The chart illustrates how many minutes were spent on three different types of

telephone calls between the years of 1994 and 2001.

In general, it can be seen that, throughout the period, call time was highest for
local fixed lines, whereas it was lowest for mobile phones. Moreover, the degree
of difference between the three categories shrank over the second half of the
period.

Focusing firstly on fixed line calls, the popularity of national and international
calls rose steadily during the period, increasing from 36 billion minutes spent on
them in 1984 to 60 billion in 2001. Minutes spent on local calls also grew initially,
rising from a starting figure of 71 billion to a peak of 91 billion in 1998; however,
this trend reversed direction thereafter and by 2001 the figure had slipped back
to 70 billion.

Regarding mobile phones, the number of minutes spent on this form of

telecommunication was roughly 2 billion in 1994. Having experienced only
gradual growth to reach 12 billion in 1998, mobile call minutes then rocketed to
finish at around 44 billon in 2001.
The graph illustrates the amounts of fish and different types of meat which were
consumed in a country in Europe from 1978 to 2003.

Overall, what stands out from the graph is that while the consumption rates of
beef, lamb and fish fell over the period, the figure for chicken rose significantly
within that time. Focusing on the red meats, beef began the period as the most
heavily consumed product studied,with 220 grams eaten per person per week.
There was some fluctuation thereafter until 1993, after which the number
dropped steadily to around 120 grams in 2003. Lamb similarly underwent a
decline over the period, falling from 150 to about 70 grams over the quarter
century.

Chicken and fish, on the other hand, did not experience these significant
downward trends. Although fish consumption did fall during the period, the drop
was very slight from 60 to approximately 45 grams. The amount of chicken
consumed, in contrast, soared from just under 150 grams in 1978 to just below
250 grams in 2000.
The graph demonstrates how many tons of goods were transported in the UK by
four separate forms of transport from 1972 to 2000.

Overall, it is clear that the highest tonnage of goods was distributed by road
during the period. Conversely, pipeline was the conveyance method which
carried the lowest weight throughout.

Focusing on water and rail as means of transport, these distributed 39 million

and 40 million tonnes of goods respectively in 1972. By 1976, their figures were
identical at 40 million tonnes, after which water conveyance increased
considerably as rail transportation fell. Rail distribution eventually recovered
following some fluctuation to 41 million tonnes transported in 2000. Meanwhile,
transport via water leveled out around 59 million tonnes before dipping in 1996
and then rising to 82 million in 2000. As for haulage via road and pipeline, the
former rose from 72 million tonnes in 1972 to about 98 million in 2000, while the
latter began at 2 million tonnes before growing by 20 million over the next
twenty years, remaining at approximately 22 million until the century's end
The chart reveals the ten countries which produced and consumed the most
electricity in 2013 and provides figures for these amounts in kWh.

Overall, what stands out from the chart is that China and the United States were
by far the largest and second largest producers and users of electricity
respectively. Furthermore, Germany and the Republic of Korea were the only
countries studied where consumption was higher than production.

Focusing on electricity production, China generated 5398 billion kWh, the

highest quantity, while the US placed second with 4099 billion. These figures
were significantly greater than those of the remaining countries, with Russia in
third place, recording 1057 billion kWh, and the Republic of Korea in tenth,
generating 485.1 billion.

Turning to consumption, the US used 3866 billion kWh, making it the country
with the biggest surplus of electricity. The second largest surplus was in India,
where consumption was 698.8 billion kWh, 172 billion lower than production.
China which used 5322 billion kWh, had the greatest consumption rate, whereas
The Republic of Korea had the lowest with 499.5 billion.
The chart presents the proportion of Australian males and females who regularly
engaged in physical activity in 2009 according to six age categories.

Overall, the chart makes it clear that, proportionally, more women did frequent
physical activity than men, except among those aged between 15 and 24.

Looking at Australian men, the youngest age group, 15 to 24, was the only male
group in which over half of its members, 52.8%, engaged in regular physical
activity. This figure falls for the following two age brackets, reaching a chart low
of 39.5% among 35 to 44 year olds. This number then rises slightly with
subsequent age groups until the chart shows that 46.7% of those aged 65 and
over completed regular physical activity.

As for Australian females, only 47.7% of 15 to 24 year olds were physically active
on a regular basis. However, the figure increases to 53.3% for those aged 45 to
54, which means middle-aged women were the most physically active Australians
in 2009. The last physically active female age group, in contrast , was the 65+
category, which recorded a figure of 47.1%.
The table reveals the opening years, route lengths and annual passenger counts
of six cities' subway systems.

