Morphology of Flowering Plants 1

Morphology of Flowering Plants
© 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved.

Key Takeaway
Morphology 1
2 Root system
Types of roots
Shoot system 3
Functions of roots
Functions
Tap root modifications
Modifications
4 Leaves
Parts of a typical leaf

Flower 5
Types of leaves
Arrangement
Arrangement of leaves
Classification
Modifications
6 Ovary
Fruit 7
8 Seeds
Floral formula symbols 9
10 Floral diagram
Floral families 11
Fabaceae
Solanaceae
Liliaceae
Brassicaceae
Summary
Morphology
● Morphology: Study of external form and structure.

● Phytomorphology: Study of the form and structure of plants.
● Root develops from the radicle.
Shoot
system
Root
system
Radicle

Morphology
Flower helps in
reproduction
Leaf performs
Shoot system photosynthesis
Fruit protects the

seeds
Stem supports
the plant
Root system Root absorbs
water and
minerals from soil

Root System
Root is a non-green, underground portion of the plant that primarily helps in mineral
and water absorption, as well as provides anchorage to the plant.
Root Zone/ region of Description
Cells in this zone are fully differentiated

Maturation performing specific functions. Roots hairs are
present for absorption.
Elongation Cells undergo growth and elongation.

Root hair
(epidermal Meristematic
cells) Cells undergo continuous cell division.
activity
Root cap Root cap protects meristematic tissue.

Types of Roots
Tap root Fibrous root Adventitious root
Direct elongation Arises from parts other than radicle

Arises from stem base.
of radicle. like stem, node, leaves, etc.
Primary, secondary and Primary root is short-lived; roots

Can be nodal roots, stem roots, crown
tertiary roots are present; are of similar in size & highly
roots, junction roots.
bears lateral roots. branched.
Present in dicots Present in monocots such as Present in both monocots

such as mustard. wheat. (Monstera) & dicots (Banyan).

Functions of Roots
Support
Absorption
Water is drawn up the
Roots take up water
plant by roots. This
containing minerals.
column of water
supports the plant.
Synthesis of PGRs (plant
Anchorage growth regulators)
The roots anchor the
plant in the compost.

Tap Root Modifications
Storage of food
Conical root Fusiform root Napiform root Tuberous root
Spindle shaped, i.e.

Conical in shape, i.e. Top like, i.e. they are
they are widest in the Thickened tap root
they are widest at the swollen at the top
middle and taper with no definite
top and taper and taper abruptly at
towards the top and shape.
towards the bottom. the bottom.
bottom.
Carrot Radish Turnip 4’ O clock plant

Tap Root Modifications
For respiration
● The aerial roots specialized for gaseous exchange in plants are called
pneumatophores or respiratory roots.
● They develop in mangrove plants, i.e., plants growing in saline marshes.
● These roots grow vertically upward and are negatively geotropic.
● Air enters these roots through minute breathing pores called
pneumathodes, present on the surface of vertical roots.
● Example., Rhizophora.
Pneumatophore
root
Normal root
Rhizophora
Adventitious Root Modifications
For storage of food For the support
 Stilt roots
o Roots arise obliquely from
lower nodes of the stem.
o Examples: Sugarcane, maize.
Sweet potato Maize
They get swollen  Prop roots
and store food o They are thick, pillar-like roots.
o The roots arise from branches of

the plant and grow downward
towards soil.
Banyan tree
o Example: Banyan tree.

