a. Compilations of different Conventional/Non-digital and Digital IMs.

 Digital IMs
 Laptops - Laptops are embraced because of the technological tools they
offer combined with their portability. Not only are they becoming more
popular for home use, but many schools are starting to incorporate them
into their classrooms as well. Several advantages exist for students using
laptops, including more efficient and detailed note taking, faster writing
and editing, and convenient group work and study. Laptops offer these
advantages to students no matter what their grade or age.

 Websites - The website is changing at pace in those schools globally that

have moved to a digital operational base, are on track to normalize the use
of the digital throughout and which are rapidly creating their own unique,
tightly integrated digital ecosystem. The digital evolution that is
transforming every facet of these schools is profoundly impacting those
school’s websites, fundamentally changing its nature and form, moving
the website from its traditional peripheral position to being core and
critical to the school’s everyday operations, teaching, growth, evolution
and enhanced performance and productivity. The time has come when all
schools and education authorities need to recognize that change and the
profound implications that flow at both the school and education authority
level.

 Google Classroom - Google Classroom is a free web-based platform that

integrates your G Suite for Education account with all your G Suite
services, including Google Docs, Gmail, and Google Calendar. Classroom
saves time and paper, and makes it easy to create classes, distribute
assignments, communicate, and stay organized.

 Computers - Computers have revolutionized the teaching profession in

multiple ways. Teachers use computers to record grades, calculate
averages, manage attendance and access data on student performance in
online programs and assessments. Computers have also made it easier for
teachers to vary their instructional delivery.
  Zoom - Zoom is a cloud-based video conferencing platform that can be
used for video conferencing meetings, audio conferencing, webinars,
meeting recordings, and live chat. Zoom Meetings is a proprietary video
teleconferencing software program developed by Zoom Video
Communications. The free plan allows up to 100 concurrent participants,
with a 40-minute time restriction. Users have the option to upgrade by
subscribing to a paid plan. 

 Recording Videos - Video recording is the process by which visual images

are recorded on some form of magnetic recording device such as tape or a
video disc. In magnetic recording, an unrecorded tape is wrapped around a
rotating drum that carries the tape through a series of steps before it leaves
as a recorded tape. Video recording is an effective way of
comprehensively capturing raw contextual data where conditions and
resources permit. Video recording can help you capture important
nonverbal communication cues in contextual data.

 Non-digital IMs

 Textbooks – play an important role in supporting learning and teaching in

schools. Textbooks should enable students to learn how to make use of
different ways of learning. They should also provide an appropriate
amount of quality texts for students to “read to learn” independently.

 Wall Display - Displaying items on a classroom wall is a well-known,

tried and tested educational method. A wall display is a collection of many
different types of items and materials put up on a wall to make an
interesting and informative display. In a classroom, the display can consist
of the students' own work. In development work it can be used to convey
information to the community.
 Rope and Pole display board - This board consist of two parallel,
horizontal poles tied loosely together with rope. Visual aids such as
posters can be pinned to the rope. This kind of display board is invaluable
where there are few solid walls for displaying information. It has no solid
backing and can be made quickly for teaching, training and when working
with community.

 Diorama – are small scenes created of layers of materials, all depicting a

similar concept or theme, display historical time period, a nature scene, or
a fictional situation, and it will make the classroom to be creative and
innovative.

 Flip Chart – a flip chart is a collection of a large pages which are bound
together at the top. The pages are “flipped” or brought up and to the back
as they are used. Flip charts are a useful teaching aid and a stationery item
consisting of a large paper sheet. It is typically fixed to the uppaer edge of
a whiteboard, typically supported on a tripod or four-legged easel.

 Writing Board – a writing board can display information written with

chalk (chalkboard o blackboard) or special pens (white board). Although
there are usually more effective methods of transmitting information, the
writing board is still the most commonly used visual aid.