ASSIGNMENT NO.

01

UNIT I : NUMBER SYSTEMS, DIGITAL LOGIC FAMILIES

AND LOGIC GATES.

• LO1: Convert given number from the given number system to the
specified
number system.
• LO2: Perform the given binary arithmetic operations on the given
data.
• LO3: Describe the characteristics of the given digital logic families.
• LO4: Derive the truth table of the given logic gates/derived logic
gates.
• LO5: Apply Boolean algebra for designing the given logic circuits.
• LO6: Design the logical circuits for the given applications.

1. Define: i) Bit ii) Nibble

Ans. Bit:- A bit (short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of data in a computer.
A bit has a single binary value, either 0 or 1. In some systems, the term octet is
used for an eight-bit unit instead of byte. Ex. 1, 0
Nibble:- A nibble is four binary digits or half of an eight-bit byte. A nibble can
be conveniently represented by one hexadecimal digit.
Ex. 1101,0101,1010
2. State any two Boolean laws with expression.
Ans.

There are the following laws of Boolean algebra:

Commutative Law

This law states that no matter in which order we use the variables. It means that
the order of variables doesn't matter. In Boolean algebra, the OR and the addition
operations are similar. For two variables, the commutative law of addition is
written as:

A+B=B+A

For two variables, the commutative law of multiplication is written as:

A •B=B•A

Associative Law

This law states that the operation can be performed in any order when the
variables priority is same. As '*' and '/' have same priority. In the below diagram,
the associative law is applied to the 2-input OR gate.

For three variables, the associative law of addition is written as:

A+(B+C)=(A+B)+C
For three variables, the associative law of multiplication is written as:

A(BC)=(AB) C.

3. Convert following number into its equivalent Binary Number (146.25)10.

Ans.
(146.25)10 =(10010010.01)2

4. Perform binary subtraction using 2's complement of the following:

i )(63)10- (20)10 = ?
ii) (34)10- (48)10 = ?
Ans.
1)(63)10-(20)10:
Step 1:
Obtain 2’s complement of (20)10
Decimal Binary 1’s Add 2’s
number number Complement Complement
20 010100 101011 1 101100

Step2:
Add (63)10and 2’s complement (20)10
(63)10: 111111
-
(20)10: 101100
=1101011. =(43)10
Final carry 1,indicates that answer is positive and in its true form
...(63)10-(20)10=(43)10

2)(34)10-(48)10
Step 1:
Obtain 2’s complement (48)10
Decimal Binary 1’s Complement Add 2’s
number number complement
48 110000 001111 1 010000
Step 2:
Add (34)10and 2’s complement (48)10
(34)10: 100010
-
(48)10: 010000
=0110010. = (14)10
Final carry 0,indicates that answer is negative and in its 2’s complement
form
Step 3:
Convert the into true form
110010
-
1
=110001
Now reverse : 001110. = (14)10
...(34)10-(48)10=-(14)10.

5. Construct NOT, AND, OR, NOR gates using NAND gate.

Ans.
Not
A NOT gate is made by joining the inputs of a NAND gate together. Since a
NAND gate is equivalent to an AND gate followed by a NOT gate, joining
the inputs of a NAND gate leaves only the NOT gate.

Truth Table
 Desired NOT NAND
Gate Construction

Q = NOT( A ) = A NAND A
Input A Output Q
0 1
1 0
AND
An AND gate is made by inverting the output of a NAND gate as shown
below.

Truth Table
Desired AND
NAND Construction
Gate

= ( A NAND B ) NAND
Q = A AND B
( A NAND B )
Input A Input B Output Q
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
OR
If the truth table for a NAND gate is examined or by applying De Morgan's
Laws, it can be seen that if any of the inputs are 0, then the output will be 1.
To be an OR gate, however, the output must be 1 if any input is 1.
Therefore, if the inputs are inverted, any high input will trigger a high
output.
Truth Table
Desired OR
NAND Construction
Gate
 = ( A NAND A ) NAND
Q = A OR B
( B NAND B )
Input A Input B Output Q
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
NOR
A NOR gate is an OR gate with an inverted output. Output is high when
neither input A nor input B is high.

Truth Table
Desired NOR
NAND Construction
Gate

= [ ( A NAND A ) NAND
( B NAND B ) ] NAND
Q = A NOR B
[ ( A NAND A ) NAND
( B NAND B ) ]
Input A Input B Output Q
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
6. State and prove De-Morgan's Theorems.
De Morgan's First Theorem:-
Statement - The complement of a logical sum equals the logical product of
the complements.
Logic equation - A+B¯=A¯.B¯A+B¯=A¯.B¯
Proof -

NOR gate is equivalent to bubbled AND gate.

De Morgan's Second Theorem:-
Statement - The complement of a logical product equals the logical sum of
the complements.
Logic equation - A.B¯=A¯+B¯A.B¯=A¯+B¯
Proof -

NAND gate is equivalent to bubbled OR gate.

Truth Table to prove De Morgan's Theorem:-
Q-7:- Define the following term with respect the digital IC's:
a. 1)Propagation delay
II. (ii) Fan in
III. (iii)Fan out
IV. (iv) Power Dissipation
V. (v) Noise Margin
VI. (vi) Threshold Voltage
Ans.
1) Propagation Delay:- In electronics, digital circuits and digital electronics,
the propagation delay, or gate delay, is the length of time which starts when
the input to a logic gate becomes stable and valid to change, to the time that
the output of that logic gate is stable and valid to change.

