Name : Extravagant

INTRODUCTION TO LAW
TOPIC
Organs Of State

There are three organs of state.

 Legislature
 Executive
 Judiciary

 Legislature
The word legislature comes from the Latin word for “law” — legis. Legislature is a group of people who
make the law for the state.

The Parliament

Under the 1973 Constitution, Pakistan adopted bicameral system at the centre, called “The Parliament”,
composing the President, the National Assembly and The Senate. Bicameral legislature has two houses:

 Senate ( Upper house of bicameral legislature )

 National Assembly ( Lower house of bicameral legislature)

 Senate

Senate of Pakistan is the Upper House of the Parliament. Senate consists of 100 members. The Senate is
a permanent legislative body with equal representation from each of the four provinces, elected by the
members of their respective provincial assemblies. The Senate has several exclusive powers not granted
to the National Assembly, including the powers of making parliamentary bills as a being enforced into
law.

 National Assembly

National Assembly of Pakistan is the Lower House of the Parliament. National Assembly is a
democratically elected body consisting of a total of 342 members who are referred to as Members of
the National Assembly (MNAs), of which 272 are directly elected members and 70 reserved seats for
women and religious minorities from all over the country.

 Executive
Executive is the branch of government responsible for the implementation of laws and policies adopted
by the legislature.The main function of the executive is to supervise and direct the execution of the law,
The executive is responsible for the formulation of the general policies of the state. It is made up of the
public service and government ministers. Every government department and agency and the Ministers
responsible for every government department are all part of the executive. Executive branch consists of
Government Officials, Cabinet, Ministers, Government, Institutions ex. NAB, LESGO, FBA etc.

 Judiciary
The judiciary is the system of courts that interprets, defends, and applies the law in the name of the
state. The term is used to refer broadly to the courts, the judges, magistrates, adjudicators and
other support personnel who run the system. The courts apply the law, and settle disputes and
punish law-breakers according to the law.

There are 2 courts for superior laws :

 Supreme Court
 High Court

 Supreme Court
The Supreme Court of Pakistan located in Islamabad. The Supreme Court of Pakistan is the highest
appellate court of the country and court of last resort. Its orders/decisions are binding on all other
courts in the country. All executive and judicial authorities are bound to act in aid of the Supreme
Court.
 High Court
The High Court is the principal court of the province, which exercises original jurisdiction (issuing
writ for enforcement of Fundamental Rights) and appellate jurisdiction (against orders/judgments of
Subordinate Courts and special courts).
Lower Courts
District Courts, Session Courts, Civil Court.

Rights Of the Citizens

Fundamental Rights :

Fundamental rights are the basic human rights for all the citizens. Ex

 Right to Equality.
 Right to Freedom.
 Right against Exploitation.
 Right to Freedom of Religion.
 Cultural and Educational Rights.

Moral Rights :

The term “moral rights” comes from the French phrase droit moral and generally refers to certain
noneconomic rights that are considered personal to an author. Ex”

 The Right of Attribution.

 The Right to Object to Derogatory Treatment – affecting the artist’s reputation.
 The Right to Object to False Attribution.

Legal Rights :

A personal right is related to a person’s life i.e. his reputation or standing in the society. Ex”

 The right to ownership of property

 Right to patent.
 Right to goodwill.

Past + Close Transaction :

In civil law, the word transaction may be used to refer to an agreement (commonly written in the form
of a contract) Closed transaction means a transaction in which parties have performed all duties in the
agreement. In the case of a lease, it would be at the signing of the lease.

Vested Right :

A right belonging completely and unconditionally to a person as a property interest which cannot be
impaired or taken away (as through retroactive legislation) without the consent of the owner.IGHT

RIGHT ⏩⏩⏩ WRONG ⏩⏩⏩ REMEDY ⏩⏩⏩ RELIEF

If a person have If a person break the law Finding the solution One party

Legal rights, or violate the rights strict statues right or wrong will get relief

Interesting matters action should be taken

Moral rights, vested rights,

Pasted and closed

transactions.

Fundamental Rights

according to the

Constitution.