3 : MOL CONCEPT,

FORMULA AND
CHEMICAL EQUATION
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3.1 RELATIVE ATOMIC
MASS AND RELATIVE
MOLECULAR MASS
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Relative Atomic Mass and Relative Molecular
Mass
RAM
Definition

Mass of one atom of the element compared to 1/12 mass

of one carbon -12 atom

Relative Atomic Mass, RAM: Mass of one atom of the element

1/12 mass of one carbon-12 atom

Atom
Relative Atomic Mass and Relative Molecular
Mass
Why Carbon-12 is used??

Because it is a solid and can be easily handled.

Also used as a reference standard in the mass spectrometer.

Is assigned a mass of exactly 12 units.

 Relative Atomic Mass and Relative Molecular Mass
To compare RAM for 2 types of atoms : For example atom of A and atom of B

Number of times heavier than = Number of atoms A x RAM A

Number of atoms B x RAM B

Example 1 Example 2

How many times of one atom of Kripton How many times of three atoms of Calcium
compared to one atom helium? compared to five atoms of carbon?
[RAM: He = 4, Kr = 84] [RAM: C = 12, Ca = 40]
Many times heavier Kripton = 1 x RAM Kripton Many times heavier Calcium = 3 x RAM Calcium
1 x RAM Helium 5 x RAM Carbon
= 1 x 84 = 3 x 40
1x4 5 x 12
= 21 times = 2 times
 Example 3 Exercise
How many Magnesium atoms will have
1.One atom of Calcium is two times heavier than a
the same mass as 2 atoms of Argentum?
Neon atom. What is the relatove atomic mass of
[RAM: Mg = 24, Ag = 108]
Calcium?
Number of Mg atoms = Number of Ag atoms
Many times heavier Calcium = 1 x RAM Calcium
x RAM Ag
1 x RAM Neon
RAM Mg
2 = 1 x RAM Ca
= 2 x 108 1 x 20
24 RAM Ca = 40
= 9 atoms

2. How many oxygen atoms will have the same mass

of 2 Cuprum atoms?
Number of O atoms = Number of Cu atoms
x RAM Cu
RAM O
= 2 x 64
16
= 8 atoms
Relative Atomic Mass and Relative Molecular
Mass
RMM
Definition

Mass of one molecule of the compound compared to

1/12 mass of one carbon -12 atom

Relative Molecular Mass, RMM: Mass of one molecule of the

compound
1/12 mass of one carbon-12 atom

Molecul
e
 Ionic Compound
Relative Formula Mass

Relative Molecular Mass = Relative Formula Mass

Example of molecule : [Given RAM : H = 1, N = 14, O = 16]

1. Hidrogen, H2: RMM = 2 x RAM H
=2x1=2

2. Ammonia, NH3: RMM = (1 x RAM N) + (3 x RAM H)

= (1 x 14) + (3 x 1) = 17

3. Air, H2O: RMM = (2 x RAM H) + (1 x RAM O)

= (2 x 1) + (1 x 16) = 18
Example of ionic compound : [Given RMM: Na = 23, Cl = 35.5,
Mg = 24, S = 32, O = 16, H = 1, Zn = 65]

1. Sodium Chloride, NaCl : RFM = (1 x RAM Na) + (1 x RAM Cl)

= (1 x 23) + (1 x 35.3) = 58.5

2. Anhydrous magnesium sulphate, MgSO4.7H2O

= ( 1 x Mg) + (1 x S) + (4 x O) + 7(2 x H) + 7(1 x O)
= (1 x 24) + (1 x 32) + (4 x 16) + 7(2 x 1) + 7(1 x 16)
= 246

3. Zink Chloride, ZnCl2 : RFM = (1 x Zn) + (2 x Cl)

= (1 x 65) + (2 x 35.5)
= 136
 Exercise
Calculate the relative molecular mass and relative formula mass for the following
compounds:
[Given RMM: S = 32, Ca = 40, C = 12, O = 16, Cu = 64, N = 14, Cl = 35.5]

