Notre Dame University (Louaize)

Faculty of Engineering

Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering

CEN 204

Mechanics of Materials Lab

Shear and Moment, Simply Supported Beam

Prepared by:

Marc zaatar

Submitted to:

Suzanne Sleiman

Date:

12-7-2020
GRADE DISTRIBUTION

Section Total points Grade

Abstract 15

Scope and Objectives 5

Theoretical Analysis 10

Experimental Methods 15

Results and Discussion 25

Conclusions 15

References 10

Appendices 5

Total Grade /100

Abstract:

Shear force and bending moment are two types of internal loads and its
analysis is crucial in understanding the strength of structural members such as
beams and columns. This report investigates the different variations of Shear
Force and Bending Moment in a beam, using the theory in comparison to its
practical applications. Two cases are carried out, one with a concentrated load
placed at different positions, and the other with two symmetrical loadings.

The shear force (F) are

unalligned forces pushing one
part of a body in one
direction, and another part the
body in the opposite direction.
When the forces are
alligned into each other, they
are called compression forces.
Bending moment exits in
a structural element when a
moment is applied to the
element so that the element
bencs. Moments and torques are
measured as a force multiplied
by a distance so they
have as unit Newton-metres
(Nm). The shear force (F) in a
beam at any section, X, is
the force transverse to the beam
tending cause it to shear across
the section. The force
which make the right-hand side
tends to slide downwards
relative to the left hand
portion is taken as positive
whereas the force is taken as
negative when the right-hand
portion tends to slide upwards
relative to left
The shear force (F) are
unalligned forces pushing one
part of a body in one
direction, and another part the
body in the opposite direction.
When the forces are
alligned into each other, they
are called compression forces.
Bending moment exits in
a structural element when a
moment is applied to the
element so that the element
bencs. Moments and torques are
measured as a force multiplied
by a distance so they
have as unit Newton-metres
(Nm). The shear force (F) in a
beam at any section, X, is
the force transverse to the beam
tending cause it to shear across
the section. The force
which make the right-hand side
tends to slide downwards
relative to the left hand
portion is taken as positive
whereas the force is taken as
negative when the right-hand
portion tends to slide upwards
relative to left
The shear force (F) are
unalligned forces pushing one
part of a body in one
direction, and another part the
body in the opposite direction.
When the forces are
alligned into each other, they
are called compression forces.
Bending moment exits in
a structural element when a
moment is applied to the
element so that the element
bencs. Moments and torques are
measured as a force multiplied
by a distance so they
have as unit Newton-metres
(Nm). The shear force (F) in a
beam at any section, X, is
the force transverse to the beam
tending cause it to shear across
the section. The force
which make the right-hand side
tends to slide downwards
relative to the left hand
portion is taken as positive
whereas the force is taken as
negative when the right-hand
portion tends to slide upwards
relative to left
The shear force (F) are
unalligned forces pushing one
part of a body in one
direction, and another part the
body in the opposite direction.
When the forces are
alligned into each other, they
are called compression forces.
Bending moment exits in
a structural element when a
moment is applied to the
element so that the element
bencs. Moments and torques are
measured as a force multiplied
by a distance so they
have as unit Newton-metres
(Nm). The shear force (F) in a
beam at any section, X, is
the force transverse to the beam
tending cause it to shear across
the section. The force
which make the right-hand side
tends to slide downwards
relative to the left hand
portion is taken as positive
whereas the force is taken as
negative when the right-hand
portion tends to slide upwards
relative to left
The shear force (F) are
unalligned forces pushing one
part of a body in one
direction, and another part the
body in the opposite direction.
When the forces are
alligned into each other, they
are called compression forces.
Bending moment exits in
a structural element when a
moment is applied to the
element so that the element
bencs. Moments and torques are
measured as a force multiplied
by a distance so they
have as unit Newton-metres
(Nm). The shear force (F) in a
beam at any section, X, is
the force transverse to the beam
tending cause it to shear across
the section. The force
which make the right-hand side
tends to slide downwards
relative to the left hand
portion is taken as positive
whereas the force is taken as
negative when the right-hand
portion tends to slide upwards
relative to lef
The shear force (F) are
unalligned forces pushing one
part of a body in one
direction, and another part the
body in the opposite direction.
When the forces are
alligned into each other, they
are called compression forces.
Bending moment exits in
a structural element when a
moment is applied to the
element so that the element
bencs. Moments and torques are
measured as a force multiplied
by a distance so they
have as unit Newton-metres
(Nm). The shear force (F) in a
beam at any section, X, is
the force transverse to the beam
tending cause it to shear across
the section. The force
which make the right-hand side
tends to slide downwards
relative to the left hand
portion is taken as positive
whereas the force is taken as
negative when the right-hand
portion tends to slide upwards
relative to left
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract 3

