Nuclear Physics-I

PHY352
Lecture 12
Application of Semi-Empirical Mass Formula

“Mass of Most Stable Isobar”

By: Dr Muhammad Adnan
Asst. Professor, Department of Physics
KUST
TOPIC: Application of Semi-Empirical Mass Formula Mass of Most Stable Isobar

Learning Objectives
• How the stability of nuclei are linked with the proton and neutron number
• Using Semi-Empirical Mass Formula, calculate the proton number for given Isobars

Introductory Nuclear Physics

Kenneth S. Krane
Publisher: Wiley; 3rd edition (1987)

Course: Nuclear Physics I, Course: PHY352, Instructor: Dr M Adnan, Asst. Prof Department of Physics, KUST, Email: madnanphy@kust.edu.pk
TOPIC: Application of Semi-Empirical Mass Formula Mass of Most Stable Isobar

Isobars are nuclides that have same mass number A

𝑨=𝒁+𝑵
𝑨 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑭𝒊𝒙𝒆𝒅 (𝑺𝒂𝒚)
𝒊 𝒁 = 𝟓𝟎, 𝑵 = 𝟓𝟎
𝒊𝒊 𝒁 = 𝟗𝟎, 𝑵 = 𝟏𝟎
𝒊𝒊𝒊 𝒁 = 𝟕𝟎, 𝑵 = 𝟑𝟎

Introductory Nuclear Physics by Kenneth S. Krane

Publisher: Wiley; 3rd edition (1987)

𝑴(𝒁, 𝑨) 𝒄𝟐 = 𝒁𝒎 𝑯𝟏 𝒄𝟐 + 𝑨 − 𝒁 𝒎𝒏 − 𝑩(𝒁, 𝑨)

Course: Nuclear Physics I, Course: PHY352, Instructor: Dr M Adnan, Asst. Prof Department of Physics, KUST, Email: madnanphy@kust.edu.pk
TOPIC: Application of Semi-Empirical Mass Formula Mass of Most Stable Isobar

𝑨 = 𝑭𝒊𝒙𝒆𝒅
𝑴(𝒁, 𝑨) 𝒄𝟐 = 𝒁𝒎 𝑯𝟏 𝒄𝟐 + 𝑨 − 𝒁 𝒎𝒏 − 𝑩(𝒁, 𝑨)
𝟐 𝟏
−𝟑 𝑨−𝟐𝒁 𝟐
𝑴(𝒁, 𝑨) 𝒄𝟐 = 𝒁𝒎 𝑯𝟏 𝒄𝟐 + 𝑨 − 𝒁 𝒎𝒏 − 𝒂 𝒗 𝑨 + 𝒂 𝒔 𝑨 + 𝒂 𝒄 𝒁 𝒁 − 𝟏 𝑨
𝟑 + 𝒂𝒔𝒚𝒎 ∓𝜹
𝑨

𝟒𝒂𝒔𝒚𝒎 −
𝟏 𝟐
𝑴(𝒁, 𝑨) 𝒄𝟐 = + 𝒂𝒄 𝑨−𝟏/𝟑 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
𝒁 + 𝒎 𝑯 𝒄 − 𝒎𝒏 − 𝒂𝒄 𝑨 − 𝟒𝒂𝒔𝒚𝒎 𝒁 + 𝒎𝒏 𝑨 − 𝒂𝒗 𝑨 + 𝒂𝒔 𝑨𝟑 + 𝒂𝒔𝒚𝒎 𝑨 ∓ 𝜹
𝟑
𝑨

𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 ′
𝑴(𝒁, 𝑨) 𝒄𝟐 = 𝒂𝒁𝟐 + 𝒃𝒁 + 𝒄′

The above equation represents a parabola of M vs Z

2
𝜕𝑀𝐶
=0
𝜕𝑍 𝐴
Course: Nuclear Physics I, Course: PHY352, Instructor: Dr M Adnan, Asst. Prof Department of Physics, KUST, Email: madnanphy@kust.edu.pk
TOPIC: Application of Semi-Empirical Mass Formula Mass of Most Stable Isobar

𝟒𝒂𝒔𝒚𝒎 −
𝟏 𝟐
𝑴(𝒁, 𝑨) 𝒄𝟐 = + 𝒂𝒄 𝑨−𝟏/𝟑 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
𝒁 + 𝒎 𝑯 𝒄 − 𝒎𝒏 − 𝒂𝒄 𝑨 𝟑 − 𝟒𝒂𝒔𝒚𝒎 𝒁 + 𝒎𝒏 𝑨 − 𝒂𝒗 𝑨 + 𝒂𝒔 𝑨𝟑 + 𝒂𝒔𝒚𝒎 𝑨 ∓ 𝜹
𝑨

𝟏
𝜕𝑀𝐶 2 𝟒𝒂𝒔𝒚𝒎 −𝟏/𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 −𝟑
= 0 = 2𝒁𝟎 + 𝒂𝒄 𝑨 + 𝒎 𝑯 𝒄 − 𝒎𝒏 − 𝒂 𝒄 𝑨 − 𝟒𝒂𝒔𝒚𝒎 + 0
𝜕𝑍 𝐴 𝑨

Introductory Nuclear Physics by Kenneth S.

Krane Publisher: Wiley; 3rd edition (1987)

Course: Nuclear Physics I, Course: PHY352, Instructor: Dr M Adnan, Asst. Prof Department of Physics, KUST, Email: madnanphy@kust.edu.pk
TOPIC: Application of Semi-Empirical Mass Formula Mass of Most Stable Isobar

• Figure shows a typical odd-A decay chain for A = 125, leading to

the stable nucleus at Z = 52
• The unstable nuclei approach stability by converting a neutron into a
proton or a proton into a neutron by radioactive beta decay
• Notice how the decay energy (that is, the mass difference between neighboring
isobars) increases as we go further from stability.

Course: Nuclear Physics I, Course: PHY352, Instructor: Dr M Adnan, Asst. Prof Department of Physics, KUST, Email: madnanphy@kust.edu.pk
TOPIC: Application of Semi-Empirical Mass Formula Mass of Most Stable Isobar

Thanks

Course: Nuclear Physics I, Course: PHY352, Instructor: Dr M Adnan, Asst. Prof Department of Physics, KUST, Email: madnanphy@kust.edu.pk