(a) N2
(b) CCl4
(c) CuCO3
(d) H2SO4
(e) Ca(NO3)2
(f) CuSO4.2H2O
 Exercise
Calculate the relative molecular mass and relative formula mass for the following
compounds:
[Given RMM: S = 32, Ca = 40, C = 12, O = 16, Cu = 64, N = 14, Cl = 35.5]

(a) N2 : (2 x 4) = 28
(b) CCl4 : ( 1 x 12) + (4 x 35.5) = 154
(c) CuCO3 : ( 1 x 64) + (1 x12) + (3 x 16) = 124
(d) H2SO4 : (2 x 1) + (1 x 32) + (4 x 16) = 98
(e) Ca(NO3)2 : (1 x 40) + (2 x 14) + (6 x 16) = 164
(f) CuSO4.2H2O : (1 x 64) + (1 x 32) + (4 x 16) + (4 x 1) + (2 x 16) = 196
3.2 MOLE CONCEPT

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How many books in one dozen of
chemistry books?

One dozen of Chemistry books

contain 12 books
 Definition of Mole

The mole is the unit of the substance that

contains 6.02214076 x 1023 elementary entities
of the substance.
 Definition of Avogadro constant, NA
The number of particles contained in one mole
of substance, that is 6.02 x 1023 mol -1.

In the other words, 1 mol of substance contains

6.02 x 1023 particles that forms the substance.
 1 mole of atomic contains 6.02 x 1023
substance atoms

1 mole of molecular contains 6.02 x 1023

substance molecules

1 mole of ionic contains 6.02 x 1023

substance ions
 EXAMPLE

1 mole of Na 6.02 x 1023 sodium atoms

contains
1 mole of H2O 6.02 x 1023 water molecules

contains
1 mole of Na+ 6.02 x 1023 sodium ions

contains
 Number of moles and
Number of particles
6.02 x 1023 = Avogadro constant, NA

1 mol of substance = 6.02 x 1023 ,NA

x 6.02 x 1023
Number of moles Number of particles
÷ 6.02 x 1023
 Example 1
1. Count number of atom in 0.4 mol of
carbon atom.

Solution:
The number of carbon atom is

= 0.4 mole x Avogadro constant

= 0.4 mole x 6.02 x 1023 atom

= 2.408 x 1023 atoms

 Example 2
There are 3 mol hydrogen gases, H2 in one container.
Determine
1. Number of hydrogen molecule, H2 H H
2. Number of hydrogen atom

Number of mole Number of

molecule molecule
STEP 3 : SOLVE THE PROBLEM

So, number of molecule hydrogen, H2 ;

= 3 x Avogadro Constant
= 3 x 6.02 x 1023 molecule
= 1.81 x 1024 molecule
USE THE RELATIONSHIP

x no. of molecule formula

Number of Number of
molecule atom

SOLVE THE PROBLEM

= 2 x number of molecule hydrogen, H

= 2 x 1.806 x 1024 molecule
= 3.612 x 1024 atom
 Example 3
Count number of NaCl in 4 mole of NaCl.

1 mole substance 6.02 x 1023 units

4 mole NaCl = ? units

STEP 1 : GET THE INFORMATION FROM QUESTION

Number of mole NaCl = 4 mole

STEP 2 : USE THE RELATIONSHIP

4 mole NaCl = 4 x 6.02 x 1023

= 2.408 x 1024 NaCl molecules
 Example 4
Count number of Cl- ions in 4 mole of NaCl.

One units of NaCl have 1 ion Cl-

So;
One mole unit of NaCl ? ion Cl-
1 mole units of NaCl = 6.02 x 1023 units NaCl
4 mole units of NaCl = 4 x 6.02 x 1023
= 2.408 x 1024 units NaCl
There is 1 Cl- ion in NaCl,
So, there are 2.408 x 1024 Cl- ions
 Number of moles and
mass of substances
Unit =
Molar Mass is mass of 1 mole of substance gmol-1

