Mechanics of material (LAB)

Lab report
Group: B
Submitted By
Hammad Ghaffar
Roll:2k17-ME-31
Class Instructor: Muhammad Bilal

Department of Mechanical Engineering

NFC Institute of Engineering and Technology
MULTAN
 Combined bending and torsion test

Objective:
To determine what levels of combined bending and torsion cause elastic failure in different
materials, and to compare them with various theories of failure.
Apparatus:
➢ Combined Bending and Torsion apparatus
➢ weights
Theory:
Types of bending:
Symmetrical Bending:
The type of bending in which the bending along both axis is same is known as symmetrical
bending.
Unsymmetrical Bending:
The type of bending in which the bending along two axis i.e. z and y axis, is different is known as
unsymmetrical bending.
A member may be subjected to a bending moment, which acts on a plane inclined to the principal
axis (say). This type of bending does not occur in a plane of symmetry of the cross section, it is
called unsymmetrical bending. Since the problem related to flexure in general differs from
symmetrical bending, it may be termed as skew bending.

Torsion:
Torque is a moment that twists a structure. Unlike axial loads which produce a uniform, or average,
stress over the cross section of the object, a torque creates a distribution of stress over the cross
section.
Difference between torque and moment:
The major difference is of the plane of application i.e. torque is applied along a plane which is
perpendicular to the longitudinal axis whereas moment is applied about any of the cross-sectional
axis and not about the longitudinal axis.
Twisting Moment:
The summation of torque either left or right of the section is twisting moment.
Bending theory
The stresses caused by bending moment are known as bending or flexure stresses, and the relation
between these stresses and the bending moment is expressed by the bending theory
Torsion Theory
The relationship between twisting moment, shear stresses and the resulted angular deformation is
given by torsion theory i.e.

Where,
τ = Shearing stress in MPa
R = Radius of the shaft in mm
T = Twisting moment
J = Polar moment of inertia
G = Modulus of rigidity
θ = Angle of twist
L = Length of the specimen / shaft
Torsional strength:
It is the ultimate strength of a material subjected to a torsional loading. It is the maximum torsional
stress that a material sustains before rupture. It is similar to tensile strength in tension test.
Torsional Deformation:
It is the angular displacement of specimen caused by specified torque in torsion test. It is equal to
the angle of twist in radians divided by gauge length or effective length.
Torsional strain, ϒ:
Strain corresponding to specified torque in torsion test. It is equal to torsional deformation
multiplied by the radius of the shaft. Its units are radians.
Torsional stress (τ):
Shear stress developed in a material subjected to a specified torque in torsion test. For a circular
shaft it can be calculated using the following expression:
Procedure:
• Set up the test device and clamp the first specimen based
on the instruction
• Put 10N weight as counterweight.
• St ti f th l f l th di l Starting from the angle of zero, place the dial gauge
diametrically opposite of the load weight and set to zero.
• Put 10N loading weight at zero angle
[Note 1: the hook and loading basket weigh 2N together]
[Note 2: suspend and remove the load very slowly]
• Record the deformation on the gg g auge • Remove the load (very carefully) and record the
remaining
deformation
• Depress the load plate lightly and carefully to zero the
gauge again