Shoot System
 Stem is the ascending part of the plant that develops from plumule of the seed.
 It is positively phototropic, negatively geotropic & hydrotropic.
Apical Bud
Axillary Bud Helps in
Condensed, embryonic Stem
longitudinal growth
shoot growing at the axil
that grows into leaf or Node
branch Points on a stem
where the buds,
Internode leaves and branching
Interval between two twigs originate
consecutive nodes
Axil
Angle between
leaf and stem

Functions of Shoot System
Vegetative propagation
Buds help the through stem
plant to grow Eg., Rose
Stem also stores food
Conduction of water,
Supports aerial parts food and minerals
like fruit, flower, leaves

Modifications of Shoot
Underground stem Sub-aerial stem Modification for

modifications modifications support & protection
● Underground stems of potato, ginger, ● Some plants develop slender, spirally coiled
turmeric, zaminkand and Colocasia structure from axillary buds which curl
are modified to store food in them. around for support. E.g. - gourds, cucumber.
● They help in riding over conditions ● In other, axillary buds modify into woody,
unfavourable for growth. straight and pointed thorns which protect
from predation and conserve water.
● E.g. - Rhizome, tuber, corm, bulb.
E.g. - Citrus, Bougainvillea.
Runner Stolon Offset Bulb
● Grows parallel or ● It grows like an arch ● Grows laterally, ● It comes out upward
horizontal to ground & and then touches the bears rosette of from the area below soil
bears buds, scale leaves ground, gives rise to leaves and a tuft surface, giving rise to
(reduced & modified). new shoots and roots. of adventitious leafy shoots.
roots at the node.
● It is known as an
● Seen in aquatic underground runner.
plants

Leaves
● Seed’s embryo has a region known as SAM ● As the shoot grows, the shoot apical
(Shoot apical meristems). meristematic region gets shifted to a
position slightly above the region from
● Leaves originate from SAM which is located
where the first set of leaves emerge.
between cotyledons.
● Shoot apex has meristematic cells which
are multipotent stem cells.
Shoot apical
meristem Cotyledon
(SAM) SAM
Seed coat
Root apical
Cotyledons meristem
(RAM)

Parts of a Typical Leaf
 Leaf has a flat structure and arises from

Bud
the nodes of a stem.
 Bud arises from axil, which later develops Node
into leaf, shoot, branch or flower. Leaf
Lamina/ leaf blade
 The typical leaf has three main parts: leaf
base, petiole and lamina/leaf blade. Stem
Structure of leaf
Leaf base
 The leaf is attached to the stem via leaf base.
 Two lateral leaf-like structures present on either side of the leaf base are
known as stipules.
 In monocots (grasses), the leaf base extends to form a sheath.
 In some leguminous plants, the leaf base may become swollen.
o This swollen leaf base is known as the pulvinus.

Petiole
 Petiole helps hold the leaf blade above
the level of stem to capture light.
Veinlets (Network of veins
 Long, thin, and flexible petioles help arising from the lateral veins)
leaf blades flutter in the wind. This brings
fresh air to the leaf surface. Veins (Lateral veins arise
from the midrib)
 Petioles are often referred to as stalks.
Lamina Midrib (The middle
prominent vein)
 Leaf blade, also known as lamina, is the
expanded green part of the leaf.
 Leaf lamina is of various shapes. Leaf
may have different margins and apex as well.
Veins
 Veins provide rigidity to the leaf blade. They also act as channels of
transport for water, minerals, and food materials.
Venation: arrangement of veins and veinlets in the

leaf lamina (Based on branching)
Reticulate Parallel
 Veinlets form a network  Veins run parallel

 Most dicots  Most monocots
Types of Leaves
Types of leaves
(Based on the leaf blade)
Simple Compound
● Incisions of the lamina ● Incisions of the lamina

do not touch the reach up to the midrib,
midrib in simple leaf. Midrib breaks into a number
Leaflet of leaflets.
● A bud is present in the
axil of petiole in simple ● Such a leaf is known
leaves. It is known as Axillary as a compound leaf.
the axillary or lateral bud
● Axillary bud is present
bud. in the axil of the
petiole of compound
leaves but absent in
the leaflets.

Types of Leaves
Types of leaves
Based on
Simple Compound
leaflet arrangement
Pinnately compound Palmately compound
Leaflets are
Leaflets found on attached to a
common axis common point (tip
termed as rachis. of petiole)
e.g., Neem e.g., Silk cotton

Arrangement of Leaves
 Arrangement of leaves on the stem is called phyllotaxy
Phyllotaxy
Alternate Opposite Whorled

● Single leaf arises at each ● Pair of leaves arise at ● More than two leaves
node in alternate manner. each node and lie arise from a single node.
opposite to each other.
● E.g: Hibiscus, sunflower, ● E.g: Alstonia
mustard ● E.g. – Calotropis

Leaf Modification
Types of leaf modification
Defence and
Carnivorous leaves support
Phyllode
Spines Tendrils
Traps
Pitchers

Leaf Modification
Carnivorous leaves Spines Tendrils
● Leaf lamina gets modified ● The leaves are ● The leaves are modified as
to trap insects. reduced to spines to tender coiled structures which
minimise water loss. provide support and help in
● Insectivorous plants are
climbing. Example: Pea.
photoautotrophic. However, ● Cacti have swollen
they grow in soil which lacks stems. ● In some plants, the axillary bud
nitrogen. To fulfil the converts into tendrils. Example:
● Leaves are modified
requirement of nitrogen, Cucumber.
as spines, they also
they trap insects. provide protection. ● In some plants, the leaf tip is
● Examples: Venus flytrap, modified to tendrils to touch and
Pitcher plant (Here, leaf twine around objects.
lamina is modified
as a pitcher).

Leaf Modification
Storage Phyllode
 Some leaves are  Photosynthetic modified petioles are

modified to store food. known as phyllodes. Example: Acacia.
 Garlic and onion are  The leaves are short-lived. To increase
edible leaves but their photosynthesis, the leaf petiole
outer leaves are dry expands. It turns green and performs
scale leaves. photosynthesis.

Flower
 Flower is a modified shoot.

 Leaf arises from the node. Stigma
Style Pistil
 The space between two nodes is the Ovary
Anther
internode. Stamen Filament
 Shoot transforms into a flower, floral
appendages develop at nodes. Ovule
Petal
 As the shoot transforms to flower, the
Sepal
internodes do not elongate. Further, the
axis gets compressed.
Pedicel
 The floral appendages include calyx (sepals),
corolla (petals), stamens (androecium), and
carpels (gynoecium).
 Pedicel is the stalk of a plant that
connects the flower with the
stem of the plant.

Arrangement of Flowers
Inflorescence: arrangement of flowers on the floral axis
Solitary Racemose Cymose
 It is not a part of the  The main axis continues to grow  The main axis terminates
inflorescence. and has no terminal flower. in a flower. Hence, it is
limited in growth.
 Example: Pulsatilla  The flowers are borne laterally in
an acropetal succession.  The flowers are borne in a
basipetal order.
 Example: Gulmohar
 Example: Jasmine
Young flowers
Old flowers
Pulsatilla
Gulmohar
© 2022, Aakash BYJU'S. All rights reserved. Jasmine
Classification of Flower
 Bracts are green leaf-like structures.
 Function: They protect the flower.
Based on the presence of bracts
Bracteate Ebracteate
Bracts  Bracteate: Bracts  Ebracteate: In some

are present flowers, bracts
at the base of pedicel. are absent.
Tulips - Bracteate Example: Example: Mustard flower -
Tulips Mustard flowers Ebracteate
o Symbol: Br o Symbol: Ebr
 Spathe: Bracts that are modified into colourful and bright ones.
 Their function is to attract pollinators. Example: Bougainvillea

 A flower consists of four whorls: calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium.
 Whorl is a term used for the arrangement of sepals, petals, stamens, or carpels,
which radiate from a common point surrounding the stem or stalk.
Types of whorls Based on the

number of whorls
Non-essential whorls
Essential whorls
(Accessory whorls) Complete Incomplete
Carpel
Calyx Corolla Androecium Gynoecium Stamen
Petal
They are not directly involved These are directly
Sepal
in sexual reproduction of involved in sexual
plants. These parts may reproduction, i.e., seed
participate in attracting the formation.
pollinators. All 4 whorls 1 or more whorl
present absent

Classification of flower based on presence

of sexual reproductive organ
Staminate Pistillate Sex-switching plants

 Only androecium is present.  Only gynoecium is present.  They express sexual
 It is found in dioecious plants.  It is found in dioecious plants. differences at different stages
o Example: Female of growth.
 It is also found in unisexual flower
in monoecious plants. Cucurbit flower.
o Example: Male
papaya flower.
Staminode Bisexual
 The stamen present is rudimentary.  Both androecium and gynoecium are
 Stamen is sterile, i.e., it does not present in the same flower.
produce pollen grains.  It is found in monoecious plants.
o Example: Cassia o Example: Hibiscus.
Based on number of appendages
Trimerous Tetramerous Pentamerous

3 or multiple of 3 units 4 or multiple of 4 units 5 or multiple of 5 units
 Example: Monocot  Example: Dicot  Example: Dicot

flowers - Lily flowers - Primrose flowers - Crassula ovata

Non-essential Whorls
Calyx Corolla Perianth
Outermost whorl of Whorl of flower consisting of petals of Petals and sepals together
flower consisting of various shapes like tubular, bell are called tepals. They are
Definition green leaf like shaped, funnel-shaped or wheel- found in monocots
structures called shaped enclosing reproductive organs
sepals of plant
Protection of flower at Attract pollinators Protection of flower and

Function
the bud stage to attract pollinators
Symbol K C P
Tepal
Petal
Sepal
Tulip

Non-essential Whorls
Calyx Corolla
Classification
based on free or
Polysepalous Gamosepalous Polypetalous Gamopetalous
united
appendages
Sepals are Sepals are fused Petals are Petals are

Definition separated and and united separated and fused and
free free united
Kn (n= number K(n) (n= number of Cn (n= number C(n) (n=

Symbol of sepals) sepals) of petals) number of
petals)
Example Rose Tomato Rose Tomato

Aestivation
Aestivation : arrangement of sepals and petals with respect to

other members of the same whorl
Valvate Twisted Imbricate Vexillary
Sepals or petals in a One margin of the Margins of sepals or Largest petal (standard) overlaps
whorl touch one other appendage overlaps petals overlap one the two lateral (wings) that
at the margin that of the next one another but not in any overlap the two smallest
particular direction anterior petals (keel)
Cotton, lady's
Calotropis Cassia, gulmohar Pea plant
finger
Symmetry in Flowers
Symmetry
Actinomorphic ( ) Zygomorphic (%) Asymmetric ($)
Flowers that can be Flowers that can be cut Flowers that can
cut in any plane to in only one plane to get not be divided
get equal halves equal halves into equal halves
Chilli Gulmohar and Canna

bean
Essential Whorls : Androecium
 Stamens are collectively

termed as androecium.
 Function: It helps in sexual
Anther
reproduction in plants.
Connective
 Symbol: It is represented by A.
 Parts of androecium
o Stamen: It is the male reproductive Filament
organ of a flower. It has the following 3
parts:
▪ Filament: It is the stalk of the stamen.
▪ Anther: It is the bilobed structure of Stamen
stamen. It houses pollen grains
required for pollination.
▪ Connective: It is the sterile part that
connects anther lobes.

Classification of Androecium
Based on fusion of stamen to floral parts
Epipetalous Epiphyllous
Stamens are Stamens are attached

attached to petals to perianth
Brinjal Lily

Classification of Androecium
Based on unification of filaments
Polyandrous (free Adelphous

stamens) (united stamens)
Monadelphous Diadelphous Polyadelphous
Distinct
stamen
Connate
stamens
Filaments of the stamens Filaments of the stamens Filaments of the stamens
are fused as single bundle are in 2 bundles are in several bundles
Example- China rose Example- Pea Example- Citrus
Essential Whorls: Gynoecium
 Group of pistils are collectively

called gynoecium
Corolla  Represented by letter ‘G’

(Petals)  Pistil or carpel is the
Stigma
female reproductive organ
Anther
Style  It has 3 parts -
Filament
o Stigma – Receptive
surface for pollen grains
Calyx Ovary
o Style - Connects the
(Sepals)
ovary to the stigma
o Ovary – Enlarged
basal part

Classification of Gynoecium
Single Multiple,
Carpel free carpels
Based on
unification
of carpels
Monocarpellary Apocarpous
Example: Fabaceae Examples: Rose, lotus
members
Multiple,
fused carpels
Syncarpous
Examples: Mustard, tomato
Classification of Flowers Based on Gynoecium Position
Superior Inferior
ovary ovary
Based on
position
of ovary
Hypogynous Epigynous
Half inferior
ovary
Perigynous
Classification of Flowers Based on Gynoecium Position
Hypogynous Perigynous Epigynous
Lowest (Thalamus margin

Position of grows upwards enclosing
Highest Centre
gynoecium ovary
& fused to the ovary)
At the rim of
Position of Below
thalamus at the same Above ovary
other whorls gynoecium
level
Ovary position Superior Half inferior Inferior
Symbol G -G- G
Hibiscus,
Rose, plum, peach Sunflower, guava flower,
Example mustard flower,
flower cucumber flower
brinjal flower

Ovary
 Ovary is enlarged basal portion of

Ovary wall
the the female organ (carpel or pistil)
(pericarp) of a flower.
Placenta  An ovary has one or more chambers
Funiculus known as locules.
Ovule (seed)
 Each ovary bears one or more ovules
attached to it which develop into
seeds upon fertilisation.
Locule
(chamber)  Ovary wall develops into pericarp
when ovary ripens.
 Ovules are connected to the ovary by
placenta.
Parts of ripened ovary  Funiculus is a stalk like structure.

Classification of Ovary
Based on arrangement of ovules
Placentation is the method by which the placenta is distributed inside the ovary of the plants.
Types Placentation Examples
Axile Ovules attached to axial placenta Orange, tomato

in a multilocular ovary
Ovules attached to ridge-

Marginal Pea
like placenta
Ovules develop on inner

Parietal Cantaloupe
wall of ovary
Ovules are borne on the central axis

Free-central Primrose, Dianthus
with no septa
Placenta develop at the base Marigold,

Basal of the ovary and single ovule is sunflower
attached
Fruit
The fruit is a ripened ovary, while the ovule develops into seeds post-fertilization.
The fruit wall or pericarp is differentiated into three layers.
Parts of fruit
• Epicarp- Outermost layer
• Mesocarp- Middle layer Seed

Endocarp
Mesocarp Pericarp
• Endocarp- Innermost layer
Epicarp

Types of Fruit
Parthenocarpic
True fruits False fruits
fruits
 Develop from  Develop from parts  Formed without fertilisation

mature ovary of flower other than  Seedless fruits are formed
after fertilization the ovary
 Parthenocarpy can be natural or
 Usually the  Example-
induced
mesocarp is the Apple and pear
edible portion thalamus or the  Can be induced using growth
receptacle develops factors
 Examples- Mango,
peas. into the fleshy, edible  Example- Grapes, banana
portion

Simple Fruits
Development of Types of simple

simple fruits fruits
From From
Fleshy Dry
monocarpellary ovary multicarpellary ovary
Develops from a single Develops from a Pericarp is Pericarp is not

ovary containing one single ovary differentiated into differentiated into 3
carpel. containing multiple epicarp, mesocarp layers.
E.g. - Mango and fused carpels. and endocarp.
coconut (fruit is called
drupe).

Seeds
• Seed develops from fertilised ovule.

• It is found inside the fruit.
 Seed dispersal is the mechanism by which plant seeds are
transported to new sites for germination.
Cotyledon
Forms food reserve for Embryo
the growing seedling develops
into a new
Seed coat plant
Protects the seed
Parts of a seed

Endosperm
• Endosperm is a nutritive tissue stored in the seed for the

nourishment of growing embryo.
• Endosperm is formed by the fusion of one male gamete
and the polar nuclei found in the embryo sac of the ovule.
• It is generally triploid.
• The endosperm may or may not be fully consumed
during the embryo development.
Types of seed
Non-endospermic Endospermic
Endosperm absent Endosperm is present

Endosperm
Types of seed
Dicotyledonous Monocotyledonous
Seeds which have Seeds which have
a two cotyledons a single cotyledon
Endosperm
Embryo
Cotyledon Embryo
Seed
coat
Bean seed (dicot) Corn seed (monocot)

Dicot Seed
• The dicot seed has two cotyledons.

• The seed is bilayered, outer layer is testa and the inner is tegmen.
 Hilum - Scar on the seed, which marks

the point of attachment of the funicle.
○ Funicle is a stalk that connects the
Hilum
seed with the placenta.
Micropyle  Micropyle - Pore from which water
enters the seed.
○ It is a small opening that is formed
Seed coat
through which the pollen tube
enters the ovary for fertilization.

Monocot Seed
 It has one cotyledon called scutellum

and a short embryonal axis.
Seed coat &
Endosperm
 Short embryonal axis has a plumule fruit-wall
and a radicle.
Aleurone Scutellum
 Seed coat is membranous and fused layer
Coleoptile
with the fruit wall. Plumule
 Endosperm is bulky and stores food.
Radicle
Coleorhiza
 Aleurone layer is the outer proteinaceous covering of the endosperm.

 Plumule is enclosed in a sheath called - Coleoptile.
 Radicle is enclosed in a sheath called - Coleorhiza.

Floral Formula Symbols
Representation of the structure of a flower using numbers, letters and various other symbols
Symbol Description Symbol Description
Br Bracteate
A Androecium
Ebr Ebracteate (no bract)

Stamens free
An
n = number of stamens
Actinomorphic flower
Stamens fused indicated
% Zygomorphic flower A(n) by brackets
n = number of stamens
Staminate flower (male
flower)
C A Epipetalous condition
Pistillate flower (female
flower)
Bisexual flower P A Epiphyllous condition

Floral Formula Symbols
Symbol Description Symbol Description

K Calyx
G Gynoecium
Kn Polysepalous calyx
n = number of sepals
Gn n = number of carpels
K(n) Gamosepalous calyx (Fusion indicated

by brackets) Fused carpels indicated by
n = number of sepals brackets (Syncarpous
G(n)
condition)
C Corolla n = number of sepals
Cn Polypetalous corolla
n = number of petals G Superior ovary
C(n) Gamopetalous corolla (Fusion indicated

Inferior ovary
by brackets) G
n = number of petals
P Perianth

Floral Diagram
 Floral diagram is the Mother axis

diagrammatic
representation of a flower or Sepals
a bud.
Petals
 A floral diagram illustrates
the arrangement, position,
structure, aestivation,
connotation and adnation Androecium
of the floral components. It Gynoecium
has a circular outline.
 It was first introduced in the
19th century by the scientist
named August Wilhelm
Eichler.
⚥ K 2+2 C 4 A 2+4 G (2)

Floral Families
Four floral families
Fabaceae Solanaceae Liliaceae Brassicaceae

Fabaceae
 The fabaceae or leguminosae,

Standard petal or banner commonly known as pea, bean
Outermost and the largest or legume family are a large and
petal of the flower economically important family of
flowering plants.
Wing or alae
Two lateral petals  It includes trees, shrubs,
perennial or annual herbaceous
Keels or carinae plants which can be easily
Two innermost and recognised by fruits (legume).
smallest petals
 It includes a variety of pulses
such as chickpea, garden pea
and important agricultural and
food plants such as soya bean,
beans, alfalfa, peanut etc.