Atom : Relative Atomic Mass

Molecule : Relative Molecular Mass
Ionic Compound : Relative Formula Mass

Number of mole, n = Mass (g)__________ n=m

Molar Mass MM
 Exampl 2. What is the number of moles in 16 g of

1. e is the mass 0.1 mole of

What
sulfur dioxide gas, SO2?[RAM : S = 32, O =
16]
Magnesium? [RAM : Mg = 24]
MM SO2 = 32 + 16(2) = 64 g/mol
n = m /MM
n = 16 , n = 0.25 mol
0.1 = m / 24 64
m = 0.1 mol x 24 gmol-1
= 2.4 g
 Exercise
3. How many chlorine ions in 27.2 g zinc
chloride, ZnCl2?[RAM : Cl = 35.5, Zn = 65, NA =
1. What is the mass of carbon that
6.02 x 1023 ]
contains 6.02 x 1021 carbon atoms ?
MM ZnCl2 = 65 + 35.5(2) = 136 g/mol ,
Mass = Number of moles x Molar Mass
n = 27.2 g
136 gmol-1
n = 0.2 mol Number of moles = Number of particles
NA
Number of particles in formula = 0.2 x 6.02 x 10 23
= 1.204 x 1023 Answer :
number of mole = 6.02 x 1021 =
0.01 mole
Number of chloride ions = 2 x 1.204 x 10 23

= 2.408 x 1023 ion 6.02 x 1023 mol-1

mass = 0.01 mole x 12 g/mole
= 0.12 g
 Exercise 2
Calculate the number of atoms found in 28 g of iron.
(Relative atomic mass: Fe,56; NA = 6.02 x 1023 mol-1

Solution :

Number of particles = Number of moles x NA

Number of moles = Mass in grams

Molar Mass

Number of mole = 28 g = 0.5 mole

56 g/mole
Number of particles = 0.5 mole x 6.02 x 10 23 mol-1
= 3.01 x 1023 atoms
 Homework
1) Calculate the number of moles found in 50 g of calcium carbonate,
CaCO3
(Relative atomic mass: C,12; O,16; Ca,40)

2) How much is the mass in gram of one molecule of water, H 2O) ?

(Relative atomic mass: H,1; O,16; NA=6.02 x 1023 mol-1)

3) Calculate the mass in gram of 6 x 10 22 zinc atoms.

(Relative atomic mass: Zn,65; NA=6.02 x 1023 mol-1)
 Number of moles and volume of gas
Molar Volume is volume that occupied by 1 mol of gas

Volume of 1 mol of gas = Molar Volume, Vm

STP = 22.4 dm3

Room temperature = 24
dm3
1 dm3 = 1000 cm3

x Vm
Number of moles Volume (dm3)
÷ Vm
 Exampl 2. Calculate number of mole of nitrogen

1. e volume of 0.4 mol of carbon

What is the
dioxide gas in 60 cm3 gas at room
temperature. [Vm = 24 dm3/mol]
dioxide gas at s.t.p? [Vm = 22.4 dm3/mol]
n = Vg ÷ Vm
Vg = n x Vm
If in cm3 : Vg = 60 = 0.0025 mol
Vg = 0.4mol x 22.4 dm3/mol 24000
= 8.96 dm3

If in dm3 : 60 ÷ 1000 = 0.06 dm3 ,

Vg = 0.06 = 0.0025 mol

24
3. 240 cm3 of gas have mass as much as 0.17 g Exercise
at room temperature. What is the molar mass
of that gas? [Vm = 24 dm3] 1. Calculate mass of 1.505 x 1024 of hidrogen
gas at s.t.p? [RAM: H = 1, Vm = 22.4
n = Vg = 240 cm3 = 0.01 mol dm3]
Vm 24000 cm3
No. of mole = 1.505 x 1024 =2.5 mole
or n = 0.24 dm3 = 0.01 mol 6.02 x 1023
24 dm3
Mass = 2.5 mole x (2 x 1) g/ mol-1
=5 g
n=m
MM

0.01 = 0.17
MM

Mr = 0.17 g = 17 gmol-1
0.01 mol
 Exercise 2
Calculate volume of hidrogen chloride gas at room temperature if it mass is 18.25 g?
[RAM: H = 1, Cl = 35.5, Vm = 22.4 dm3 mol-1]

Solution :

