)2
Calculate:
a. Relative molecular
mass (Mr) of calcium
hydroxide.
b. Percentage mass of
Let’s Try!
calcium and oxygen in the
compound.
c. How many calcium can
be recovered from 50
grams of Ca(OH)2?
 Application: Which fertilizer is the best?

So, if I put the same amount

‘Plant-B-big’, which contains urea, of each fertilizer on my
has the highest percentage of pumpkins,
nitrogen. ‘Plant-B-big’ will provide the
most nitrogen.