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Outline of Week 8

PHARMACEUTICAL II. Plant Structure and Functions

BOTANY WITH 5. Stems
a. External and Internal Structures
TAXONOMY b. Other root types and Modifications
6. Leaves
(MIDTERM: WEEK 8) a. External and Internal Structures
Prepared by: Melie Rose J. Guevarra
b. Other root types and Modifications
c. Morphology and anatomy of other
leaf types

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Objectives:
• At the end of the discussion student must be able to:
• describe the stems, and understand its classification, internal
and external structures, functions and importance in the
economy.
• understand the different practical application of knowledge of
stem structure and physiology.
• describe the leaves and understand its classification, internal
and external structures, adaptations, functions and importance
of in the economy.
STEMS
• Are plant organs which are continuations of the roots usually
located above the surface of the soil.
• The stem with its leaves is called a shoot
• All the stems and leaves of a plant constitutes its shoot system.
• Stems originate from the epicotyl and partly from the hypocotyl
of the embryo.

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THE SHOOT SYSTEM

STEMS

• Generally it grows
• FUNCTIONS OF STEM IN PLANTS above ground,
where it absorbs
• it support buds and leaves and serve as conduits for carrying the light needed for
water, minerals and food (photosynthates) photosynthesis.
• it place the leaves in favorable positions for exposure to light
• the vascular system inside the stem forms a continuous pathway
from the root, through the stem, and finally to the leaves

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STEMS
Shoot • A young stem (1 year old or less)
with leaves.
CLASSIFICATION OF STEMS
• A young stem (1 year old or less) • BASED ON TOUGHNESS
Twig that is in the dormant winter • Herbaceous stems
RELATED stage (has no leaves).
PLANT • Woody stems
TERMS • A stem that is more than 1 year ORGANS • BASED ON LOCATION
Branch old, typically with lateral stems
radiating from it.
• Aerial
• Underground
• BASED ON BRANCHES
Trunk • A woody plant’s main stem. • Branched
• Unbranched

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STEMS

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON TOUGHNESS

• Herbaceous stems
• found in both monocot and dicot
PLANT plants
ORGANS • Woody stems
• found only in dicot plants
• Some stems are woody only at the
base, these are called suffrutescent
stems. HERBACEOUS STEMS AND WOODY STEMS

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PLANT ORGANS PLANT ORGANS

STEMS STEMS
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON TOUGHNESS CLASSIFICATION BASED ON TOUGHNESS
Properties Herbaceous Stems Woody Stems Herbaceous Stems Woody Stems
1. Woody tissue Very little or absent and thus is generally soft Present, thus are hard and thick
2. Life span Short-lived Long-lived
3. Increase in diameter Very little growth in diameter Increases in diameter (mainly due to
production of wood &cork)
4. Covering Smooth, thin epidermis Rough cork
5. Color Green Green when young, brown when old
6. Stomata Present Absent but with raised areas or lenticels

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PLANT ORGANS

STEMS
STEMS
PLANT CLASSIFICATION BASED ON LOCATION
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON LOCATION
ORGANS Aerial or Epiterranean Stems Underground or Subterranean Stems
• located above the surface of soil • located beneath the surface of soil
• Aerial or Epiterranean Stems
• Examples: • Examples:
• Underground or Subterranean Stems • Runners • Rhizomes
• Tendrils • Tubers
• Bulbs
• Corms

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PLANT ORGANS PLANT ORGANS

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON LOCATION CLASSIFICATION BASED ON LOCATION

AERIAL OR EPITERRANEAN STEMS UNDERGROUND OR SUBTERRANEAN STEMS
Runners or Stolons Tendrils or Scramblers Rhizomes Tubers Bulbs Corms
• are fleshy or semiwoody, elongated, horizontal • coil around or thread like structure which help the • underground, • short, swollen, • very small piece of the • globose, underground
stems that often lie along the soil surface plants in climbing horizontal stem which terminal portions of an stem tissue surrounded stem with thin, papery
• Examples: Doob grass, Oxalis • Examples: Grapes, Ampalaya, Squash may be swollen due to underground stems by numerous fleshy leaves on its surface
the presence of stored with the stored food leaves
food
• Examples: Ginger, • Examples: Potato • Examples: Onion, • Examples: Gladiolus,
Bamboo Garlic Gabi