Overall, it is clear from the table that the older underground railway services
have longer routes and more yearly passengers than the newer ones.

Concentrating on the older networks, the oldest of all is in London, having been
opened in 1863. It also has the highest route length, with 775 million passengers
annually using its 394km of track. The second oldest and longest is in Paris; its
opening was in 1900 and it runs for 199km. Tokyo possesses the third oldest
system, but, as it carries 1191 million passengers per year, it has the largest
annual passenger count.

Turning to the newer systems, the shortest and least used is Kyoto's. Inaugurated
in 1981, it has 11km of route and transports 45 million people every year. In
Washington DC, 144 million people use the city's 126km long subway, which has
been operational since 1976. The newest system, opened in 2001, is in Los
Angeles, serving 50 million yearly passengers along its 28km track length.
The diagrams give information about four different canned
sardines brands in the Philippines. The illustration compares the
number of sardine pieces per can, while the bar chart presents the
average length of sardines for each can.

Overall, it is clear that Mega is the company that includes the

greatest number of sardine pieces for every can. Meanwhile,
Young's Town is the brand with the greatest mean length of
sardines per can.

In detail, Mega is noted to pack the highest number of sardines in

a can at 7 pieces, followed closely by Ligo with 5. Young's Town
has an average of 4 pieces of sardines per can, whereas 555 has
the lowest figure at 2.5. By comparison, the number of sardines
555 fills in a can is exactly half that of Ligo's.