Scope and Objectives 4

Theoretical Analysis 5

Experimental Methods 10

Results and Discussion 12

Conclusions 18

References 19

Appendix A 20

SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES:

 Sketching the internal shear and moment, at a specific position, under a moving load
 Studying the effect of symmetrical loading on internal shear and moment, in a simply
supported beam.
 Analyze the values and shape of shear and moment at position x under a moving load.
 Analyze the shear in a simply supported beam between symmetrical loads
 Using steel beam

Theoretical Analysis:
For both cases :
F
X

 ∑Ma =0,

0.8Rb-Fx=0

Rb =1.25 *F*X

 ∑ Fy = 0,

Ra +Rb =F

Ra =F- Rb

 A, B two roller support

 Ra: vertical reaction at A
 Rb: vertical reaction at b
 F: concentrated load
Case 1 :

Part A :

After finding Ra and Rb for both cases we make a section at x = 0.4 m

and taking left part and find Shear and moment .

0<x<0.4 m (For Ra =F)

 ∑ Fy = 0
-v - F + Ra =0
V=Ra-F

 ∑M =0:
M-Ra*0.4+F(0.4-X)=0
M=Ra*0.4-F(0.4-X)

Part B : For 0.4<x<0.8m

0.4m
 Ra

 ∑ Fx = 0

-v+Ra=0
V=Ra
 ∑M =0:
-M+Ra*0.4=0
M=Ra*0.4

-When the force goes out of the diagram of the cut beam it is not considered in the calculation
anymore.

Case 2 :
(For Ra=Rb =F)symmetrical load

x F F x
Than taking left section : 0<x<0.4

 ∑ Fy = 0

Ra-v-F=0
V=0 (Ra=f)

 ∑Mb =0:

M-Ra*0.4+F(0.4-X)=0
M=Ra*0.4-F(0.4-X)

Experimental Methods:
Equipment
1. Two roller supports with clamping screws to hold them in place
2. Beam with built in load cells to read internal shear and moment
3. Two load hangers and two sets of weights (1 to 5 N)
4. Measuring tape to mark the load position.
5. Hand level to insure that the beam is horizontal.

Case 1 : Concentrated load

Experimental Procedure
1. Fix 2 supports, 80 cm apart.
2. Center the beam on the supports and align it using the adjusting screws (1) and a hand
level.
3. Zero both load cells
4. Place a 10N weight 10 cm away from the first support.
5. Re-align the beam using the adjusting screws (1).
6. Take the readings on the load cells.
7. Release the load, align the beam, and repeat the experiment for different load
positions (X=10 to 70 cm, at 10 cm increment).
8. And repeating same procedure for a 20 N load .

Figure 1: Setup of Experiment 3, 1nd Case

Case 2: Symmetrical Loading

Experimental Procedure
1. Fix 2 roller supports, 70 cm apart.
2. Place the beam on the supports, align it and zero the load cells, as explained in the 1 st case.
3. Use two load hangers to place 2 weights, 20 N each, at a distance of 10 cm from each support
4. Repeat the beam alignment and take the load cell readings.
5. Remove the weights, re-align the beam and repeat the experiment after moving the weights 5 cm
further away from each support (X=10, 20 and 30 cm away from each support).

Figure 2: Setup of Experiment 3, 2nd Case

Results and Discussion :

 Case 1: Concentrated load

Table 1 : theoretical and experimental results of shear values for a load of 10 N.

x(m) Ra Rb V V M M
(experimental) (theoretical) experimental theoretical
0.1 8.75 1.25 -1 -1.25 -0.6 0.5
0.2 7.5 2.5 -3 -2.5 -1.1 1
0.3 6.25 3.75 -2.5 -3.75 -1.9 1.5
0.4 5 5 -5 -5 -2 2
0.5 3.75 6.25 3.75 3.75 -1.9 1.5
0.6 2.5 7.5 2.5 2.5 -1.1 1
0.7 1.25 8.75 1.25 1.25 -0.4 0.5

Table 2 : theoretical and experimental results of shear values for a load of 20 N.

x(m) Ra Rb V V M M
(experimental) (theoretical) experimental theoretical
0.1 17.5 2.5 -2 -2.5 -1 1

0.2 15 5 -4 -5 -1.8 2

0.3 12.5 7.5 -5 -7.5 -2.5 3

0.4 10 10 -8 -10 -3.1 4

0.5 7.5 12.5 5 7.5 -2.5 3

0.6 5 15 3.75 5 -1.8 2

0.7 2.5 17.5 2 2.5 -0.65 1

10

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

-5

-10

-15

v for 10 N v for 20 N

- Title : Graphs 1: Shear V versus X under 10 & 20 N (influence lines)