Number of mole = 18.25 g = 0.5 mole

36.5 g/mole
Volume = no of mole x Vm
= 0.5 mole x 22.4 dm3 mol-1
= 11.2 dm3
 Number
of atoms
÷ NA X MM

Number of particles Number of moles Mass

x NA ÷ MM

Number of Number ÷ Vm x Vm
molecules of ions

Volume (dm3)
 3.3 Chemical Formulae

Molecular Formula Empirical Formula

Chemical formula which shows actual Chemical formula which shows the
numbers of atoms of the elements simplest ratio of atoms of the elements
that combine to form the compound that combine to form a compound

Example Example

Glucose Glucose
C6H12O6 CH2O
 Determine the empirical formula
Example 1
One sample of Magnesium oxide contains 2.4 g magnesium dan 1.6 g oxygen.
Determine the empirical formula for this compound. [RAM : Mg = 24, O = 16]
Element Mg O
Mass (g) 2.4 1.6
Number of moles, n 2.4 = 0.1 1.6 = 0.1
24 16
Simplest ratio 0.1 = 1 0.1 = 1
0.1 0.1

Empirical Formula : MgO

 Determine the empirical formula
Example 2
Copper(II) iodide contains 20.13% based on it mass. Determine the empirical
formula for Copper(II) iodide. [RAM : Cu = 64, I = 127]
Element Cu I
Mass (g) 20.13 100 – 20.13 = 79.87
Number of moles, n 20.13 = 0.315 79.87 = 0.629
64 127
Simplest ratio 0.315 = 1 0.629 = 2
0.315 0.315
1 2

Empirical Formula : CuI2

 Latihan
1. 60 g aluminium sulphide, contains 2. Phosphoric acid contains percentage
38.4 g sulphur. Determine empirical composition as given. Hidrogen is
formula for that compound. [RAM: Al = 3.06%, Phosphorus is 31.63% and
27, S = 32] Oxygen is 65.31%. What is the formula
for that acid?[RAM : H = 1, P = 31, O =
Element Al S 16]
Element H P O
Mass (g) 21.6 38.4
Mass (g) 3.06 31.63 65.31
Number 21.6 = 0.8 38.4 = 1.2
Number 3.06 31.63 65.31
of moles, 27 32 of moles, 1
n 31 16
n
= 3.06 = 1.02 =4.08
Simplest 0.8 = 1 1.2 = 1.5
Simplest 3.06 1.02 4.08
ratio 0.8 0.8 ratio
1.02 1.02 1.02
Ratio 2 3
=3 =1 =4

Empirical Formula : Al2S3 Empirical Formula : H3PO4

 Experiment to determine the empirical formula of
Magnesium oxide

Procedure :

1. An empty crucible with its lid is weighed and its weight is recorded.
2. The 10 cm length of magnesium ribbon is polished with sandpaper.
3. The magnesium ribbon is rolled into a loose coil and it is placed in the crucible.
4. The crucible is weighed again and its weight recorded.
5. The crucible is placed on a clay pipe triangle and then heated strongly.
6. The lid is lifted at intervals to allow the oxygen from the air to enter for the combustion of the
magnesium.
7. When the magnesium is completely burnt, the crucible is cooled and is weighed again with its lid.
8. The weight is recorded.
9. The heating, cooling and weighing process is repeated until a constant mass is obtained.
 Experiment to determine the empirical formula of
Magnesium oxide

Precautions :

1. Polish magnesium ribbon with sandpaper to remove the oxide layer on its surface.

2. The lid is lifted at intervals to allow the oxygen from the air to enter for the combustion
of the magnesium.

3. Close the lid immediately after it is lifted to prevent white smoke.

4. The heating, cooling and weighing process is repeated until a constant mass is
obtained to ensure Mg completely react with oxygen in order to afford MgO.
 Experiment to determine the empirical formula of
Magnesium oxide
Result :

Details Mass (g)

Mass of crucible + lid x

Mass of crucible + lid + Mg y

Mass of crucible + lid + MgO z

Discussion :

1. Empirical Formula is MgO

2. Chemical Equation is 2Mg + O2 2MgO

Magnesium + Oxygen Magnesium Oxide

 Experiment to determine the empirical formula of
Copper(II) oxide

Procedure :