With regard to the mean length of sardines per can, a different

pattern can be observed. Young's Town has the longest sardine
pieces per can, with a mean length of over 7 centimeters, followed
by 555 with roughly 6.5 centimeters. It can also be seen that Ligo
and Mega have identical average sardines lengths per can at just
over 6 centimeters.
The first chart illustrates data regarding the division of energy in an
average home in Britain. The second chart demonstrates the proportional
amounts of greenhouse gas emissions which are produced by this energy
use.
Overall, the charts show that the greatest proportion of energy in a British
household is used by heating, although it is water heating which is the
largest contributor of greenhouse gas emissions.
In terms of how energy is divided, cooling demands the lowest energy
share of a British home at just 2%.Lighting and refrigeration are the next
least energy-hungry categories, taking up 4% and 7% of energy
respectively. Water heating requires 30%, while just over two fifths of an
average household's energy is used by heating. The remainder is
accounted for by other appliances.
Turning to the ordinary British household's greenhouse gas emissions,
cooling again reports the lowest figure, contributing 3%.Lighting is
responsible for 8%, and refrigeration and heating make almost identical
contributions with 14% and 15% respectively. Almost a third of greenhouse
gas emissions are caused by water heating, whereas other appliances
make up the remaining 33%.
The chart illustrates the amount of land which has been degraded globaly
by different means. The table highlights the quantity of land degraded in
three regions as a result of these means in the 1980s.
Overall, what is clear from the data is that the largest contributor to land
degradation worldwide is over-grazing. Moreover, Europe's land
experienced the greatest proportional degradation during the decade
studied.
Focusing on the causes, over-grazing accounts for 35%, which is 5%
more than deforestation and 7% more than over-cultivation. The remaining
7% of degraded land is due to other unidentified causes.
Turning to land degradation by region, the least affected area was North
America, with only 5% of its land degraded, chiefly as a result of over
cultivation, which contributed to 3.3%. In contrast, nearly a quarter of
European land was degraded, with deforestation making up almost a tenth
of the total. Finally. Oceania's land degradation stood at 13%, a figure
almost entirely composed of over-grazing , whereas over-cultivation played
no part.
The pie charts demonstrate how the expenditure of a school in the UK
changed across 1982, 1992 and 2002.
Overall, it is clear that, in each of the years, the category which received
more funding than any other was teachers' salaries, whereas the smallest
amount of money went toward insurance.
From 1982 to 1992, while spending on teachers' salaries grew by 10% to
account for half of all spending, the financing of other workers' salaries fell
from 28% to 22% 30% of the budget in 1982 was divided equally between
resources and furniture and equipment, but the former's share increased
by 5% in 1992, whereas the latter's dropped by 10%. The increase of
insurance spending was negligible, rising from 2% to 3%.
Between 1992 and 2002, only insurance and furniture and equipment saw
their budget share increase by 5% and 18% respectively. Whereas the
allocation of spending roughly halved for resources, the salaries for other
workers dropped to 15% and for teachers to 45%.
The graph demonstrates the percentage of those aged 65 and above in
the populations of three countries from 1940 with projections to 2040.
Overall, the graph indicates that while in 1940 the USA and Japan had the
highest and lowest proportions of elderly citizens (65+) respectively, these
positions are expected to switch by 2040.
Considering the past, the proportion of the elderly in the USA was around
9% in 1940, 2% more than in Sweden and 4% more than in Japan. The
elderly populations of the USA and Sweden grew along similar trajectories
until about 1992, after which Sweden's jumped to 20%, whereas the USA's
flattened out around 14%. In contrast, Japan's rate fell to 3% in 1960, and
only after 1985 did it rise to today's 7%.
Looking forward, after dipping briefly, Sweden's elderly contingent will
reportedly rise to account for a quarter of its population in 2040, and the
USA's is forecast to climb to 23%. Meanwhile, in Japan, this contingent is
predicted to skyrocket to make up 27% of the population in 2040.
The chart reveals the frequency with which those in the USA dined at fast
food outlets in 2005 and 2015 and presents forecasts for 2025.
In general, the chart indicates that a once-weekly visit to fast food
restaurants was the most common choice of people in the USA in 2005
and 2015, but by 2025 this will reportedly have become once or twice a
month.
In 2005 and 2015, fewer than 5% of people ate at fast food restaurants on
a daily basis, making this the least typical frequency. In contrast, the
already high popularity of weekly visits to these restaurants grew by 2%
over the decade to become the preference of a third of people in 2015.
In 2025, the figures are projected to be identical to the previous decade for
dining at fast food outlets daily, a few times a year, and never, which were
the choices of 3%, 15% and 4% of people respectively. Conversely, the
proportion of those visiting weekly is expected to fall to 28%, whereas the
percentage of monthly diners is forecast to rise to 33%.
The charts compare the percentages of three different age groups in the
Italian and Yemeni populations in 2000 and provide estimations for 2050.
Overall, the charts indicate that the most populous age category in each of
the years and countries studied was the 15 to 59 year olds, except for
Yemen in 2000 when it was second to children under fifteen.
Looking at Yemen, in 2000, the youngest contingent made up just over half
of the population, but this figure is predicted to drop by 13.1% in 2050. In
contrast, the proportion of the population aged 60 and over will reportedly
rise by 2.1% to 5.7% and that of 15 to 59 year olds by 11 percentage
points to 57.3%.
Regarding Italy, its elderly accounted for almost a quarter of the population
in 2000, and this is forecast to grow to 42.3% fifty years hence.
