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Outline of Week 7

PHARMACEUTICAL II. Plant Structure and Functions

BOTANY WITH 3. Tissues and Primary Growth
TAXONOMY a. Plant Body Organization
b. Introduction to Plant Tissues
(MIDTERM: WEEK 7) 4. Roots
Prepared by: Melie Rose J. Guevarra a. External and Internal Structures
b. Other root types and
Modifications

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INTRODUCTION TO TISSUES AND

Objectives:
PRIMARY GROWTH
• At the end of the discussion student must be able to:
• understand the plant body organization, component and its
functions. • PLANT BODY ORGANIZATION
• describe features, functions, and composition of plant • Like animals, plants are multicellular eukaryotes whose bodies
tissues and cell types. are composed of organs, tissues, and cells with highly
specialized functions.
• describe the roots, types of roots, root system, root
anatomy, functions and importance of roots in the
economy.

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INTRODUCTION TO
TISSUES AND INTRODUCTION TO TISSUES AND
PRIMARY GROWTH PRIMARY GROWTH
• PLANT BODY
ORGANIZATION • PLANT BODY ORGANIZATION
• The relationships • The stems and leaves together make up the shoot system.
between plant • Each organ (roots, stems, and leaves) include all three tissue
organs, tissues, and types (ground, vascular, and dermal).
cell types: • Different cell types comprise each tissue type, and the
structure of each cell type influences the function of the tissue
it comprises.

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INTRODUCTION TO
TISSUES AND
PRIMARY GROWTH PLANT TISSUES
• PLANT BODY ORGANIZATION
• Vascular plants have two distinct • TISSUES
organ systems: • are groups of cells performing essentially the same function and
• Shoot system are commonly of similar structures.
• generally grows above ground,
where it absorbs the light • TYPES OF PLANT TISSUES:
needed for photosynthesis. • Meristematic Tissues
• Root system. • Permanent Tissues
• which supports the plants and
absorbs water and minerals, is
usually underground.

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MERISTEMATIC TISSUES

CLASSIFICATION:

• Based on Origin
PLANT TISSUES • Primary Meristems
• Secondary Meristems
• Based on their location within the plant
body
• Apical Meristem
• Lateral Meristem
• Intercalary Meristem

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PERMANENT TISSUES PERMANENT TISSUES

CLASSIFICATION: OTHER CLASSIFICATION:

PLANT TISSUES • Based on Origin

• Primary Permanent Tissues
PLANT TISSUES • They differentiate into three main tissue
types:
• Secondary Permanent Tissues • Dermal Tissue
• Based on the number of cell type • Ground tissue
present • Vascular Tissue
• Simple Permanent Tissues • NOTE: Each plant organ (roots, stems,
• Complex Permanent Tissues leaves) contains all three tissue types.

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PLANT TISSUES PLANT TISSUES

MERISTEMATIC TISSUES BASED ON ORIGIN MERISTEMATIC TISSUES BASED ON THEIR LOCATION WITHIN THE PLANT BODY
Primary Meristems Secondary Meristems Apical Meristem Lateral Meristems Intercalary Meristems
(Promeristems) (Cambium)
• Originates from the embryo • Meristems derived from permanent
• Found at the tip of the • Found along the sides of the • Found at the bases of
• Persists generally throughout the lifetime of tissues
roots and stems roots and stems young stems and
the plant • Examples • Responsible for the • Responsible for the increase in internodes
• Examples: • Cork cambium increase in the length of the diameter or width of the • Responsible for the rapid
• Apical meristems • Scar tissues or Callus roots and the stems. roots and stems growth of stems
• Intercalary meristems • Both in monocot and • Not present in monocot plants
• Cambia dicot plants

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PLANT TISSUES PERMANENT TISSUES

OTHER CLASSIFICATION:
MERISTEMATIC TISSUES BASED ON THEIR LOCATION WITHIN THE PLANT BODY
Apical Meristem
(Promeristems)
Lateral Meristems
(Cambium)
Intercalary Meristems PLANT TISSUES • They differentiate into three main tissue
types:
• Dermal Tissue
• Ground tissue
• Vascular Tissue
• NOTE: Each plant organ (roots, stems,
leaves) contains all three tissue types.