1. Weight mass of 12 cm glass tube and record its weight.

2. Place a small quantity of copper (II) oxide to the centre of the glass tube by using wooden
splint.
3. Weight the glass tube with the copper (II) oxide and record its weight.
4. Fill up the boiling tube with tap water until 2/3 of boiling tube .
5. Close the boiling tube with 12 cm rubber stopper and attach it with retort stand.
6. Place 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid into boiling tube until 1/3 and add on granulated zinc.
Procedure :
8. Connect the glass tube with copper (II) oxide.
9. Pass through hydrogen gas for 10 seconds to expel all the air.
10. Heat copper (II) oxide with spirit lamp in the continuous flowing hydrogen gas.
11. Stop heating the copper (II) oxide until black residue CuO changed to brown color.
12. Continue the flow of hydrogen gas until the apparatus cools down to room temperature.
13. Disconnect glass tube that contains brown powder. Remove the water droplet at the end of
glass tube with cotton bud.
14. Weight the glass tube and its content and record the weight.
15. Repeat heating, cooling and weighing until a constant mass is achieved.
16. Record the constant mass.
Discussion :

1. Empirical Formula is CuO

2. Chemical equation is CuO + H2 Cu + H2O

Copper (II) Oxide + Hidrogen Copper + Water

3. Colour of CuO is black and Cu is brown.

 Determine of Molecular Formula
Molecular Formula = (Empirical Formula)n

Compound Empirical Formula Molecule Formula n

Water H2O (H2O)1 = H2O 1

Ethane CH2 (CH2)2 = C2H4 2

Glucose CH2O (CH2O)6 = C6H12O6 6

 Example Exercise
Empirical formula of compound is CH2. Its 8.5 g hidrogen peroxide contains 0.5 g
relative molecular mass is 42. Find its hidrogen. If molar mass hidrogen
molecular formula. [RAM: H = 1, C = 12] peroxide is 34 gmol-1, find molecular
(CH2)n = [12 + 1(2)]n = 42 formula. [RAM : H = 1, O = 16]
12n + 2n = 42 Element H O
14n = 42 Mass (g) 0.5 8.0
n = 42
14 Number of 0.5 8.0
=3 moles, n
1 16
= 0.5 = 0.5
(CH2)n = (CH2)3
= Simplest ratio 0.5 = 1 0.5 = 1
C3H6 0.5 0.5
 Calculation of Percentage of Atoms in a Compound

Example :

1. Urea , CO(NH2)2 is a commercialize fertelizer. Calculate composition percentage of nitrogen

according in mass of urea, CO(NH2)2. [RAM : H = 1, C = 12, N = 14, O = 16]

Molar Mass = 12 + 16 + 2(14) + 1(4)(1) = 60 ,so mass of 1 mole = 60 g

1 mol of urea contains 2 mol of nitrogen, so nitrogen mass = 2 x 14

= 28 g

Percentage of nitrogen according in mass of urea = 28 x 100%

60
= 46.67 %

Important: More higher the percentage of nitrogen according mass, the fertelizer is better.
Exercise :

1. Calculate percentage of K according mass in K 2CO3.[RAM : C = 12, K = 39, O = 16]

Solution :

Molar Mass = 2(39) + 12 + 3(16) = 138 ,so mass of 1 mole = 138 g

1 mol of K2CO3 contains 2 mol of potassium, so potassium mass = 2 x 39

= 78 g

Percentage of potassium according in mass of urea = 78 x 100%

138
= 56.52 %
 Calculation of Relative Atomic Mass
Example :

6.24 g X element combined with 1.28 g oxygen produce one compound with empirical
formula X2O. What is the relative atomic mass of X?[ RAM : O = 16]

Elements X O
Mass (g) 6.24 1.28
Number of moles 6.24 1.28 = 0.08
X 16
X 2O , 2 : 1
6.24 : 0.08 = 2 : 1 , 6.24 ÷ 0.08 = 2 ÷ 1
x x
6.24 = 2
0.08x 1
0.08x = 1
6.24 2
x = 39
Exercise :