Conversely, projections suggest that the middle age group will shrink from
just over three fifths to 46.2% of the populations, and the proportion of
those in the youngest bracket is estimated to decrease from 14.3% to
11.5%.
The illustration demonstrates the process by which geothermal energy is
harnessed to generate electricity
Overall, the process consists of six key steps, half of which occur
underground and the other half of which take place overground
Beginning with the first half, after cold water is pumped down 4.5km
beneath the earth's surface, it reaches an injection well. The injection well
transmits the water through the geothermal zone, which is composed of
hot rocks, before it arrives at a production well. The newly heated water is
then pumped back up via this well to the surface.
Overground, a condenser is set up to collect the hot water and then send
its steam through a narrow opening toward a turbine. The steam powers
the rotation of the turbine, which in turn powers a generator to which it is
connected. This generator finally produces electricity, which can
subsequently be transmitted to electrical towers in order to reach the
electrical grid.
The illustrations reveal the process by which cement is produced, and how
this cement is utilised in the concrete production process.
Overall, what stands out from the diagrams is that whereas producing
cement requires only two ingredients, concrete is composed of four.
Furthermore, while cement production consists of numerous steps, the
production of concrete needs just two stages.
If we look at cement production, initially, limestone and clay are crushed
together to form a powder. Having been put through a mixer, the powder is
then passed through a rotating heater. After being heated, it is then
ground, after which it can be packed into bags as cement.
Moving to the manufacture of concrete, this is made up of four elements.
Half of concrete is composed of gravel, a quarter consists of sand, and
water constitutes a tenth. The remainder is accounted for by the earlier
produced cement. These materials are subsequently combined using a
horizontally rotating concrete mixer to create concrete.
The illustration demonstrates how a salmon develops over the course of its
lifetime.
Overall, the salmon passes through three different stages of life, taking
between nine and ten years to reach its final adult form.
In the beginning, the salmon starts its life cycle as one salmon egg among
others. These eggs are deposited atop some small stones within a patch of
reeds in a slow moving upper river. Once an egg hatches about half a year
after being laid, it produces a fry, roughly three to eight centimetres long.
The next step is for the fry to swim to the faster flowing lower river. After
remaining in this river for approximately four years, the fry transitions into a
12-15cm long smolt and heads for the open sea.
The smolt spends around five years in the open sea. Subsequent to the
passing of this half decade, this fish enters its final form as an adult
salmon, measure 70 to 76cm, before returning to the upper river to lay its
eggs in the reeds and restart the cycle.
The diagram highlights the changes which took place on an island through
the installation of tourist infrastructure.
Overall, the island, which measures 1.5km across, was transformed from
an uninhabited and featureless location into a holiday resort with many
facilities.
In terms of building developments, one significant change was the
construction of two zones of accommodation, which flank a new reception
to the east and west. In the western zone, there are a few trees, which had
also been present prior to the development. In addition, a restaurant was
built to the north of the reception.
Regarding transport, a pier was introduced off the south coast, and a
vehicle track was laid to link the main attractions. Specifically, this track
connects the pier, the reception, and the restaurant, as well as a newly
built western footpath. This footpath not only links the western
accommodation but also leads to the beach, which now offers a swimming
area. Although the eastern huts are also connected by a footpath, this is
not linked with the vehicle track.
The diagrams illustrate the current setup of a university's sports complex
and the way it will appear following a planned expansion.
Overall, the sports centre is set to become an entirely indoor facility since
extensions are due to be built to the east and west, which will supplant the
centre's outdoor courts.
At present, the sports facility houses an entrance area with a reception, to
the east and west of which are doorways which lead into the seating area
and changing rooms respectively. These flank a 25m pool, and north of
this is a gym. Outdoor courts lie to the east and west of the building.
After the redevelopment, the entrance area will accommodate a sports
shop in its southwestern corner and a cafe in its southeastern corner, and
these will back onto new changing rooms. While the western outdoor court
will have been replaced by a leisure pool, the eastern court will have been
turned into a sports hall west of two new dance studios. Finally, the gym
will have been extended eastward toward these dance studios.
The map shows a town of 65,000 people called Garlsdon. Indicated on the
map are two potential locations for a new supermarket in the town.
In general, it can be seen that the first site, S1, is in a more rural area on
the outskirts of town, while the second location, S2, occupies a more urban
and central position in the town.
Focusing on S1, if the supermarket were placed here, it would be
positioned in the north-west of the countryside between the railway line
and the main road to Hindon, a town 12km away with a population of
10,000.
If built on the S2 site, however, the supermarket would be just south of the
railway track within the pedestrianised town centre, which itself is encircled
by a residential area. To the west and east of the supermarket would be
the roads to Branson and Cransdon respectively. Whereas the former is
16km southwest and holds 15,000 people, the latter is 25km southeast and
is home to 29,000 inhabitants.
The line graph provides information about the incidence of X virus in Australia.
The data compare the changes in the number of cases of the disease between
1960 and 1995.

