MINI PROJECT SYNPOSIS

ON
LIGHT ACTIVATED SWITCH CIRCUIT
A Mini Project submitted
In partial fulfillment of the requirements
For the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Submitted By
Garima Kumari 19110124017
Dristi kumari 19110124021
Anjali kumari 20110124906
Divya Kumari 19110124029

Under the Supervision of Mr.

Vikash Kumar singh

(HOD)
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
SHERSHAH ENGINEERING COLLEGE, SASARAM
Affiliated to Aryabhatta Knowledge University, Patna
2019-2023

Synopsis
Objective
The purpose of this project is to show you how to build a simple Light Activated Switch Circuit using LDR.
Using this circuit, an electrical device or an appliance like a light bulb or a fan for example, can be controlled
based on the intensity of the light near the circuit.

Motivation
Light Activated Switch is a simple electrical project circuit by which we can switch on and off the electrical load
appliances like lights, fans, coolers, air conditioners, street lights, etc., automatically based on the day-light
intensity instead of manually operating the switches.

By using this method, manpower can be reduced to a great extent. In case of the street lights erected on highways
it is not an easy task to manually control them, but, if uncontrolled, the chances of power wastage would increase.
To get rid of this situation, the implementation of automatic light switch by using a light sensor that switches
lights automatically on and off is the best option.

Functional partitioning of project

A light activated switch kit is an electronic kit consisting of LDR, Darlington pair and Relay as connected in the main
circuit, as shown below. A supply of 230v AC is fed to the load (in this case, a lamp).

The circuit shown below requires a DC voltage, which can be supplied from a battery or by using a bridge rectifier instead
of the battery. This bridge rectifier converts the 230v AC supply into a 6v DC. The bridge rectifier uses a step-down
transformer to step-down the 230v into 12v. The diodes connected in the form of a bridge convert the 12v AC into 12v DC,
and the IC7806 voltage regulator converts the 12v DC into 6v DC, and then, this is supplied to the circuit. A continuous
230v AC supply is maintained for both the load and the bridge rectifier.

Light Activated Switch Circuit During the day time, the LDR has very-low resistance of around a few 100Ω, and then the
entire supply is passed through the LDR and gets grounded through the resistor and variable resistor as shown in the circuit.
This is due to the fact that the resistance offered by the LDR is less compared to the remaining path (Relay and Darlington
pair) of the circuit. As we know that the principle current always chooses the low resistance path to flow. Hence, the relay
coil does not get energized as it has not got enough supply. Thus, the load remains switched off during the daylight.
Similarly, during the night time (when the daylight intensity is very less), the LDR resistance becomes very high: around a
few Mega ohms (approximately 20MΩ). Thus LDR offers a very-high resistance (almost an open circuit type), and hence,
opposes the flow of current. Again, according to the principle of current, by choosing low-resistance path, no current flows
through the LDR, and thus, the current chooses an alternate path to flow such that it causes the Darlington pair base voltage
to increase more than 1.4v. Thus, the Darlington pair gets activated, and then the relay coil gets energized, and thus, turns
the load to switch on .

Thus, if the intensity of the daylight falling on the LDR of the light-activated switch is high (during the day time/morning
time), then the load will be turned off – and, if the intensity of day light is low (during the night time), the load will be
turned on.

Light Activated Switch Circuit

Methodology
The working of this project is very simple and in fact if you are familiar with LDR and comparator, then you might have
already understood the working.

When the light falls on the Light Dependent Resistor, the comparator compares the voltages at the non-inverting pin and
the inverting pin of the op-amp. If the voltage at the non-inverting pin is greater than the voltage at the inverting pin, its
output will be LOW and if the voltage at non-inverting pin is less than the voltage at the inverting pin, the output of the
comparator will be HIGH.

In my case, under normal room light conditions, the output of the Op-Amp is LOW and hence, the Light Bulb stays OFF.
When I apply some light on the LDR (with the help of a small torch), the output of the Op-Amp becomes HIGH and the
Light Bulb turns ON.

Tools Required
 LM358 Comparator IC
 Relay Module
 Light Dependent Resistor LDR
  10KΩ Resistor
 20KΩ Potentiometer
 Bulb
 Connecting Wires
 Mini Breadboard
 5V Power Supply

Application
 This circuit can be used in security applications like when there is darkness on the LDR, it stops lighting
 This can be used in applications where the light is switched on /off depending on the ambient light