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PLANT TISSUES
PLANT TISSUES

• NOTE: THREE MAIN PERMANENT TISSUE TYPES

• Each plant organ Dermal Tissue
(roots, stems, • It covers and protects the
plant, and controls gas
leaves) contains all exchange and water
three tissue types absorption, in roots.
• In stems and leaves, it is
covered by a waxy cuticle that
prevents evaporative water
loss while the root epidermis
is not covered by a waxy
cuticle which would prevent
roots’ absorption of water.
Ground Tissue
• It carries out different functions
based on the cell type and
location in the plant.
Vascular Tissue
• It transports water, minerals, and sugars
to different parts of the plant.
• SPECIALIZED CONDUCTING TISSUE
• Xylem: transports water and nutrients
from the roots to different parts of the
plant, and also plays a role in structural
support in the stem.
• Phloem: transports organic compounds
from the site of photosynthesis to other
parts of the plant.

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THREE MAIN PERMANENT TISSUE TYPES
Each plant tissue type is comprised of SPECIALIZE CELL TYPES which carry out
vastly different functions
Dermal Tissue
• Epidermal cells
• Stomata (guard cells)
• Trichomes
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Epidermal Cells
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Parenchyma
• For photosynthesis in the leaves,
and storage in the roots
• TYPES:
• Palisade parenchyma
• or palisade mesophyll has column-
shaped, tightly packed cells.
• Spongy parenchyma
• or spongy mesophyll, which are
loosely arranged with air spaces
that allow gaseous exchange
between the leaf and the outside
atmosphere.
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PLANT TISSUES PLANT TISSUES
CELL TYPES IN DERMAL TISSUES
Epidermal Cells Stomata (Guard Cells) Trichomes
• provide protection • Openings that permit gas exchange • hair-like structures on the epidermal
• absorption of water and minerals. for photosynthesis and respiration. surface
Ground Tissue Vascular Tissue • Root hairs increase the surface • Guard cells, hence controlling the • that help to reduce transpiration (the
area of the root, greatly opening and closing and thus loss of water by above ground plant
• Parenchyma • Tracheids contributing to the absorption of regulating the uptake of carbon parts)
• Collenchyma • Vessel elements water and minerals. dioxide and the release of oxygen • increase solar reflectance, and store
• Endodermis which is found only in and water vapor.
• Sclerenchyma • Sieve tube cells the roots and serves as a
compounds that defend the leaves
against predation by herbivores.
• Companion cells checkpoint for materials entering
the root’s vascular system from
the environment.
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PLANT TISSUES PLANT TISSUES
CELL TYPES IN DERMAL TISSUES CELL TYPES IN GROUND TISSUES
Stomata (Guard Cells) Trichomes Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma
• Most abundant and versatile cell • Lack secondary cell walls but have • Have secondary cell walls
type in plants. thicker primary cells walls than composed of lignin, a tough
• They have primary cell walls which parenchyma. substance that is the primary
are thin and flexible • Long and thin cells that retain the component of wood.
• Most lack a secondary cell wall. ability to stretch and elongate; • It cannot stretch, and they provide
• Are totipotent: can divide and • Provide structural support in growing important structural support in
differentiate into all cell types of regions of the shoot system. mature stems after growth has
the plant • They are highly abundant in
ceased.
• Responsible for rooting a cut elongating stems.
• dead at functional maturity.
stem. • The “stringy” bits of celery are
primarily collenchyma cells.
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PLANT TISSUES PLANT TISSUES
CELL TYPES IN GROUND TISSUES CELL TYPES IN GROUND TISSUES
Collenchyma Sclerenchyma Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma
• for shoot support in areas of active • for shoot support in areas where
growth growth has ceased.
• TYPES:
• Fibers
• long, slender cells, use to make linen
and rope.
• Sclereids smaller-sized, give pears
their gritty texture, and are also part
of apple cores.
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PLANT TISSUES PLANT TISSUES

CELL TYPES IN VASCULAR TISSUES CELL TYPES IN VASCULAR TISSUES

Xylem: transports water and nutrients from the roots to Phloem: transports organic compounds from the site of Xylem: transports water and nutrients from the roots to Phloem: transports organic compounds from the site of
different parts of the plant photosynthesis to other parts of the plant different parts of the plant photosynthesis to other parts of the plant
Tracheids Vessel Elements Sieve Cells Companion Cells Tracheids Vessel Elements Sieve Cells Companion Cells
• Found in all types of Found only angiosperms • conduct sugars and other • which lie adjacent to the
vascular plants and a few other specific organic compounds sieve cells and provide
plants • arranged end-to-end with metabolic support and
pores regulation.
• SIMILARITIES: • alive at functional maturity,
• tubular, elongated cells that conduct water. but lack a nucleus,
• arranged end-to-end with perforations ribosomes, or other cellular
• They have secondary cell walls hardened with lignin, structures.
that provide structural support to the plant.
• dead at functional maturity