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PLANT ORGANS
STEMS

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON LOCATION

UNDERGROUND OR SUBTERRANEAN STEMS PLANT CLASSIFICATION BASED ON BRANCHING
Rhizomes Tubers Bulbs Corms ORGANS • Unbranched
• stems have a single stem
• Branched
• stems have divisions and side stems

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STEMS

PLANT
STEM STRUCTURE
ORGANS
• EXTERNAL STRUCTURES
• INTERNAL STRUCTURES
UNBRANCHED AND BRANCHED STEMS

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• swollen areas where leaves,

Nodes branches and buds arise
STEM STRUCTURE
Internodes • portion between two nodes

EXTERNAL STRUCTURES EXTERNAL Leaf scar • mark left on the stem by a fallen leaf
PLANT
• Nodes STRUCTURES
ORGANS Bundle scars • cut ends of the vascular bundles
•
•
Internodes
Leaf Scars
OF STEMS within each leaf scar

• Bundle Scars Lenticels • raised pores seen on dicot stems

• Lenticels
• undeveloped structures which may
• Buds Buds grow into leaves, shoots, or flowers

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BUDS

EXTERNAL EXTERNAL TYPES OF BUDS

STRUCTURES STRUCTURES
• Based on the Location or Position
OF STEMS OF STEMS • Based on the Presence of the Protective
Coverings
• Based on the Structures which Develop
from the Bud

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EXTERNAL STRUCTURES OF STEMS EXTERNAL STRUCTURES OF STEMS

TYPE OF BUDS TYPE OF BUDS

BASED ON LOCATION OR POSITION BASED ON LOCATION OR POSITION
Terminal or Apical bud Lateral or Axillary Bud Accessory or Adventitious bud Terminal or Apical bud Lateral or Axillary Bud Accessory or Adventitious bud
Supernumerary bud Supernumerary bud
• at the end of the stem • at the upper angle • beside or above • may develop from
formed by the leaf axillary bud roots, a stem internode,
stalk and the stem the edge of a leaf blade
called leaf axil or callus tissue at the
cut end of a stem or
root

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EXTERNAL STRUCTURES OF STEMS EXTERNAL STRUCTURES OF STEMS

TYPE OF BUDS TYPE OF BUDS

BASED ON PRESENCE OF PROTECTIVE COVERINGS BASED ON THE STRUCTURES WHICH DEVELOP FROM THE BUD
Protected bud Naked Bud Vegetative bud or Bulbils Flower Bud or Floral Bud
• Covered by a bud scale • Not covered by a bud scale • gives rise to leaf and stem • gives rise to flower and fruit

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Epidermis
• one cell layer derived from the protoderm
composed of parenchymatous cells with
the protoderm thick walls and covered by a layer of cuticle
(composed of the waxy substance called
cutin)
INTERNAL Like in roots, sections
through the apical
INTERNAL Cortex
STRUCTURES meristem show three
distinct regions of
the ground meristem STRUCTURES • middle region composed of an outer zone
of collenchyma, an inner zone of
OF STEMS meristematic activity:
OF STEMS parenchyma and a layer of endodermis
From these meristematic consisting of thick-walled cells
tissues, will arise the
and the procambium
primary tissues of the Stele or Vascular Cylinder
stem.
• it consists of the pericycle, vascular bundle
and pith

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Young Woody Dicot Stems

Young Herbaceous Dicot Stems

INTERNAL
STRUCTURES Old Dicot Stems
OF STEMS OF:
Herbaceous Monocot Stems

INTERNAL STRUCTURES OF STEMS Old Woody Stems

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Young Woody Dicot Stems

Young Woody Dicot Stems

• Primary vascular tissue is organized in

INTERNAL the form of a ring or concentric hollow
cylinder
INTERNAL
STRUCTURES • Primary phloem is generically external STRUCTURES
to the primary xylem and a vascular
OF STEMS OF: cambium is located between the two. OF STEMS OF:
• Entire central portion of the ring
constitutes the pith which is composed
of parenchyma

