CHAPTER I: Function, Limits, and Continuity To sketch or trace the graph

● Trigonometric Functions and Inverse i. 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥 + 𝑎| shift the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥|, 𝑎
Trigonometric Functions units to the left;
ii. 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥 − 𝑎| shift the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥|, 𝑎
Definition 1.5. [Stewart (2012)]. Let θ be an angle in units to the right;
standard position and let 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)be a point on the terminal iii. 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥| − 𝑎 shift the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥|, 𝑎
side. If 𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 is the distance from the origin to units to the downward; and
the point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦), then iv. 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥| + 𝑎 shift the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥|, 𝑎
𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 units to the upward.
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑟
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 𝑟 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑥 ● Greatest Integer Function
𝑟 𝑟 𝑥
𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 = Definition 1.5. The greatest integer function (gif) is a
𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
function defined by ||𝑥|| = 𝑛 where 𝑛 ≤ 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 ∊ 𝑍
● Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
● Operations on Functions
Laws on exponential functions:
Definition 1.6. Given two functions f and g:
𝑎0 = 1 𝑎 𝑥 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥+𝑦
i. Their sum, denoted by f+g is a function defined
𝑎𝑥
1
𝑎 =𝑎 =𝑎 𝑥−𝑦 by (𝑓 + 𝑔)𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑎𝑦
ii. Their difference, denoted by f-g is a function
(𝑎 𝑥 )𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥𝑦 𝑒0 = 1 defined by (𝑓 − 𝑔)𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)
iii. Their product, denoted by f*g is a function
𝑒1 = 𝑒 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 defined by (𝑓 ∗ 𝑔)𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥) ∗ 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑒𝑥 iv. Their quotient, denoted by f/g is a function
𝑒𝑦
= 𝑒 𝑥−𝑦 (𝑒 𝑥 )𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)
defined by (𝑔) (𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥)
● Logarithmic Function
Definition 1.7. Given two function f and g, the
Logarithm is the relation 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 , can be written as 𝑥 = composite function of f and g denoted by f◦g is defined
𝑦. Thus 𝑎 𝑥 and 𝑥 are inverse functions of one another, by (𝑓 ◦ 𝑔)𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)).
and it follows 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑥 and 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑥.
● Limit of Function
Laws on logarithmic functions:

𝑙𝑛 1 = 0 log 𝑎 1 = 0

𝑙𝑛 𝑒 = 1 log 𝑎 𝑎 = 1

𝑙𝑛 𝑥𝑦 =𝑙𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑛 𝑦 log 𝑎 𝑥𝑦 = log 𝑎 𝑥 + log 𝑎 𝑦

𝑥 𝑥
𝑙𝑛 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑛 𝑦 log 𝑎 = log 𝑎 𝑥 − log 𝑎 𝑦
𝑦 𝑦

𝑟𝑙𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 𝑟 𝑟 log 𝑎 𝑥 = log 𝑎 𝑥 𝑟

log 𝑎 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑥

● Hyperbolic Function
Hyperbolic functions are functions possessing similar
characteristics with that of the six trigonometric functions
derived from its relation to the equilateral hyperbola. The
hyperbolic functions are defined as follows:
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑥 =
2 2 ● Infinite Limits
2 2
𝑥 = 𝑥 = Definition 1.11. The line 𝑥 = 𝑎 is a vertical asymptote
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥
of the graph of the function f if at least one of the
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 following statements is true:
𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥
i. 𝑓(𝑥) = +∞
● Absolute Function
ii. 𝑓(𝑥) = −∞
iii. 𝑓(𝑥) = +∞
iv. 𝑓(𝑥) = −∞
Theorems for infinite limits:
Theorem 1.3. If r is any positive integer, then
1
i. 𝑥𝑟
= +∞
1
ii. 𝑥𝑟
= {+∞ 𝑖𝑓 𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 − ∞ 𝑖𝑓 𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
 ● Theories on Differentiation of Algebraic
Functions
𝑑
2.1 Constant Rule of Differentiation 𝑑𝑥 (𝑐) = 0

