PLUMBING

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WHAT IS PLUMBING?
• THE WORD “PLUMBING” COMES FROM THE LATIN WORD PLUMBUM FOR LEAD, AS PIPES
WERE ONCE MADE FROM LEAD.
• THE ART AND SCIENCE OF CREATING AND MAINTAINING SANITARY CONDITIONS IN
BUILDINGS USED BY HUMANS.
OR
• THE ART AND SCIENCE OF INSTALLING, REPAIRING AND SERVICING OF PIPES, FIXTURES
AND APPURTENANCES NECESSARY FOR BRINGING IN WATER SUPPLY, DISTRIBUTING IT
WITHIN AND REMOVING THE LIQUID AND WATER-BORNE WASTES.

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THE BASIC PLUMBING COMPONENTS OF ANY BUILDING:-
• WATER SUPPLY DISTRIBUTING PIPES.
• FIXTURE AND FIXTURE TRAPS.
• SOIL, WASTE AND VENT PIPES.
• STORM WATER DRAINAGE

GOOD PLUMING REQUIRMENTS:-

• SMOOTH JOINTS.
• AVOID NOISE TRANSMISSION.
• AVOID FORMATION OF AIR LOCKS.
• ECONOMY IN LABOR AND MATERIALS.
• NO PIPING UNDER WASTEWATER PIPES.
• GRADUAL SIZE AND DIRECTION CHANGES.
• MAXIMUM RATE OF DISCHARGE.
• NO BACK-FLOW TOWARDS THE SOURCE OF SUPPLY.
• NO CROSS-CONNECTION BETWEEN PURE AND CONTAMINATED WATER PIPES.

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COMPONENTS OF PLUMBING:-
• TYPES OF PIPES:-
• PIPE FITTINGS:-

PIPE FITTINGS:-
• COUPLING
• REDUCER
• VALVES
• ELBOW
• UNIONS
• TEE
• CROSS
• CAP
• BENDS
• NIPPLE

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COUPLING:-
• A COUPLING CONNECTS TWO PIPES TO EACH OTHER.
• IF THE SIZE OF THE PIPE IS NOT THE SAME, THE FITTING MAY BE CALLED A REDUCING
COUPLE OR REDUCER, OR AN ADAPTER.

ELBOW:-
• INSTALLED BETWEEN TWO LENGTHS OF PIPE OR TUBING TO ALLOW A CHANGE OF
DIRECTION, USUALLY A 90 DEGREE OR 45 DEGREE.
• WHEN ITS TWO ENDS DIFFER IN SIZE, THE FITTING IS CALLED REDUCING ELBOW.

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UNION:-
• A UNION, SIMILAR TO A COUPLING, ALLOWS THE CONVENIENT FUTURE DISCONNECTION OF
PIPES FOR MAINTENANCE OR FIXTURE REPLACEMENT.
• IT CONSISTS OF THREE PARTS: A NUT, A FEMALE END AND A MALE END.

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T OR T-FITTING:-
• ALLOW FOR BRANCH LINES.
• TEES MAY BE EQUAL OR UNEQUAL IN SIZE OF THEIR THREE CONNECTIONS.

CROSS:-
• ALSO CALLED FOUR WAY FITTINGS.
• IT HAS ONE INLET AND THREE OUTLET OR VICE VERSA.

CAP/ PLUG:-
• CLOSE AN OPENING ON A PIPEFITTING.
• NORMALLY USED FOR INSPECTION AND CLEANOUT.
• USED TO CLOSE THE END OF A DEAD END PIPE

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VALVES:-
• A VALVE IS A DEVICE THAT REGULATES, DIRECTS OR CONTROLS THE FLOW OF A FLUID OR
GAS THROUGH OR FROM A PIPE.
• A DEVICE WITH A MOVEABLE FEATURE THAT OPENS AND CLOSES A PASSAGEWAY IN ORDER
TO ALLOW, PREVENT OR CONTROL THE FLOW OF FLUIDS/ GAS.

TYPES OF VALVES:-
• BALL VALVES.
• BUTTERFLY VALVES.
• GLOBE VALVES.
• GATE VALVES.
• DIAPHRAGM VALVES.
• CHECK VALVES.

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BALL VALVE:-
• A BALL VALVE IS A FORM OF QUARTER-TURN VALVE WHICH USES A HOLLOW, PERFORATED
AND PIVOTING BALL TO CONTROL FLOW THROUGH IT.
• IN OPEN POSITION, HOLE IN THE SPHERE IS IN LINE WITH THE PIPE.
• WHEN CLOSED, HOLE IN THE SPHERE IS PERPENDICULAR TO PIPE.
• LEVER HANDLE OPERATES THE VALVE AND ALSO SERVES AS AN
• INDICATOR FOR WHETHER THE VALVE IS OPEN OR CLOSED.

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BUTTERFLY VALVE:-
• A BUTTERFLY VALVE WHICH CAN BE USED FOR ISOLATING OR REGULATING FLOW.
• THE CLOSING MECHANISM TAKES THE FORM OF A DISK.
• OPERATION IS SIMILAR TO THAT OF A BALL VALVE, WHICH ALLOWS FOR QUICK SHUT OFF.
• IT IS ATTACHED TO A LEVER HANDLE THAT ROTATES THE DISC, WHICH ADJUSTS THE FLOW
OF WATER
• MAIN DRAWBACK : CONTROL DISC IS ALWAYS PRESENT WITHIN THE FLOW OF WATER (EVEN
WHEN FULLY OPEN) SO THERE WILL ALWAYS BE A PRESSURE DROP WHEN USING THEM.
• BUTTERFLY VALVES ARE GENERALLY FAVORED BECAUSE THEY ARE LOWER IN COST TO
OTHER VALVE DESIGNS AS WELL AS BEING LIGHTER IN WEIGHT, MEANING LESS SUPPORT
IS REQUIRED.

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DIAPHRAGM VALVE:-
• DIAPHRAGM VALVES (OR MEMBRANE VALVES) CONSISTS OF
• A VALVE BODY WITH TWO OR MORE PORTS, A DIAPHRAGM, AND
• A "WEIR OR SADDLE" OR SEAT UPON WHICH THE DIAPHRAGM CLOSES THE VALVE.
• SIMILAR TO GATE VALVE.
• IN A DIAPHRAGM VALVE, THE ELEMENT IS A DIAPHRAGM THAT SETTLES DOWN OVER A
SADDLE, THUS STOPPING WATER FLOW.
• THE DIAPHRAGM BELOW IS A WEIR-TYPE DIAPHRAGM VALVE,
• WHERE WATER PASSES OVER A WEIR.
• THERE IS ALSO A STRAIGHT-TYPE DIAPHRAGM VALVE, WHICH DOESN’T FORCE WATER
OVER A WEIR
• THIS VALVES ARE GENERALLY USED AS SHUTOFF OR STOP VALVES

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GLOBE VALVE:-
• A GLOBE VALVE, DIFFERENT FROM BALL VALVE, IS A TYPE OF VALVE USED FOR
REGULATING FLOW IN A PIPELINE, CONSISTING OF A MOVABLE DISK-TYPE ELEMENT AND A
• STATIONARY RING SEAT IN A GENERALLY SPHERICAL BODY.
• USED TO THROTTLE OR LIMIT THE FLOW OF WATER.
• CONTAINS A STOPPER THAT IS RAISED AND LOWERED BY A WHEEL OR KNOB ON A SHAFT.
• STOPPER SEALS INTO A BAFFLE TO STOP FLOW.

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GATE VALVE:-

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CHECK VALVE:-
• A CHECK VALVE, CLACK VALVE, NON-RETURN VALVE OR ONE-WAY VALVE IS A VALVE THAT
NORMALLY ALLOWS TO FLOW THROUGH IT IN ONLY ONE DIRECTION.
• GENERALLY NOT OPERATIONAL.
• BACK-FLOW PREVENTER IS A TYPE OF CHECK VALVE.

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 TRAPS

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TRAP:-
• A TRAP IS A DEVICE WHICH HAS A SHAPE THAT USES A BENDING PATH TO CAPTURE WATER
TO PREVENT SEWER GASES FROM ENTERING BUILDINGS, WHILE ALLOWING WASTE TO
PASS THROUGH.
OR
• A TRAP IS A DEPRESSED OR BENT SANITARY FITTING WHICH ALWAYS REMAINS FULL OF
WATER (WATER SEAL).

FUNCTION :-
• IT PREVENTS THE PASSAGE OF FOUL AIR OR GAS THROUGH IT.
• IT ALLOWS THE SEWAGE OR WASTE WATER TO FLOW THROUGH IT.
• THE DEPTH OF WATER SEAL IS THE VERTICAL DISTANCE BETWEEN THE CROWN AND DIP
OF A TRAP. THE DEPTH OF WATER SEAL REPRESENTS ITS STRENGTH OR EFFECTIVENESS.
• GREATER THE DEPTH OF WATER SEAL MORE EFFECTIVE IS THE TRAP.
• THE DEPTH OF WATER SEAL VARIES FROM 25MM TO 75MM.

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REQUIREMENTS OF GOOD TRAP:-
• IT SHOULD BE CAPABLE OF BEING EASILY CLEANED.
• IT SHOULD BE EASILY FIXED WITH THE DRAIN.
• IT SHOULD BE OF SIMPLE CONSTRUCTION.
• IT SHOULD POSSESS SELF-CLEANSING PROPERTY.
• IT SHOULD POSSES ADEQUATE WATER SEAL TO FULFIL THE PURPOSE OF INSTALLATION.
• IT SHOULD BE FREE FROM ANY INSIDE PROJECTION WHICH ARE LIKELY TO OBSTRUCT THE
PASSAGE OF FLOW OF SEWAGE.
• THE INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL SURFACES SHOULD BE OF SMOOTH FINISH.

TYPES OF TRAPS:-
• ACCORDING TO SHAPE:
❖ ‘P’ TRAP
❖ ‘Q’ TRAP
❖ ‘S’ TRAP
• ACCORDING TO USE:
❖ FLOOR TRAP
❖ GULLY TRAP
❖ INTERCEPTING TRAPS
❖ GREASE TRAPS
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P – TRAP:-
• THIS TRAPS HAS A SHAPE OF P.
• LEG OF THE TRAPS ARE AT RIGHT ANGLES TO EACH OTHER.
• P-TRAPS EXIT INTO THE WALL BEHIND THE SINK
Q - TRAP:-
• THIS TRAP IS USED IN TOILET UNDER WATER CLOSET.
• THE LEGS OF THE TRAP MEET AT AN ANGLE OTHER THAN A RIGHT ANGLE.

S- TRAP:-
• THE LEGS OF THE TRAP ARE AT PARALLEL TO EACH OTHER.
NOTE:-
• LEGS OF THE TRAP WHICH ARE AT RIGHT ANGLES ARE P- TRAP, OTHER THAN RIGHT
ANGLES IS Q-TRAP, AND LEGS PARALLEL TO EACH OTHER S-TRAP.

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 THANK YOU

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