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Young Herbaceous Dicot Stems

Young Herbaceous Dicot Stems
• Primary vascular tissue are organized
in groups which are arranged form of a
INTERNAL broken ring
• Each group is called a vascular bundle
INTERNAL
STRUCTURES or fascicle STRUCTURES
• The central portion is called pith which
OF STEMS OF: is made of parenchyma, extending from OF STEMS OF:
the pith to the cortex

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Old Dicot Stems

Old Dicot Stems
Secondary Vascular Tissues Periderm
• Group of Tissues that enter into the • Deriving from the vascular • Consist of phellem (cork),
INTERNAL Tissue Composition of Old Dicot INTERNAL cambium, consisting of
secondary phloem towards
phellogen (cork cambium)
and phelloderm
Stems:
STRUCTURES • Secondary Vascular Tissues STRUCTURES outside and secondary (secondary parenchyma)
xylem pushed towards the • Cork cambium originates
OF STEMS OF: • Periderm OF STEMS OF: pith or the center of the
stem, obliterating the pith
from the epidermis or a
layer of cells in the cortex
parenchyma to be replaced which will give rise to the
by the primary xylem inner phelloderm and
forming a solid cylinder of outer phellem
xylem or wood

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Herbaceous Monocot Stems

• Cambium is absent.
• Greater part of the stem consists of the
parenchyma tissue
INTERNAL • Vascular bundles are surrounded by
sclerenchyma and collenchyma cells for
STRUCTURES support
OF STEMS OF: • Vascular tissues are scattered bundles
of xylem and phloem, numerous at the
periphery of stem
• xylem and phloem never form
INTERNAL STRUCTURES Old Dicot Stems • continuous cylinder tissues: xylem
OF STEMS OF: (inner), phloem (outer)

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Herbaceous Monocot Stems Old Woody Stems

• The cross section of an old woody stem
shows two distinct regions:
• Bark
INTERNAL INTERNAL • all the tissues outside the vascular
cambium i.e., secondary phloem,
STRUCTURES STRUCTURES cortex and the periderm
• Wood (xylem)
OF STEMS OF: OF STEMS OF: • Sapwood (alburnum)
• outer part of the wood, which is
paler in color
• Heartwood (duramen)
• center part of the wood, which is
darker in color.

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FUNCTIONS OF STEMS

Principal or Modified or
Economic
Main Specialized
Importance
Functions Functions
INTERNAL STRUCTURES Old Woody Stems
OF STEMS OF:

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FUNCTIONS OF STEMS FUNCTIONS OF STEMS

• Principal or Main Functions • Modified or Specialized

Functions
• Provides mechanical support for leaves and other plant organs
• Unusual method of support • Reproduction
• Conduct water, mineral salts and manufactured food
• Photosynthesis • Storage
• Produces new living tissues
• Absorption of water and • Protection
mineral salts
• Uncutinized epidermis

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FUNCTIONS OF STEMS FUNCTIONS OF STEMS

• Modified or Specialized Functions

• Modified or Specialized Functions
• Unusual method of support
• Photosynthesis
• Examples:
• Examples:
• Tendrils: cadena de amor, ampalaya, squash
• Green stems: stick plant
• Twiners: balloon vine
• Phylloclades (dadophylls): cacti
• Root climbers: creeping ivy

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FUNCTIONS OF STEMS FUNCTIONS OF STEMS

• Modified or Specialized Functions

• Absorption of water and mineral salts • Modified or Specialized Functions
• Uncutinized epidermis
• Examples:
• Digman

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FUNCTIONS OF STEMS FUNCTIONS OF STEMS

• Modified or Specialized Functions • Modified or Specialized Functions

• Reproduction • Storage
• Development of buds in some parts of the stem • Fleshy, underground stems
• Examples: • Examples:
• Ginger • Ginger
• Potato • Potato
• Gabi • Gabi

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FUNCTIONS OF STEMS FUNCTIONS OF STEMS

• Modified or Specialized Functions

• Economic Importance
• Protection
• Stems are modified into thorns and spines • Sources of lumber, wood pulp for papers, and fibers for linen and
rope
• Examples:
• Bougainvillea • Bark of the cork oak is used for stoppers, insulation, life
preservers and padding.
• Rose
• Pomelo • Quinine, used for the treatment of malaria is extracted from
Cinchona bark
• Calamansi

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FUNCTIONS OF STEMS FUNCTIONS OF STEMS

• Economic Importance • Economic Importance

• Source of rubber
• Food source such as the potato tuber
• Sources of sugar and molasses which come from sugar cane
• Cinnamon from the bark of cinnamonium is used as food flavoring
• Tars and wood alcohol are distilled from hardwood trees like oak
and hickory
• Resin and turpentine are obtained from softwood trees such as
yellow pine
• Cellulose is obtained from plant cell walls of wood, which is used
as a base in the manufacture of celluloid, cellophane and rayon,
and lacquers (ethyl alcohol)

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Used in the vegetative propagation of

Used in the vegetative propagation desirable varieties of plants
of desirable varieties of plants • Rooting
PRACTICAL PRACTICAL • stem cuttings are placed in moist sand or
• Rooting
APPLICATION OF APPLICATION OF peat mass until adventitious root develop
KNOWLEDGE OF • Grafting KNOWLEDGE OF • Grafting
STEM STRUCTURE STEM STRUCTURE
• freshly cut surfaces of two stems are
AND PHYSIOLOGY Used in the horticulture practices AND PHYSIOLOGY bound together firmly so that the two
cambial layers are at least in partial
• Pruning contact; the basal rooted stem used in a
• Girdling graft is the stock while the stem piece
which is grafted to the stock is the scion.

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Used in the vegetative propagation of

desirable varieties of plants
• Purpose of Grafting
• To propagate seedless variety of plant
PRACTICAL
• To propagate plants whose seeds germinate
APPLICATION OF poorly
KNOWLEDGE OF
STEM STRUCTURE • To ensure more rapid fruiting
AND PHYSIOLOGY • To check or eliminate parasites which damage
the root of the variety from which the scion is
PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF taken but to which the variety of stock on which
KNOWLEDGE OF STEM Rooting and Grafting the scion was grafted is immune
STRUCTURE AND • To acclimate certain plants to environment in
PHYSIOLOGY which the stems grow but are unfavorable to
the roots

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Used in the horticulture practices

• Pruning
• the removal of a diseased, broken, or
PRACTICAL otherwise undesired branch.
APPLICATION OF • Girdling
KNOWLEDGE OF
STEM STRUCTURE • the removal of the complete ring of the
bark to shop the downward passage of
AND PHYSIOLOGY
food which collects above the girdle; the
practice done to produce large fruits, to PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF
kill trees in clearing land, and to produce KNOWLEDGE OF STEM Pruning and Girdling
more flowers in the season following STRUCTURE AND
girdling. PHYSIOLOGY

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LEAVES
LEAVES (EXTERNAL STRUCTURE)

• Generally expanded and flattened green structure growing out at

PLANT
PARTS OF A LEAF
the nodes of the stem. ORGANS
• Main organ for photosynthesis. • Parts of a Monocot Leaf
• Most leaves are usually green, due to the presence of chlorophyll • Parts of a Dicot Leaf
in the leaf cells.
• However, some leaves may have different colors, caused by other
plant pigments that mask the green chlorophyll.

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Leaf Sheath
LEAVES (EXTERNAL STRUCTURE)
• The support of the leaf which may completely
envelope the stem of a small flap of delicate tissue
extending upward called the ligule

PARTS OF A MONOCOT LEAF Leaf Blade

PLANT PARTS OF A • Thin expanded portion above the sheath

ORGANS
• Leaf Sheath MONOCOT Ligules
• Leaf Blade
• Ligules
LEAF • are membranous or hairy tissues located at the
junction of the leaf blade and leaf sheath
• Auricles
Auricles

• are slender extensions of the collar and are located at

the junction of the leaf blade and leaf sheath.

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LEAVES (EXTERNAL STRUCTURE)

PARTS OF A
MONOCOT PLANT PARTS OF A DICOT LEAF LEAF

LEAF ORGANS • Leaf Stalk or Petiole

• Leaf Blade or Leaf Blade

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Leaf Stalk or Petiole

• Cylindrical or flattened structure which

supports and holds the leaf upright
• Conducts materials to and from the leaves
• May have two small, leaf-like outgrowths at its
PARTS OF A base called the stipules
• Leaves without petiole are called sessile leaves
PARTS OF A
DICOT LEAF DICOT LEAF
Leaf Blade or Leaf Blade

• Thin, flattened, usually green expanded part of

the leaf
• Variable external features are its overall shape,
apex, margin and base

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VARIETIES OF LEAF BLADE OR LAMINA

Based on Shape
VARIETIES
OF LEAF
Based on Apex Shape Description
BASED ON SHAPE
Picture of Plant Example
• Linear • Long and Slender • Grasses
BLADE OR
LAMINA Based on Margin
• Cordate • Heart-shaped • Gabi

Based on Margin • Mayana

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VARIETIES OF LEAF BLADE OR LAMINA VARIETIES OF LEAF BLADE OR LAMINA

BASED ON SHAPE BASED ON SHAPE

Shape Description Picture of Plant Example Shape Description Picture of Plant Example
• Ovate • Egg-shaped • Eucalyptus • Reniform • Kidney-shaped • Pink Pyrola
• Rose • Takip-kohol

• Deltoid • Triangular • Cottonwood • Orbicular • Disk-like • Spinach

• Louisiana • Barbosella

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VARIETIES OF LEAF BLADE OR LAMINA VARIETIES OF LEAF BLADE OR LAMINA

BASED ON SHAPE BASED ON APEX

Shape Description Picture of Plant Example Apex Description Picture of Plant Example
• Flabellate • Fan-like • Gingko biloba • Acute • sharp point • Mangifera indica
• Takip-kohol
• Acuminate • long slender tail • Ficus religiosa
• Cuspidate • long, sharp, spiny point • Phoenix Sylvestris
• Obtuse • blunt, rounded end • Cassia obtusifolia
• Truncate • cut transversely straight • Bauhinia anguina
• Cuneate • Wedge-like • Tsaang gubat
• Retuse • obtuse with a shallow notch • Pistia stratiotes
• Emarginate • deep notch • Bauhinia
• Mucronate • short point • Calotropis gigantea
• Cirrhose • tendril-like structure • Gloriosa superba

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VARIETIES OF LEAF BLADE OR LAMINA VARIETIES OF LEAF BLADE OR LAMINA

BASED ON MARGIN base

Margin Description Picture of Plant Example Base Description Picture of Plant Example
• Entire • Even and smooth • Ficus benghalensis • Connate • When the basal lobes of the two opposite • Canscora
leaves fuse together after completely clasping
• Repand • Wavy • Polyalthia longifolia together and looks like one leaf, the stem
• Serrate • Sharp, small teeth • Rosa passing through the center of leaf
• Serrulate • teeth in serrate margins are • Croton • Auriculate • When leaf base looks like a small ear-like lobe • Calotropis procera
very minute (auricle) on either side of the petiole and the
auricles are separated by a narrow sinus.
• Dentate • teeth project outwards • Nymphaea nouchali
• Amplexicaul • auriculate leaf base completely Clasps the
• Crenate • Teeth are rounded • Bryophyllum stem.
• Ciliate • fine projecting hair • Corchorus olitorius • Perfoliate • When the basal lobes of the leaf lamina fuse • Bupleurum
• Spinous • projecting spines • Argemone together after completely clasping the stem
as if the stem has pierced the leaf
• Lobed • Many lobes • Ranunculus

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Variation in Leaf Structures

LEAVES • Leaf Blade Configuration
• Venation
PLANT VARIATIONS • Phyllotaxy
VARIATIONS OF LEAVES
ORGANS OF LEAVES Variation in Leaf Orientation
• Variations in Leaf Structures
• Variations in Leaf Orientation • Dorsiventral or Bifacial Leaves
• Isobilateral or Equifacial Leaves