2) Fan In:- Fan-in is a term that defines the maximum number of digital inputs
that a single logic gate can accept. Most transistor-transistor logic ( TTL )
gates have one or two inputs, although some have more than two. A typical
logic gate has a fan-in of 1 or 2.

3) Fan Out :- In digital electronics, the fan-out is the number of gate inputs
driven by the output of another single logic gate.
In most designs, logic gates are connected to form more complex circuits.

4) Power Dissipation :- The definition of power dissipation is the process by

which an electronic or electrical device produces heat (energy loss or waste)
as an undesirable derivative of its primary action.
5) Noise Margin :- In communications system engineering, noise margin is the
ratio by which the signal exceeds the minimum acceptable amount. It is
normally measured in decibels. In a digital circuit, the noise margin is the
amount by which the signal exceeds the threshold for a proper '0' or '1'.
6) Threshold Voltage :- The threshold voltage, commonly abbreviated as Vₜₕ, of
a field-effect transistor is the minimum gate-to-source voltage VGS that is
needed to create a conducting path between the source and drain terminals. It is
an important scaling factor to maintain power efficiency

8. List one application of each of following:

1)Gray code 2)ASCII code
Ans.
1)Application of Gray code :
• Gray code is popularly used in the shaft position encoders.
• A shaft position encoder produces a code word which represents the
angular position of the shaft.
2) Application of ASCII code :
• ASCII code is a 7-bit code whereas EBCDIC is an 8-bit code. ASCII
code is more commonly used worldwide while EBCDIC is used
primarily in large IBM computers.
9. Convert the following numbers into Hexadecimal number.
(10110111)2 =(?)16:
Ans. (10110111)2= (B7) 16

(576)8 =(?)16
Ans. (576)2= (17E) 16
10. Perform the following subtraction using 1’s and 2’s compliment
(1010 0101)2 - (1110 1110)2
1’s compliment
Here A = 10100101, B = 11101110.
Find A - B = ? using 1's complement
First find 1's complement of B = 11101110

Note : 1's complement of a number is obtained by subtracting all bits from 11111111.
1's complement of 11101110 is

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
- 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

Step-3: Now Add this 1's complement of B to A

1
1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
+ 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
Here there is no carry, answer is - (1's complement of the sum obtained 10110110)

Note : 1's complement of a number is obtained by subtracting all bits from 11111111.
1's complement of 10110110 is
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
- 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0

0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1

So answer is -01001001

2’s compliment
Here A = 10100101, B = 11101110.
Find A - B = ? using 2's complement
First find 2's complement of B = 11101110

Note : 2's complement of a number is 1 added to it's 1's complement number.

Step-1: 1's complement of 11101110 is obtained by subtracting each digit from 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
- 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
Step-2: Now add 1 to the 1's complement to obtain the 2's complement :
00010001 + 1 = 00010010

Step-3: Now Add this 2's complement of B to A

1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
+ 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0

1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1

Hints : (Move mouse over the steps for detail calculation highlight)

Here there is no carry, answer is - (2's complement of the sum obtained 10110111)

Note : 2's complement of a number is 1 added to it's 1's complement number.

Step-1: 1's complement of 10110111 is obtained by subtracting each digit from 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
- 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1

0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0

Step-2: Now add 1 to the 1's complement to obtain the 2's complement :
01001000 + 1 = 01001001
So answer is -01001001

11. State the names of universal logic gates and design basic gates using
universal gates.
Ans.
A universal gate is a gate which can implement any Boolean function without
need to use any other gate type.
The NAND and NOR gates are universal gates.
In practice, this is advantageous since NAND and NOR gates are economical
and easier to fabricate and are the basic gates used in all IC digital logic
families.
1. Construction of NOT Gate with NAND Gate:

2. Construction of AND Gate with NAND gate:

:
3.Construction of OR Gate with NAND Gate:
12. Describe the characteristics of digital IC's (any four).
Ans.
various logic families possess different characteristic, so one family may be best
suited to one situation whereas another family in some other situation. for
example in certain cases, low power consumption’s may be the prime
requirement where as some other cases speed.

Various characteristic of a logic family are given below in brief:

• Operating Speed: Speed of a logic gate depends upon the time that
elapses between the application of a signal to an input terminal and the
resulting change in logical state at the output terminals. It takes into
consideration the transition time (rise and fall duration of a pulse) and
propagation delays.
• Fan-In: The fan-in of a logic gate is defined as the number of inputs
(coming from similar circuits) that it can handle properly.
• Fan-Out: In general, a logic circuit is required to drive several logic
inputs. The fan-out (also sometimes called the loading factor) is defined
as the maximum number of standard logic inputs that an output can drive
reliably.
• Power Dissipation: This is the amount of power dissipated in an IC. It is
determined by the current, Icc. that it draws from the Vcc supply and equals
Vcc Icc where Icc is average value of Icc(0) and Icc(1). This power is
specified in mW. Lower power dissipation is desirable feature for any IC.

Name: Naik Siddhesh Atul

Roll No: 20IF228.