CHAPTER 17 Nutrition, Metabolism, and Body Temperature Regulation

1. Define a nutrient, and list the six major classes of nutrients. What is an essential
nutrient?
 Nutrients are chemicals that enter the body and supply energy and building
blocks for new molecules. Nutrients can be classified into six categories:
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water.

2. What is a kilocalorie (Calorie)? Distinguish between a Calorie and a calorie.

 A kilocalorie (kil′ō-kal-ō-rē) (kcal) is 1000 cal and is used to express the larger
amounts of energy supplied by foods and released through metabolism.
 The difference between calories and Calories is that calories is a measure of heat
to raise a gram of water by 1°C which is why it is known as gram -calorie as is
usually used in terms of heat energy.
On the other hand, Calories also referred to as Kilocalories (Kcal) is the measure
of heat to raise a kilogram of water by 1°C and is usually used in relation to
Nutritional values instead.
3. List some sources of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins in the diet.
 Carbohydrates include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
 Lipids include triglycerides, steroids, phospholipids, and fat-soluble vitamins.
 Proteins are chains of amino acids. They are found in most of the plant and animal
products we eat.

4. List the recommended consumption amounts of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.

-The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for carbohydrates is 45–65% of

total kilocalories.

-The AMDR for lipids is 20–35%.

-The AMDR for protein is 10–35% of total kilocalories.

5. What are vitamins and provitamins? Name the water-soluble vitamins and the fat-soluble
vitamins. List some of the functions of vitamins.

6. What are the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs)?

-Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs), which are the nutrient intakes that are sufficient
to meet the needs of nearly all people in certain age and gender groups. 

7. List some of the minerals, and give their functions.

1. Calcium - Bone and teeth formation; blood clotting; muscle activity; and nerve function

2. Chlorine - Blood acid-base balance; hydrochloric acid production in stomach

3. Chromium - Associated with enzymes in glucose metabolism

4. Cobalt - Component of vitamin B12; red blood cell production

5. Copper - Hemoglobin and melanin production; electron transport system

6. Fluorine - Provides extra strength in teeth; prevents dental caries

7. Iodine - Thyroid hormone production; maintenance of normal metabolic rate

8. Iron - Component of hemoglobin; ATP production in electron-transport system

9. Magnesium - Coenzyme constituent; bone formation; muscle andnerve function

10. Manganese - Hemoglobin synthesis; growth; activation of several enzymes

11. Molybdenum Enzyme component

12. Phosphorus Bone and teeth formation; important in energy transfer (ATP); component of
nucleic acids.

13. Potassium - Muscle and nerve function.

14. Selenium - Component of many enzymes

15. Sodium - Osmotic pressure regulation; nerve and muscle

function.

16. Sulfur - Component of hormones, several vitamins, and proteins

17. Zinc - Component of several enzymes; carbon dioxide transport and metabolism; necessary
for protein metabolism

8. What are the Daily Values? How are the Daily Values related to total daily kilocaloric intake?
Why are some Daily Values considered the uppermost amounts that should be consumed?
9. Define a % Daily Value.

-The % Daily Value is the percentage of the recommended Daily Value of a nutrient found in
one serving of a particular food.

10. Define a biochemical pathway. How are the steps in a biochemical pathway controlled?
What are three ways in which enzymes are regulated?

-A biochemical pathway is a series of chemical reactions, some of which release energy that
can be used to synthesize ATP.

-Each step in a biochemical pathway requires enzymes.

-Nutrition, Metabolism, and Body Temperature Regulation.

11. Describe glycolysis. What molecule is the end product of glycolysis? How many ATP and
NADH molecules are produced?

12. What determines whether the pyruvic acid produced in glycolysis becomes lactate or
acetyl-CoA?

13. Describe the two phases of anaerobic respiration. How many ATP molecules are produced?
What happens to the lactate produced when oxygen becomes available?

14. Define aerobic respiration, and state how many ATP molecules are produced.

-Aerobic respiration is the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen to produce carbon
dioxide, water, and 38 molecules of ATP.

15. Describe the citric acid cycle.

-Each acetyl-CoA combines with a fourcarbon molecule to form a six-carbon citric acid
molecule, which enters the citric acid cycle.

16. What is the function of the electron-transport chain?

-electron-transport chain function is to transfer energy from the electron carriers to even
more ATP molecules.

17. What happens to the carbon atoms in ingested food during metabolism? What happens to
the oxygen we breathe in during metabolism?

18. Describe the events occurring during the absorptive and postabsorptive metabolic states.
-In the absorptive state, nutrients are used as energy, with the remainder being stored.

-In the postabsorptive state, stored nutrients are used for energy.

19. What is meant by metabolic rate? Name three ways that the body uses metabolic energy.

-The metabolic rate is the total energy expenditure per unit of time.

-Metabolic energy is used for basal metabolism, muscular activity, and the assimilation of
food.

20. Describe how heat is produced by and lost from the body. How is body temperature
regulated?

-Heat is produced through metabolism.

-Dilation of blood vessels in the skin and sweating increase heat loss from the body.

-Body temperature is maintained around a set point by neural circuits in the hypothalamus