Overall, there was a sharp increase in the incidence of X virus in Australia

during the first ten years of the study, with the highest figures being recorded
from 1975 to 1980. However, a rapid decline in the number of infected cases
was noted from 1985 to 1995.

In detail, the incidence of X virus rose considerably from 1960 to 1975, starting
at roughly 50 cases in the beginning of the study and reaching its highest
recorded figure 15 years later, which was approximately 500 cases. By
comparison, the latter figure was ten times as much as that initially documented
in 1960.

The incidence of X virus in 1975 remained unchanged for another five years
before dipping to just over 400 cases in 1985. It can also be observed that
between 1985 and 1995, the number of infected individuals decreased
significantly, hitting a low of 0 cases by 1990. From this year until the end of the
study in 1995, the incidence of X virus was pegged at 0 cases.
The pie charts show the population of the world by region. The study compares data
recorded in 1900 and 2000.

Overall, there was a significant increase in the world population between 1900 and
2000. It is also clear that Asia was the continent with the greatest proportion of the
population in both years, while other regions had the lowest percentage.

In 1900, the population of the world stood at 1.6 million. This was mainly composed of
Asians with more than half of the total population at 59%, followed by Europeans at
25%. By comparison, the latter figure was just under half that for Asia in the same
year. Similar percentages were noted for both North America and Africa at 5%,
whereas Latin America and other regions comprised the least at 3% each.

A century later, the population of the world rose considerably to 6 billion. An almost
identical pattern was observed during this time in which Asia was still the region with
the highest proportion of the population at 54%. This percentage was more than twice
as much as that for Europe and Africa combined. Meanwhile, the remaining regions,
including Latin America and the Caribbean, the Middle East and North Africa, North
America, and other regions, made up no more than 10% each of the total world
population.
The table provides information about the global market shares of various brands
of notebook computers. The study compares data gathered in 2006 and 2007.

Overall, HP was the notebook computer manufacturer with the highest market
share among all of the companies included in the study in 2006 and 2007,
whereas Fujitsu-Siemens was observed to have the lowest figures in both
years. It is also clear that there was an increase in the market shares of HP,
Dell, and Toshiba.

In 2006, HP was noted to have the greatest market share at 31.4%, followed by
other manufacturers at 22.8%. By comparison, the market share of HP was just
a little under twice as much as that for Dell at 16.6% and almost triple that of
Acer at 11.6%. Meanwhile, all other manufacturers, including Toshiba and
Lenovo had figures not exceeding 6.6%, with Fujitsu-Siemens recording the
least at 4.8%.

A partly identical pattern was seen in 2007 in which HP still had the highest
worldwide market share for notebook computers at 34%. Dell and other
manufacturers followed at 20.2% and 19.3%, respectively, while Acer
documented a market share that is roughly a third that of HP at 10.7%. Toshiba,
Lenovo, and Fujitsu-Siemens still had the lowest figures, which ranged between
2.3% and 7.3%.
The pie charts provide information about the results of a survey that studied the most
common advantages and disadvantages of Bowen Island according to some visitors.
There are four different categories for both advantages and disadvantages included in
the report.

Overall, most of the visitors think that Bowen Island's high cost of living is its major
disadvantage. Meanwhile, most respondents agree that the people are its strongest
point.

In detail, half of the participants of the survey claim that Bowen Island's main
disadvantage is its high cost of living. This is followed by the range of entertainment
facilities at 25% and the weather at 15%. Meanwhile, the least common response is
that for food quality at 10%.

With regard to the advantages of Bowen Island, the respondents say that the people
are considered to be the major benefit of visiting the place at 42% of the total survey
population. The scenery being an advantage of the island is also a popular response
at 35%, whereas almost similar proportions can be noted for both culture and good
accommodation at 12% and 11%, respectively.
The line graph provides information about the smoking rates among men
and women in Someland from 1960 to 2000. The figures are expressed in
number of smokers per 1,000 individuals.
Overall, more males than females smoked from 1960 to 2000. It is also
clear that there was a decline in the rates of smoking among men over the
40-year period, whereas a sharp increase was noted in the number of
women who smoked during the first 15 years of the study.
The number of male smokers in Someland decreased considerably from
1960 to 2000, starting at 600 per 1,000 people and sinking to
approximately 250 in 2000. By comparison, the latter figure was less than
half that of what was initially documented in 1960.
A partly reversed pattern can be observed among female smokers in which
a steep rise in smoking rates was seen from about 100 per 1,000
individuals in 1960 to over 300 in 1975. This rate then fell gradually in the
succeeding years, dipping to 200 by 2000.
The line graph gives information about the number of books which were read by
males and females at the Burnaby Public Library. The chart includes figures
recorded from 2011 to 2014.
Overall, in the beginning of the study, more books were read by women, but a
reversed pattern was observed in 2014 in which men were seen to read more
books compared to their female counterparts. It is also clear that the figures
were identical for both genders in 2013.
In detail, from 2011 to 2013, there was a sharp increase in the number of books
read by women, starting at roughly 5,000 in the first year of the study and
reaching a peak of approximately 10,000 two years later. By comparison, this
figure was about twice as much as that initially recorded in 2011. However, the
number of books read by women at the Burnarby Public Library slightly
decreased in the succeeding years, dipping to around 8,000 in 2014.
A different trend can be noted among males in which the number of books they
had read gradually rose between 2011 and 2012 from about 3,000 to 4,000.
These figures rose considerably in the next two years, spiking to over 14,000
books in 2014, which was more than four times as much as that documented in
2011.