2.2 Power Rule (positive integer powers) of

𝑑
Differentiation (𝑥 𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥

2.3 Constant Multiple Rule of Differentiation

𝑑 𝑑
[𝑐𝑓(𝑥)] = 𝑐 [𝑓(𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2.4 Sum Rule of

Differentiation
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
[𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)] = [𝑓(𝑥)] ± [𝑔(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2.5 Product Rule of Differentiation

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
[𝑓(𝑥) ∙ 𝑔(𝑥)] = 𝑓(𝑥) ∙ [𝑔(𝑥)] + 𝑔(𝑥) ∙ [𝑓(𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2.6 Quotient Rule of Differentiation

𝑑 𝑑
𝑑 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥)∙ [𝑓(𝑥)]−𝑓(𝑥)∙ [𝑔(𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
[
𝑑𝑥 𝑔(𝑥)
] = [𝑔(𝑥)]2

2.7 General Power Rule of Differentiation

𝑑 𝑑
[𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛 = 𝑛 ∙ [𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛−1 ∙ 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2.8 Derivative of a Composite Function

(𝑓 ∙ 𝑔)′ (𝑥) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑔(𝑥))𝑔′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
2.9 Chain Rule of Differentiation 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢 ∙ 𝑑𝑥

2.10 If x=f(t) and y=g(t) are parametric equations, the

derivative of y with respect to x is equal to the
quotient of the derivative y with the respect to t
𝑑
divided by the derivative of x with respect to t. =
● Continuity 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 ; 𝑑𝑡 ≠ 0
𝑑𝑡

2.11 If the variable x is a function of y then the

𝑑
derivative 𝑑𝑥 is equal to the reciprocal of the
derivative of the given function with respect to y. If
𝑑 1
x=g(x), then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦

CHAPTER II: Derivatives and Differentiation of 2.12 If u is a differentiable function of x, then

𝑑𝑢
Algebraic Functions 𝑑 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
√𝑢 = 2√𝑢
● Differentiation (as the first derivative of the
function)
𝑑𝑦 𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) − (𝑥) ● Higher-Order Derivatives
𝑦 ′ = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = =
𝑑𝑥 ∆𝑥 𝑓 ′ , 𝑓 ′′ = (𝑓 ′ )′ , 𝑓 ′′′ = (𝑓 ′′ )′ , 𝑓 4 = (𝑓 ′′′ )′ , 𝑓 5 = (𝑓 4 )′ , ….
Definition2.2. The derivative of y = f(x) at point P on
First Derivative:
the curve is equal to the slope of the tangent line at P,
thus the derivative of the function f given by y= f(x) with 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
respect to x at any x in its domain is defined as: 𝑦 ′ , 𝑓 ′ (𝑥), , (𝑦), [𝑓(𝑥)], 𝐷𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) − (𝑥) Second Derivative:
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = =
𝑑𝑥 ∆𝑥
′ ′ 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑑2
● Increment Method 𝑦 ′ , 𝑓 ′ (𝑥), , (𝑦), [𝑓(𝑥)], 𝐷 2 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2
Step 1. 𝑓(𝑥 = +∆𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥) Third Derivative:

Step 2.
𝑓(𝑥+∆𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥)
′′ ′ 𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑3 𝑑3
∆𝑥 𝑦 ′ , 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥), , (𝑦), [𝑓(𝑥)], 𝐷 3 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 3
𝑓(𝑥+∆𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥)
Step 3. ∆𝑥 𝑛𝑡ℎ Derivative:

′ ′ 𝑑𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑛 𝑑𝑛
𝑦 ′ , 𝑓 ′ (𝑥), , (𝑦), [𝑓(𝑥)], 𝐷 𝑛 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 𝑛
 8. Derivatives of Exponential Functions
● Implicit Differentiation 𝑑 𝑑
[𝑎 𝑥 ] = (𝑙𝑛𝑎)𝑎 𝑥 [𝑒 𝑥 ] = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Steps in Implicit Differentiation:
𝑑
1. Differentiate both sides of the equation with Power Rule: [𝑥 𝑛 ] = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥
respect to x.
𝑑𝑦 9. Chain Rule of the Derivatives of Exponential
2. Collect all the terms with 𝑑𝑥 on one side of the
Functions
equation.
𝑑𝑦
3. Factor out 𝑑𝑥 and solve for it. 𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
[𝑎𝑢 ] = (𝑙𝑛𝑎)𝑎𝑢 [𝑒 𝑢 ] = 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑦 = 𝑎𝑘𝑥 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠

CHAPTER III: Derivatives of Transcendental
Functions 10. Derivatives of Hyperbolic Function
● Derivatives of Trigonometric Function 𝑑
[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝑥)] = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝑥)
𝑑
[𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝑥)] = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
[𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)] = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) [𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝑥)] = −𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 (𝑥) 𝑑
[𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ(𝑥)] = 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 (𝑥)
𝑑
[𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ(𝑥)] = −𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
[𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)] = −𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) [𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑥)] = 𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑥)𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑥) 𝑑
[𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ(𝑥)] = −𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ(𝑥)𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
[𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥)] = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑥) [𝑐𝑠𝑐(𝑥)] = −𝑐𝑠𝑐(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝑥) 𝑑
[𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ(𝑥)] = −𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
2 2
Pythagorean Identity: 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 = 1 11. Chain Rule of the Derivatives of Hyperbolic
4. Chain Rule of the Derivatives of the Functions
Trigonometric 𝑑 𝑑
[𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑢] = (𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑢)𝑢′ [𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑢] = (𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑢)𝑢′
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
[𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢] = (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢)𝑢′ [𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑢] = −(𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑢) 𝑢′
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑
[𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ(𝑢)] = −(𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ 𝑢 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 𝑢)𝑢′
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑥
[𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢] = −(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢)𝑢′ [𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑢)] = (𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢)𝑢′
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑
[𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ(𝑢)] = −𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ(𝑢)𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ(𝑢)𝑢′
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑥
[𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢] = (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢) 𝑢′ [𝑐𝑠𝑐(𝑢)] = −(𝑐𝑠𝑥 𝑢 cot 𝑢) 𝑢′
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
[𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 𝑢] = (𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑢) 𝑢′
𝑑𝑥
5. Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometry
𝑑
[𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑢] = −(𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑢) 𝑢′
𝑑 𝑢′ 𝑑 −𝑢′ 𝑑𝑥
[𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑢)] = [𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑢)] =
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥 √1 – 𝑢2
12. Higher- Order Derivatives of Hyperbolic
𝑑 𝑢′ 𝑑 −𝑢′ Functions
[𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑢)] = [𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑡 (𝑢)] =
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑢2

𝑑
[𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑢)] =
𝑢′ 𝑑
[𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑐 (𝑢)] =
−𝑢′
𝑑𝑛
𝑑𝑥 |𝑢|√𝑢2 −1 𝑑𝑥 |𝑢|√𝑢2 −1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥)
𝑑𝑥𝑛
6. Chain Rule of the Derivative of Logarithmic = {𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
Function

𝑑
[𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑢] =
1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑛
𝑑𝑥 (𝑙𝑛𝑙𝑛 𝑎) 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥)
𝑑𝑥𝑛
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢 = {𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
[𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 𝑢 ] =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
Trigonometric Identities
𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 𝑢 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑢, 𝑎 = 𝑒 thus 𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 𝑎 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 𝑒 = 1

𝑦 =𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 (𝑎𝑥) , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 ∈ 𝑅
𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 (𝑘𝑥), 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
7. Exponential Functions

Because the natural logarithmic function is increasing on

its entire domain, then by the universe function theorem,
it has an inverse that is also an increasing function. The
inverse of ln is called the natural exponential function,
denoted by exp. It is defines 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 if and only if 𝑥 =
𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 𝑦 . In general, the exponential function to the base
a is defined by 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 , where a is any positive number
and x is any real number.
Properties and Identities of hyperbolic functions: