REPORT OF PLANT MORPHOLOGY PRACTICUM

CHARACTERISTICS OF STEM MORPHOLOGY

LECTUTER:

Dra. Cicik Suriani, M.Si.

ARRANGED BY:
Name: Asnawi Saragih
Number ID Student : 4203141011
Group : III (three)
Practicum date : 16 February 2021

MEDAN STATE UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND BIOLOGICAL
SCIENCE
2021
A. TITLE : CHARACTERISTICS OF STEM MORPOLOGY
B. PURPOSES
a. Observing the characteristics of plant stems.
b. Observing plant stem forms.
c. Observing various surface conditions of plant stems.
d. Observing the direction of growth of plant stems.

C. TOOLS AND MATERIALS :

a. Magnifying glass, pencil, measuring instrument
b. Monocot plant stems
c. Orchid stem (Orchidaceae)
d. Rose stems (Rossa sp.)
e. Cactus stem (Ovuntia vulgaris)
f. Pumpkin stems (Cucurbita moschata L.)
g. Cassava stem(Manihot utilisima, L)
h. Corn stalks (Zea mays)
i. Rice stalk (Oryza sativa)
j. Galangal stem (Alpinia galanga)

D. WORKING PROCEDURES :
a. Observe the morphological characteristics of the stem, the shape of the
stem, the condition of the stem surface and the direction of growth of the
plant stem from the existing specimen.
b. Inventory of stem characteristics of observed specimens and record them in
the table provided.
c. Inventory of rod forms in the observed specimens and record them in the
table provided.
d. Inventory of stem surface conditions on observed specimens and record
them in the table provided.
e. Inventory of the growth direction of the observed specimens and record
them in the table provided.
f. Discuss the results of observations (discussion in groups).
g. Note the morphological characteristics of the plant stems in the form of a
concept m ap.
 h. Communicate observations.
i. Make Conclusions.
j. Attachment.

E. LKM REPORT :

a. Observation Result Data

Stem general Stem Stem

Stem forms
No Spesies characteristics surface direction Description
condition of growing
1. Orchidaceae  Many varieties Round (teres) Covered with Hang 1. Node
Orchid of orchid stems, cuticles (wax (dependens/pe 2.Leaf
Anggrek from slender, fat, coating) ndulus) 3. Internode
to thick in
certain parts.
 The size also
varies, from very
short, large, and
long.
2. Rossa sp.  Cambium stems, Round (teres) Prickly and Perpendicular 1. Thorn
Rose branching slippery (erectus) 2. Node
Mawar  The diameter of 3. Internode
the stem is very 4. Leaf
small 5.Stipule

3. Ovuntia vulgaris  The trunk is Round (teres), Prickly and Perpendicular 1. Thorn
Cactus large. there also Flat waxy (erectus) 2. Stem
Kaktus  Cactus stems
also have a thick
layer of skin.
4. Cucurbita moschata L.  light green and Round (teres) Hairy Lay down 1. Node
Yellow pumpkin downy (humifusus) 2. Leaf
Labu kuning  The length of the 3. Internode
trunk reaches 4.Stipule
more than 5
meters.

5. Manihot utilisima, L  The surface of Round (teres) Shows leaf Perpendicular . Node
Cassava the stem is traces (erectus) 2. Inernode
Ubi kayu brown, inside the 3. Stipule
stem is yellowish 4. Leaf
white
 Has a diameter
of 2-4cm, the
trunk is
segmented.
6. Zea mays  The corn plant Round (teres) Slippery Perpendicular 1. Node
Corn has unbranched, 1. node roots (erectus) 2.Internode
Jagung cylindrical stems 2. 3.Leaf
and consists of a 4. Leaf sheat
number of 5.Collar
sections and
knuckles.