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Simple Leaf

• the blade consists of only one piece

• the blade is either completely undivided or it has
lobes, but the separation does not reach the
VARIATION IN midrib. VARIATION IN
• Example: Banana
LEAF LEAF
STRUCTURES: Compound Leaf STRUCTURES:
LEAF BLADE • the blade is divided into segments called leaflets LEAF BLADE
CONFIGURATION
or pinnae, the stalk of each leaflet known as
petiolule.
CONFIGURATION
• TYPES OF COMPOUND LEAF
• Palmately Compound Leaf
• Pinnately Compound Leaf
• Double Compound Leaf

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Compound Leaf

• TYPES OF COMPOUND LEAF

VARIATION IN • Palmately Compound Leaf
VARIATION IN
• leaflets branch from the petiole
LEAF • Ex: Horse Chest nut
LEAF
STRUCTURES: • Pinnately Compound Leaf STRUCTURES:
LEAF BLADE • leaflets branch from the midrib LEAF BLADE
CONFIGURATION • Ex: Scrub Hickory CONFIGURATION
• Double Compound Leaf
• leaflets branch from the veins
• Ex: Honey Locust

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Netted or Reticulate Venation Netted or Reticulate Venation

• veins branch profusely and form a network over the

blade; found in dicots.
VARIATION IN • Pinnately netted: veins and their branches spread out
in all directions from the midrib, the continuation of
VARIATION IN
LEAF petiole.
• Palmately netted: several midribs arise from the tip of
LEAF
STRUCTURES: the petiole and spread fan-like through the blade
• Radiately netted: several midribs arise from the tip of
STRUCTURES:
VENATION the petiole like the ribs or spokes of an umbrella and
then breaks up into smaller veins; found in leaves where
VENATION
petiole is more or less at the center of the blade Parallel Venation
: arrangement of veins Parallel Venation : arrangement of veins
• veins do not form a network; found in monocots
• Parallel venation: with veins parallel to the midrib
• Parallel venation: with the veins at acute or right angles
to the midrib

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Alternate or Spiral
VARIATION IN • only one leaf at each node
LEAF
Opposite
STRUCTURES:
• two leaves located opposite each other at a node
PHYLLOTAXY
Whorled or Verticillate

: system of leaf • three or more leaves located around the node

arrangement Fasciculate

on the stem • two or more leaves located only on one side of

the node
VARIATION IN LEAF STRUCTURES: PHYLLOTAXY
: system of leaf arrangement on the stem

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Dorsiventral or Bifacial Leaves

• Leaves are horizontally oriented VARIATION IN

VARIATION IN • The upper or ad-axial surface receiving
direct sunlight LEAF
LEAF
ORIENTATION Isobilateral or Equifacial Leaves
ORIENTATION
• Leaves are vertically leaves
• The two surfaces receiving direct sunlight

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Leaf Blade

• Dorsiventral leaves
INTERNAL STRUCTURES OF LEAVES
• Epidermis
• Mesophyll
• Isobilateral leaves
INTERNAL • Epidermis
• Mesophyll
LEAF BLADE
STRUCTURES OF DORSIVENTRAL LEAVES
• Vascular Tissues
Epidermis Mesophyll
LEAVES • Upper and lower outermost layer of more or less • Photosynthetic parenchymatous region between
Midrib rectangular cells whose outer wall are cutinized. the upper and lower epidermis
• Randomly scattered at random are pores or • Due to presence of chlorophyll, cells are called
• Upper and Lower Epidermis stomatal apertures associated with a pair of chlorenchyma
• Collenchyma kidney-shaped chlorophyllous cells, the guard cells • PARTS OF MESOPHYLL
• Parenchyma • Palisade Parenchyma
• Vascular bundles • Spongy Parenchyma
• Vascular Tissues

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LEAF BLADE LEAF BLADE

DORSIVENTRAL LEAVES DORSIVENTRAL LEAVES

Palisade Parenchyma
• Located below the upper
epidermis
• Cells are elongated and closely
arranged with their long axes
perpendicular to the epidermis
• main site of photosynthesis in the
leaf.
MESOPHYLL
Spongy Parenchyma
• Located on the lower part of the • The vascular bundles or veins of
mesophyll with irregularly-shaped
and loosely-arranged cells.
• primary function is to allow
diffusion of gases throughout
leaf’s interior.
Vascular Tissues
the leaf
• Each bundle surrounded by thin-
walled cells called bundle
parenchyma or thick-walled cells
called the bundle-sheath
• Xylem occupies the upper part of
the bundle and phloem occupies
the lower part of the bundle