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PERMANENT TISSUES PLANT TISSUES

CLASSIFICATION:
PERMANENT TISSUES BASED ON ORIGIN
PLANT TISSUES • Based on Origin
• Primary Permanent Tissues
Primary Permanent Tissues Secondary Permanent Tissues
• Derived from the apical and intercalary • Derived from the lateral meristem
• Secondary Permanent Tissues meristems
• Based on the number of cell type
present
• Simple Permanent Tissues
• Complex Permanent Tissues

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PLANT TISSUES PLANT TISSUES

PERMANENT TISSUES BASED ON THE NUMBER OF CELL TYPE PRESENT SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUES
Simple Permanent Tissues Complex Permanent Tissues Epidermis Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma Cork (Phellem)

• Composed of only one type of cell • Consists of several types of cells • an external and • an internal tissue • an internal tissue • an internal tissue • an external and
protective tissue • consists of living • strengthening and • strengthening and protective tissue
• Examples: • Examples: • composed of a single cells with supporting tissue supporting tissue • with cell walls
• Epidermis • Xylem layer of thin-walled uniformly thin cell • composed of cells • composed of impregnated with
• Parenchyma • Phloem cells walls with unevenly thick-walled cells suberin
• some cells are • used for food thickened walls
• Collenchyma modified into guard manufacturing • used for food
• Sclerenchyma cells (stomata) and food storage storage
• Cork • may contain cuticle
and trichomes

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PLANT TISSUES PLANT TISSUES

SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUES EPIDERMIS

Epidermis Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma Cork (Phellem) Cuticle Stomata Trichomes

• Iines the outer waII of the epidermal • Pores for gas exchange • Outgrowth of epidermal cells
ceIIs • Present on one or both surfaces
• made up of waxy material that of Ieaves
protects plants from desiccation • Stomata usually close at night.
• Prevents water loss through
epidermal cells, it also prevents the
carbon dioxide required for
photosynthesis from diffusing from
the atmosphere into the leaf or stem.

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PLANT TISSUES PLANT TISSUES

EPIDERMIS SCLERENCHYMA
Cuticle Stomata Trichomes Fibers Sclereids

• elongated cells with tapering ends • irregularly shaped cells

• elastic, swaying and bending in the wind • hard surface

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PLANT TISSUES PLANT TISSUES

COMPLEX PERMANENT TISSUES COMPLEX PERMANENT TISSUES

Xylem Phloem Cell Types Xylem Phloem
a. Conducting cells • Vessels: • Sieve tubes :
• conducts water and dissolved substances • conducts food and organic substances
• long continuous tubes formed by the • vertically elongated rows of cylindrical cells
dissolution of the end walls of vertically with perforated walls and cytoplasm
elongated cells • Companion cells:
• Tracheids: • small elongated and nucleated living cells
• elongated tapering cells which are dead at beside the sieve tubes
maturity usually with pitted walls
b. Strengthening cells • Xylem fiber: • Phloem fibers:
• elongated pointed cell with very thick cell • thick walls, elongated cells
walls

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PLANT TISSUES PLANT TISSUES

COMPLEX PERMANENT TISSUES COMPLEX PERMANENT TISSUES

Cell Types Xylem Phloem Cell Types Xylem Phloem
a. Conducting cells c. Storage cells • Xylem parenchyma • Phloem parenchyma

d. Function • Conduction of water and dissolved • Conduction of food principally downward

substances chiefly upward through roots, from leaves into stems and roots
stems, leaves and flower stalks; also serve
as the main strengthening tissue of the
plant
b. Strengthening cells

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PLANT TISSUES
ROOTS
COMPLEX PERMANENT TISSUES
Xylem Phloem • Are cylindrical structures which are usually located beneath the
surface of the soil through which materials move from the soil to
various part of the plant.

