Energy Metabolism

Lecturer :
SITI NURR ATIKA MOHD SANIF
UiTM Sarawak
 Energy Metabolism

* Energy metabolism
* How energy is measured
* How energy is released from food and stored in the
body
* How do we get energy from body’s energy stores
 Transformation of Energy

* 1,000 calories = 1 kcal = 1(food) Calorie

CHO PROTEIN FAT ALCOHOL

ENERGY SOURCES
 What is a Calorie?

* A measurement of energy
* “the amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature
of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius”
 Energy

* the capacity to do work

* the energy in food is chemical energy, which body converts
to mechanical, electrical or heat energy
* energy in food and body is measured in kilocalorie (kcal)
* 1000 calories = 1 kilocalorie
* calorie
* the general term for energy in food
* CHO, Prot and lipid (triglycerides only) are energy sources
 Energy in food

* Energy available in food

* CHO and Prot yield 4 kcal of energy for every gram (g)
consumed
* Fat yields 9 kcal/g and alcohol contributes 7 kcal/g
 Energy Yielding Nutrients

* CHO: 4 kcal/gm
* Protein: 4 kcal/gm
* Fat: 9 kcal/gm
* Alcohol: 7 kcal/gm
 Sample Calculation of a Nutrition
Label
* Per serving
* CHO: 15g x 4 kcal/g = 60 kcal
* PRO: 3g x 4 kcal/g = 12 kcal
* FAT: 1g x 9 kcal/g = 9 kcal
* TOTAL: 81 kcal, rounded down to 80
 Contribution to Total Kcals

* One day’s intake (1980 kcal)

* 290 gm of CHO (x 4 kcal/gm)
* 60 gm of fat (x 9 kcal/gm)
* 70 gm of protein (x 4 kcal/gm)
* % of kcal as CHO= (290 x 4)/1980 = 0.59 or 59%
* % of kcal as Fat= (60 x 9)/1980 = 0.27 or 27%
* % of kcal as PRO= (70 x 4)/1980 = 0.14 or 14%
 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Metabolism

n All reactions that involve energy

transformations.
n Divided into 2 Categories:
n Catabolic:
n Release energy.
n Breakdown larger molecules into smaller
molecules.
n Anabolic:
n Require input of energy.
n Synthesis of large energy-storage molecules.

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 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Chemical Reactions

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 Carbohydrate

* Our muscles dependence on carbs during exercise is

related to carbs availability & our muscle’s well
developed system for metabolism
* Carbs are converted to glycogen
* Glycogen storage
* 40% liver 60% skeletal muscle
* 1g of Carbs = 4kcal energy
 Fat

* Our body stores more fat than carbs

* Energy reserve from fat is higher than carbs
* 1g fats – 9 kcal energy
* But fat is less accessible for cellular
metabolism.
* Why? It must first reduce from its complex
form – triglycerides to its basic component:
glycerol & FFA
 Protein

* Protein supply 5 – 10% of energy to sustain

prolonged exercise
* Basic unit of protein – AA
* 1g of Protein = 4 kcal energy
¡ Three human energy systems have been
classified on the basis of their ability to
release energy at different rates of speed.
¡ They are:
1. ATP-PCr system
2. Lactic acid @ glycolytic system
3. Oxygen energy system
 ATP-PCr System

• Also known as phosphagen system because

both ATP and PCr contain phosphates.

• ATP is the immediate source of energy.

• ATP stored in muscles, rapidly releases energy.

• ATP ADP + Pi + energy

 ATP-PCr System

• PCr is also high-energy compound found in the

muscle , can help form ATP rapidly as ATP is used.

• Energy release when PCr splits is used to form ATP

from ADP and P.

• PC is also in short supply and needs to be replenished

if used.

• PC + ADP ATP + C
 Lactic Acid Sytem
• It can help replace ATP rapidly when necessary.

• To be used for energy, muscle glycogen must be

broken down to glucose, which undergoes a series of
reactions to eventually form ATP; process called
glycolysis.
 Lactic Acid Sytem
• The major factor controlling the metabolic rate of
muscle glycogen is the availability of O2 in the muscle
cells.

• If O2 is not available to meet the energy demands of

the exercise. Insufficient ATP is form and lactic acid is
the by-product of the anaerobic glycolysis.

• If O2 is available, a large amount ATP is formed;

process called aerobic glycolysis.
 The Oxidative System
* Involves breakdown of fuel with the aid of O2.
* This system yield more energy

Oxidation of Carbohydrate
nInvolve 3 process:
uGlycolysis

uKreb cycle
uElectron transport chain
 Oxidation of Carbohydrate
* Glycolysis
* In the presence of O2, the pyruvic acid is converted to acetyl
co enzyme (acetyl CoA)

* Kreb cycle (citric acid cycle)

* Once form, acetyl CoA enters the KC
* End of cycle – 2 mole of of ATP, carbon and hydrogen
* Remaining carbon then combine with O2 – CO2
* The CO2 transported to the lung via blood to be expired
 Oxidation of Carbohydrate
* Electron transport chain

* During glycolysis, hydrogen is released

* More hydrogen is released during Kreb cycle.
* Hydrogen released by both cycle will combine with two coenzyme
– NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and FAD (flavin adenine
dinucleotide)
* NAD and FAD will carry the hydrogen atom to the electron
transport chain & split into protons & electron.
* End of chain – H+ combine with O2 to form H2O (prevent
acidification)
* End result – H2O, CO2 and 38 or 39 ATP
 Oxidation of Carbohydrate
CHO (Glycogen)
O2
G-6-P 2 ATP H+ H+ H+ H20
Glycolysis H2 e e e
Electron Transport Chain
Pyruvic Acid (ETC) 34 ATP

Acetyl CoA
H2

Kreb Cycle
CO2
C
2 ATP O2
 Oxidation of Fat
* Only triglycerides are major energy source
* Triglycerides are stored in fat cell & skeletal muscle fiber.
* To be used as energy, a triglycerides must be broken down into 1 glycerol +
3 FA
* This process is call lipolysis (enzyme – lipase)

ß Oxidation, Kreb Cycle & ETC

* Fat oxidation begins with ß oxidation of free fatty acids, then follow the
same path as carbohydrate oxidation.
* However the complete combustion of a FFA molecule requires more O2
because FFA carries more carbon than glucose (FFA - C16 H32 O0; G – C6 H12
O6)
* More carbon in FA - more acetyl CoA - more electron - more energy
* However, only 40% energy release used to form ATP, 60%- heat
 Oxidation of Fat

Fats (FFA)
O2

H2 H+ H+ H+ H2O
B Oxidation e e e
ATP
ETC
Acetyl CoA H2

Kreb Cycle
ATP
 Protein Metabolism
* Some amino acids (BCAA-leusine, isoleusine,
valine) can be converted into glucose
(gluconeogenesis)
* Our body utilized less protein (5-10% of total
energy expenditure) during rest and exercise
* Chemically, protein contain the same atoms as
carbs & lipids – carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. But
protein also contain nitrogen.