2.07 g Z element reacts with bromin to produce 3.67 g compound with empirical
formula ZBr2. Find relative atomic mass of Z element?[ RAM : Br = 80]

ZBr2 , 1 : 2
Element Z Br
2.07 : 0.02 = 1 : 2 ,
Mass (g) 2.07 1.6 x
Number of 2.07 1.6 2.07 ÷ 0.02 = 1 ÷ 2
moles, n x 2.07
X 80
=1
= 0.02 mol 0.02x 2
0.02x = 2
2.07 1
x = 207
 Comparison between determine empirical formula
of Magnesium oxide and copper (II) oxide

MgO CuO
Mg Ribbon Reactant used Copper(II) oxide
Oxygen Gas used Hidrogen

CaO, ZnO, Al2O3 Suitable for Fe2O3, SnO, PbO

Reactive metal & easy to Reason Less reactive metal than
raect with O2 H2

2Mg + O2 2MgO Equations CuO + H2 Cu + H2O

 ion
Formula of Ions Anion
Ca t
Positively-charged ion Negatively-charged ion

Cation Formula Anion Formula

Sodium Ion Na+ Chloride Ion Cl-
Potassium Ion K+ Bromide Ion Br-
Zinc Ion Zn2+ IodideIon I-
Magnesium Ion Mg2+ Oxide Ion O2-
Calcium Ion Ca2+ Hydroxide Ion OH-
Ferum(II) Ion Fe2+ Sulphate Ion SO42-
Ferum(III) Ion Fe3+ Carbonate Ion CO32-
Copper(II) Ion Cu2+ Nitrate Ion NO3-
Ammonium Ion NH4+ Phosphate Ion PO43-
 Exchange of charges

Xm+ Yn-

XnYm

Example :

1. Sodium Chloride 2. Magnesium Chloride

Na+ Cl- Mg2 Cl-

Na1 Cl1 Mg1 Cl2

NaCl MgCl2
Exercise Solution
Write chemical formulae for each compound (a) Na2SO4
below :
(b) MgCO3
(a)Sodium sulphate
(b)Magnesium carbonate (c) (NH4)2SO4
(c)Ammonium sulphate
(d)Nitric acid (d) HNO3
(e)Copper (II) sulphate
(f)Zinc chloride (e) CuSO4
(g)Iron (III) sulphate
(h)Ammonia (f) ZnCl2

(g) Fe2(SO4)3

(h) NH3
 State names of chemical compound
using IUPAC nomenclature
The name of the cation comes first, followed by the name of the
anion.
Cation Anion Name of Ionic Compound
(X+) (X-)
Sodium ion Chloride ion Sodium Chloride

Potassium Carbonate ion Potassium Carbonate

ion
Copper(II) ion Sulphate ion Copper(II) Sulphate
 Naming of simple molecular compounds
The name of cation is maintained as it is.
The name of second element is added with
an “ide”

MgCl2 – Magnesium chloride ‘ide’ is added to the name of

the second element
HBr – Hydrogen bromide
 Transition elements can form ions with different charges. Thus,
the roman numerals in brackets are used to indicate the charge
of the ion
Copper (I) represent
the Cu+ ions in the
compound

Copper(I) oxide
Copper(II) oxide

Copper (II) represent

the Cu2+ ions in the
compound
Iron(II) represent the Fe 2+
ions in the compound

Iron(II) chloride
Iron(III) chloride

Iron(III) represent the Fe3+

ions in the compound
Greek prefixes are used to show the numbers of atoms of each
element in a compound.

CO - Carbon monoxide
CO2 – Carbon dioxide
SO3 – Sulphur trioxide
CCl4 – Carbon tetrachloride
 Examples
Formula Compound
H2SO4 Hydrogen sulphate
KOH Potassium hydroxide
Na2SO4 Sodium sulphate
MgCl2 Magnesium chloride
CaO Calcium oxide
KI Potassium iodide
ZnS Zinc sulphide
SO2 Sulphur dioxide
Na2O Sodium oxide
Al2(SO4)3 Aluminium sulphate