7. (Oryza sativa)  Rice plant root Flat (teres) Slippery Perpendicular 1. Node roots
Rice plant are tufted, erect, (erectus) 2.Internode
Padi hollow, slender 3.Node
and sturdy. The 4.Tiller
rice stalks are 5.Leaf sheat
not branched
because the
tubers do not
have cambium.
 Rice plants are
composed of
layers of leaves
that support each
other.
8. Alpinia galanga  Pseudo trunk Round (teres) Slippery Perpendicular 1. Node
Galangal with a length of (erectus) 2.Leaf
Lengkuas 1-3 m, 3.Internode
unbranched, not
hollow and
round. Galangal
has an upright
stem which is
composed of
midrib leaves to
form a pseudo
stem, slightly
whitish green.
Young stems
emerge as shoots
from the base of
the old stem.

b. Stem shapes were found from the specimens observed.

 Round (teres), which is found on the stems of orchids, roses,

cactus, pumpkin, and cassava.

 Flat, if still growing and branching, for example compatriots

cacti. Usually widened like a leaf and took over the function of
the leaf.

c. The types of stems are based on the surface conditions of the plant
stems found from the observed specimens.

 Herbaceous stems, which are soft and juicy stems. In pumpkin plants
that have hairy surfaces.

 Wooden stems (lignosus), which are stems that are usually hard and
strong because most of the network consists of wood. In orchids,
cacti, galangal, rice, corn, and roses, they have a smooth surface. In
cassava plants have a surface showing leaf marks.
d. Types of stems based on the direction of growth of the plant stems
found from the observed specimens.
 Hanging (dependens / pendulus), which is found on the stem of the orchid
plant.
 Upright (erectus), which is found on the stems of roses, cassava and cacti.
 Lying down (humifusus), which is found on the pumpkin plant stem.
 e. Notes on stem morphology in the form of a concept map.

STEM (Caulis)

The stem (caulis) is a very important part of the plant

body that is above the ground, this stem is also called the
plant axis.

Stem direction Stem surface

Stem structures Stem kinds to grow Stem forms

Ribbed
Monocot Dikotil Wet stem Perpendicular Round (costatus)
(herbaceous) (erectus) (teres)

Epiderm Epiderm Slippery (laevis)

Woody stem Hang Faceted
(lignosus) (dependens, (angularis) Grooved (sulcat
Basic Basic us)
pendulus)
meristem meristem
Winged
Grass stem Flat
Floem Cortex
(calmus) Lie down (alatus
(humifusus)

Xylem Stele Hairy (pilosus)

Looking up stem
(calamus) Spread
Floem (repens) Thorny
(spinosus)

Xylem Shows leaf marks

Incline up /
incline
(ascendens) Shows the traces of
the leaves

Nod (nutans) Shows lots of

lenticels

Twisted Other conditions,

(volubilis) such as scale loss
 f. Make a conclusion.
The stem (caulis) is a very important part of the plant body that is above the
ground, this stem is also called the plant axis. The shape of the stem varies according
to their respective functions. Stems have a variety of different morphologies, namely
from shape, direction and surface. Structures of monocot stem consist of epiderm,
basic meristem, xylem, and floem, while dikotil consist of epiderm, basic meristem,
cortex, stele, xylem, and floem. Stem kinds consist of four namely wet stem
(herbaceous),woody stem (lignosus), grass stem (calmus) and looking up stem
(calamus). There are some stem direction to grow namely perpendicular (erectus),
hang (dependens, pendulus), lie down (humifusus), spread (repens), incline up/incline
(ascendens), nod (nutans), and twisted (volubilis). Stem forms consist of Round
(teres), Faceted (angularis), and flat form. Kinds of stem surface namely ribbed
(costatus), slippery (laevis), grooved (sulcatus), winged (alatus), hairy (pilosus),
thorny (spinosus), shows leaf marks, shows the traces of the leaves, shows lots of
lenticels, and other conditions, such as scale loss.

g. Attachment

orchidaceae rossa sp. ovuntia vulgaris

cucurbita moschata L manihot utilisima, L zea mays

oriza sativa alpinia galanga