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PLANT ORGANS
ROOTS

PLANT TYPES OF ROOTS BASED ON ORIGIN

Primary Roots
TYPES OF ROOTS BASED ON ORIGIN
Secondary Roots Tertiary Roots Adventitious Roots
ORGANS • Primary Root • The first root formed
which is the extension
• Roots arising from the
primary root.
• Roots arising from the
secondary roots whose
• Roots which arise from the
plant structures other than
• Secondary Roots of the embryonic root branches are called roots
or radicle. rootlets.
• Tertiary Roots
• Adventitious Roots

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ROOTS PLANT ORGANS

TYPES OF ROOT SYSTEM

PLANT • Tap Root System

ORGANS • Fibrous or Diffuse Root System
• NOTES:
• Some roots are modified to absorb moisture and
exchange gases.
• Most roots are underground.
• Some plants, however, also have adventitious roots,
which emerge above the ground from the shoot.
Tap Root System
TYPES OF ROOT SYSTEM
• Consists of one main stem which arises lateral roots.
• main root that grows down vertically, and from which
many smaller lateral roots arise.
• It penetrate deep into the soil and are advantageous
for plants growing in dry soils
• are typical of dicots such as dandelions.
Fibrous or Diffuse Root System
• Consists of several main roots that branch to form a
dense mass of intermeshed lateral roots.
• are located closer to the surface and have a dense
network of roots.
• It can help prevent soil erosion.
• are typical of monocots such as grasses.

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ROOTS
PLANT ORGANS
ROOT ANATOMY
• Two regions can be observed:
• the root hair zone
PLANT • the hairless tip
ROOT ANATOMY
REGIONS OF THE ROOT FROM THE TIP TO THE ROOT HAIR ZONE
ORGANS • REGIONS OF THE ROOT FROM THE TIP Root Cap Region Meristematic Region of Elongation or Region of Maturation or
TO THE ROOT HAIR ZONE or Embryonic Region Region of Cell Enlargement Region of Cell Differentiation
• a thimble-shaped • contains the apical • cells increase in length • cells have already attained
• CROSS SECTIONAL REGIONS region that protects meristem where the which results in the their final structural
• GROUPS OF TISSUES THAT ENTER TO the growing tip of the cells are actively dividing growth or increase in the characteristics
root and where the primary length of the roots
THE TISSUE COMPOSITION OF THE OLD meristems are formed:
DICOT ROOTS the protoderm, the
ground meristem and
the procambium.

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PLANT ORGANS PLANT ORGANS

REGIONS OF THE ROOT FROM THE TIP TO THE ROOT HAIR ZONE REGIONS OF THE ROOT FROM THE TIP TO THE ROOT HAIR ZONE
Region of Maturation or Region of Cell Differentiation
Monocots’ subdivision of Region of Maturation Dicots’ subdivision of Region of Maturation
• Root-hair zone • Root-hair zone
• Zone of primary permanent tissue • Zone of primary permanent tissue
• where all the cells are derives from the apical
• There are no secondary tissues present because meristem
monocots, generally, do not have cambia where • Zone of secondary tissues
secondary tissues are derived • where tissues derives from the cambia either replace
or are added to the primary tissue

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PLANT ORGANS PLANT ORGANS

ROOT ANATOMY CROSS SECTIONAL REGIONS

CROSS SECTIONAL REGIONS Stele or Vascular Cylinder or Inner Region
Epidermis Cortex or Middle Region Stele or Vascular cylinder Pericycle Primary xylem Primary phloem Vascular cambium
or Outer Region or Inner Region • a single layer of • a central mass of or • patches of cells between • meristematic cells
• usually a single layer of • the region derived from the ground meristem and composed • the region derived from parenchyma which persists core of xylem the rays or radial arms of between the primary
cells derived from the of the following zones: the procambium and as a type of meristematic elements with several the primary xylem xylem and the primary
protoderm which • Outer zone: a thick layer consisting of several layers of which forms the central tissue involved in the radiating arms phloem
covers and protects the parenchyma core of the root formation of lateral roots
inner root • Inner zone: consisting of a single layer of thick-walled cells, • Regions: and in some plants, the
the endodermis • Pericycle development of both
consists of thin-walled cells with a band-like thickening running • Primary xylem vascular and cork cambia
around the cells on their radial and transverse walls. This is called • Primary phloem
the casparian root which contains suberin. • Vascular cambium