4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

Moment for 10 N Moment for 20 N

- Title: Graph 2: Moment M versus X under 10 & 20 N (influence lines)

Case 2 : Symmetrical Loading

Table 1 : theoretical and experimental results for shear and moment for symmetric
load of 10 N.

x(m) Ra Rb v v M M

0.1 10 10 0 0 -0.95 1

0.2 10 10 0 0 -1.9 2

0.3 10 10 0 0 -2.6 3

Table 2 : theoretical and experimental results for shear and moment for symmetric
load of 10 N.

x(m) Ra Rb v v M M

0.1 20 20 0 0 -1.7 2

0.2 20 20 0 0 -2.9 4

0.3 20 20 0 0 -4.8 6

7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35

Monment for 10 N Moment for 20 N

- Title: Graph 3: Moment M versus X under 10 & 20 N (influence lines)

 Discussion :
⃓ t heoretical−experimental⃓
% error = theoretical
∗100

Table of error of case 1:

Table 1 Table 2
X(m) Error of shear Error of moment Error of shear Error of moment
between theoretical between between theoretical between
&experimental in % theoretical &experimental in % theoretical
&experimental in &experimental in %
%
0.1 20 20 20 0
0.2 20 10 20 10
0.3 33.33333 26.66667 33.33333 16.6667
0.4 0 0 20 22.5
0.5 20 26.66667 33.33333 16.6667
0.6 0 10 25 10
0.7 20 20 20 35
Average 16.19048% 16.19048% 24.52380% 15.8333%

Table of error of case 2:

Table 1 Table 2
x Error of shear Error of moment Error of shear Error of moment
between between between between
theoretical theoretical theoretical theoretical
&experimental in &experimental in &experimental in &experimental in
% % % %
0.1 0 5 0 15
0.2 0 5 0 27.5
0.3 0 13.33333 0 20
Average 0 7.77% 0 20.833%
Error was made due several reasons:

 The load moves away from support A.

 The error could be traced to wrong readings from the analog dial gage.
 The needle of the gage does not provide sufficient accuracy as a small deviation will lead
to high error values.
 The error might also be due to the material itself.
 The beam tested may have residual stress because of previous experiments or
overloading.

The average error for shear was between 16.19% for 10 N and 24.52% for 20 N
and for moment the average error was 16.19% for 10 N load and 15.83% for 20 N
loads.

For case 1:
We can see that for 20 N load once the load approach to the section the shear
increase for x =0.5m ,V=7.5N ,and for 10 N load x =0.5 we have v =3.75 N and,
So when we approach the load closest to the section shear increase till it reach
max at the closest point of the cut.

And when the load approach to the support reaction the shear decrease till it reach
0 when the load is on the support.For x =0.1 v=1.25 and for x =0.7 ,v=2.5,and
same for 20 N load .

Similar to the shear diagram, the moment diagram also experiences an increase till
the x= 0.4 m mark. And the moment curve experiences a decrease. Both the shear
and moment theoretical curves increase and decrease linearly, while the
experimental curves are not as linear. For x =0.4 M=2 N.m maximum(for 10N
load )and for x =0.4 M=4 N.m (for 20N) . Note that the values obtained for the
20N load are double those for the 10N load since the shear and moment are
directly proportional to the load.
Case 2:

In the second case, symmetrical loading is tested. Following the free body
diagram on the beam, one can notice that as long as the forces are applied at less
than 0.3 m from the supports, the gages should read a value close to zero for the
shear. This is because the symmetrical loads cancel out with the support reactions
leaving the shear negligible(Ra=Rb=10N for 10N load and Ra =Rb=20N for 20N
load ). However when the loads pass the 0.4 m mark, the shear will become
almost equal to the reaction at the support. The moment diagram for the
symmetrical loading behaves differently. The moment curve increases steadily as
the loads move away from the supports for 10 N and 20 N load . The slope of
increase differs after the 0.4 m reading since the force will not be estimated
anymore in the calculation of the moment after we make a section+.
Conclusion:
The experiments conducted in this report have produced quantitative results outlining the
nature or shear force and bending moment given with different variations. These were
compared to the calculated theoretical values demonstrating some discrepancies between both
the experimental and theoretical values, noting that this was caused by experimental errors.
The ideas brought forward by these results show the practical applications of the theory learnt
in class where often limitations arise from experimental equipment and other factors such as its
accuracy and reliability. The experimental values either converge or diverge with the theoretical
calculations but both displayed a linear relationship when graphed against the shear force and
bending moment which supports the ideas of proportionality between the values. Overall,
these experiments have successfully shown the real-world applications of the theory,
enhancing understanding about shear force and bending moment.
Refrences : (MMAN1300 Report.docx - MMAN1300 Shear Force and Bending...,
2016)