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Upper and Lower Epidermis

INTERNAL STRUCTURES OF LEAVES
Collenchyma cells

INTERNAL • inner to the epidermis

LEAF BLADE STRUCTURES OF Parenchyma cells

Epidermis
ISOBILATERAL LEAVES
Mesophyll Vascular Tissues
LEAVES: • with isolated groups of sclerenchyma inner to the
parenchyma

• similar to that of dorsiventral
leaves
• spongy layer occurs between
two palisade layer located
beneath the upper epidermis
and above the lower epidermis
• same as in dorsiventral leaves Vascular bundle
MIDRIB • occupies the center of the midrib which may be circular
or crescent-shaped in cross section
• If circular, the phloem surrounds the xylem.
• If crescent-shaped, the xylem is towards the upper
portion and the phloem is towards the lower portion of
the bundle.

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LEAVES ADAPTATIONS
INTERNAL
STRUCTURES
OF LEAVES: • The thickness, shape, and size of leaves are adapted to specific
environments.
• Coniferous plant species that thrive in cold environments, like
MIDRIB spruce, fir, and pine, have leaves that are reduced in size and
needle-like in appearance.
• These needle-like leaves have sunken stomata and a smaller
surface area: two attributes that aid in reducing water loss.

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LEAVES ADAPTATIONS

• Coniferous plant
• In hot climates, plants such as cacti have leaves that are reduced
to spines, which in combination with their succulent stems, help
to conserve water.
• Many aquatic plants have leaves with wide lamina that can float
on the surface of the water, and a thick waxy cuticle on the leaf
LEAVES ADAPTATIONS surface that repels water.

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FUNCTIONS OF LEAVES

Principal or Modified or
Economic
Main Specialized
Importance
Functions Functions
LEAVES ADAPTATIONS
Cactus and Aquatic Plants

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FUNCTIONS OF LEAVES FUNCTIONS OF LEAVES

• Specialized or Modified
• Principal or Main Functions Functions • Reproduction
• Photosynthesis • Support • Protection
• Transpiration • Aeration • Storage
• Absorption • Additional photosynthesis
• Attraction of Pollinators

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FUNCTIONS OF LEAVES FUNCTIONS OF LEAVES

• Specialized or Modified Functions

• Support • Specialized or Modified Functions
• Examples: • Aeration
• Tendrils: Garlic vine • Examples:
• Hooks: Rattan • Enlarged petioles: water hyacinth
• Supporting leaf bases: Banana

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FUNCTIONS OF LEAVES FUNCTIONS OF LEAVES

• Specialized or Modified Functions • Specialized or Modified Functions

• Absorption • Attraction of Pollinators
• Examples: • Examples:
• Thin, uncutinized epidermis: Digman • Brightly colored leaf blades: Bougainvillea, Dona Aurora
• Insectivorous leaves: Pitcher plant, Venus fly Trap • Petalloid bracts: Anthurium, Calla lily

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FUNCTIONS OF LEAVES FUNCTIONS OF LEAVES

• Specialized or Modified Functions

• Specialized or Modified Functions
• Protection
• Reproduction
• Examples:
• Examples:
• Bud scales : Rubber plant
• Adventitious buds at the certain parts of the leaves:
• Motile leaves: Makahiya
• Kataka-taka
• Leaves reduced to spines: Cactus

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FUNCTIONS OF LEAVES FUNCTIONS OF LEAVES

• Specialized or Modified Functions • Specialized or Modified Functions

• Storage • Additional Photosynthesis
• Examples: • Examples:
• Fleshy, thickened blades: sabila • Expanded leaflike petiole: Pomelo
• Bulbs: onion, garlic • Expanded leaflike stipule: Rose

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FUNCTIONS OF LEAVES

• Economic Importance
• Food source like cabbage, lettuce, spinach, celery, etc.
• Fiber source like hemp, rami, abaca
• Tea leaves are used to make beverages
• Tobacco leaves are used in cigarette industry
• Some drugs obtained from leaves
• Used as flavoring like wintergreen, peppermint, spearmint

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