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PLANT ORGANS PLANT ORGANS

CROSS SECTIONAL REGIONS ROOT ANATOMY

GROUPS OF TISSUES THAT ENTER TO THE TISSUE COMPOSITION OF THE OLD DICOT
ROOTS
Secondary Vascular Tissue
• Secondary Xylem: occupies the places formerly occupied by
the primary phloem which is pushed outwardly
• Secondary phloem: a continuous ring of cells outer the
cambium
• Vascular cambium: meristematic cells between the
secondary xylem and secondary phloem
Periderm
• protective tissue that replaces the epidermis after secondary
growth is initiated
• Phellogen or Cork cambium: cells arising from the meristematic
activity of the pericycle
• Phellem or Cork: outer cells produced by the cork cambium
• Phelloderm or Secondary parenchyma: inner cells produced by
the cork cambium
Once the cork matures, all tissues external to it dies (epidermis and
cortex), thus, the covering of an old dicot root is the cork

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PLANT ORGANS
ROOT ADAPTATIONS
ROOT ANATOMY
GROUPS OF TISSUES THAT ENTER TO THE TISSUE COMPOSITION OF THE OLD DICOT • Bulbous roots
ROOTS • Aerial roots and prop roots
Secondary Vascular Tissue Periderm
• Tap roots
• Epiphytic roots

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ROOT
ROOT ADAPTATIONS ADAPTATIONS

• Bulbous roots store starch.

• Aerial roots and prop roots are two forms of above-ground roots
that provide additional support to anchor the plant.
• Tap roots, such as carrots, turnips, and beets, are adapted for
food storage.
• Epiphytic roots enable a plant to grow on another plant

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FUNCTIONS OF ROOTS FUNCTIONS OF ROOTS

• Principal or Main Functions

• Anchorage of the plant in the soil
Principal or Modified or • Absorption of substances
Economic
Main Specialized • Conduction of absorbed substances
Importance
Functions Functions

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FUNCTIONS OF ROOTS FUNCTIONS OF ROOTS

• Modified or Specialized • Modified or Specialized Functions

Functions • Support
• Support • Nitrogen fixation • Brace roots
• Food Storage • Aeration • Prop roots
• Photosynthesis • Reproduction • Clinging roots
• Protection • Buttresses

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FUNCTIONS OF ROOTS FUNCTIONS OF ROOTS

• Modified or Specialized Functions • Modified or Specialized Functions

• Support • Support
• Brace roots • Prop roots
• aerial roots arising from main stem which penetrates the • aerial roots arising from the branches which penetrate the
ground ground
• Examples: Rubber tree, Five-fingers • Examples: Corn, Pandan

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FUNCTIONS OF ROOTS FUNCTIONS OF ROOTS

• Modified or Specialized Functions

• Modified or Specialized Functions
• Support
• Support
• Prop roots
• Buttresses
• aerial roots arising from the branches which penetrate the
• plant-like extensions from the lower part of the stem
ground
• Examples: Giant trees
• Examples: Corn, Pandan

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FUNCTIONS OF ROOTS FUNCTIONS OF ROOTS

• Modified or Specialized Functions • Modified or Specialized Functions

• Food Storage • Photosynthesis
• enlarged, fleshy, or succulent roots • green aerial roots
• Examples: radish, sweet potato, turnips, ube and beets • Examples: Orchids

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FUNCTIONS OF ROOTS FUNCTIONS OF ROOTS

• Modified or Specialized Functions • Modified or Specialized Functions

• Protection • Nitrogen fixation
• presence of spines • formation of root nodules containing bacteria in their cells
• Examples: yam • Examples: soybeans, peanuts, sitaw, bataw, patani

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FUNCTIONS OF ROOTS FUNCTIONS OF ROOTS

• Modified or Specialized Functions

• Modified or Specialized Functions
• Aeration
• Reproduction
• with pneumatophores or roots with spongy tissues protruding
• development of adventitious buds
from the surface of soil
• Examples: purple yam
• Examples: Mangrove

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FUNCTIONS OF ROOTS

• Economic Importance
• Produces food like carrots, radish, sweet potato, turnips, etc.
• Aids in digestion and used as laxative(rhubarb); serves as
emetic and expectorant (ipecac); while some contain drugs like
ginseng
• Helps in the production of molasses from sugar beet which is
used in alcoholic beverages

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