Fabaceae: Vegetative Characteristics
Habit
Herbs Shrubs Trees Vines
Root system Shoot system
Root
nodules
 Tap root system with root nodules  Erect stem

 Rhizobium - nitrogen fixing bacteria -  Weak stem, needs
present in the root nodules. support to climb
Fabaceae: Vegetative Characteristics
Leaf arrangement
Leaflet
Leaf
lamina
Petiole
Leaf base Stipule
Alternate (phyllotaxy) Simple Compound Stipulate

leaf (rare) leaf
Pulvinus
Reticulate venation Swollen leaf base

Fabaceae: Floral Characteristics
 Inflorescence: Racemose  Symmetry: Zygomorphic

 Sexuality: Bisexual or Bilaterally symmetrical (%)
Hermaphrodite (⚥)
Calyx Corolla
 Pentamerous, Gamosepalous K(5)  Pentamerous, Polypetalous C5

 Imbricate or valvate aestivation  Vexillary aestivation
Valvate Imbricate Vexillary

Fabaceae: Reproductive Characteristics
Gynoecium Androecium
 Single carpel, multiple ovules  Diadelphous arrangement

 Marginal placentation  Dithecous anther, 2 lobes
 Unilocular ovary
Stigma
Style
Placenta
Ovule
Locule
Ovary
Multiple ovules Marginal placentation Diadelphous arrangement

Fabaceae: Floral Diagram & Formula
Floral formula Floral diagram
Bisexual 5 Petals, papilionaceous corolla

Mother axis
Calyx
One carpel, Corolla
% ⚥ K(5) C 1+2+(2) A(9)+1 G1 Superior
ovary Gynoecium
Androecium
5 sepals,
Gamosepalous
Zygomorphic 10 stamens,
diadelphous

Fabaceae: Economic Importance
Food Oils
Pulses Groundnut oil Soybean oil
Timber and fibres Medicine Dye
Shisham Hemp Butterfly pea Indigo

Solanaceae: Vegetative Characteristics
Habit
Herbs Shrubs Trees (rare)

 Aerial, erect stem, herbaceous and
rarely woody, branched, hairy/ non-hairy
(glabrous)
Tap root system Glabrous non- Hairy stem

hairy stem
Solanaceae: Vegetative Characteristics
Leaf arrangement
Leaflet
Alternate (phyllotaxy) Simple Compound

leaf leaf (rare)
Blade
Margin
Petiole
Exstipulate (no stipule) Reticulate venation

Solanaceae: Floral Characteristics
 Inflorescence: Solitary, axillary or cymose  Symmetry: Actinomorphic -

 Sexuality: Bisexual or hermaphrodite (⚥) radially symmetrical ( )
Calyx Corolla
 Pentamerous, Gamosepalous K(5)  Pentamerous, Gamopetalous C(5)

 Persistent calyx and valvate aestivation  Valvate aestivation
Valvate Persistent calyx Valvate

Solanaceae: Reproductive
Characteristics
 Hypogynous- Superior ovary  Five stamens - A5
 Bicarpellary, Syncarpous- G(2).  Epipetalous - Filaments
 Bilocular ovary of stamen attached to
petals
 Swollen placenta, axile
Petal Pistil
Stamen
Ovule
Sepal
Ovary
Pedicel

Solanaceae: Reproductive
Characteristics
Fruits Seeds
Exocarp  Multiple seeds  Endospermic

(outer skin)  Dicotyledonous  Axile placentation
Mesocarp
(fleshy
interior)
Seed
Berry (All or most of pericarp is fleshy)

E.g: Tomato
Multiple seeds
Dehiscent capsule
Axile placentation
Solanaceae: Floral Diagram & Formula
Bisexual 5 petals,
Gamopetalous
Mother
axis
Bicarpellary,
Syncarpous,
⊕ ⚥ K(5) C(5) A5 G (2) Superior ovary
5 sepals,
Gamosepalous
Actinomorphic 5 stamens, epipetalous

Solanaceae: Economic Importance
Food Spices
Tomato Brinjal Potato Chillies
Medicine Fumigatory Ornamentals
Ashwagandha Belladonna Tobacco Petunia

Liliaceae: Vegetative Characteristics
 The lily family Habit  Tulips, onions, lilies,

 Consists of monocots etc belong to this
family.
Perennial herbs
Corm Bulb Rhizome
Fibrous root Colchicum Onion Gloriosa

Liliaceae: Vegetative Characteristics
Leaf arrangement
Inflorescence
Leaves
Disc
Basal leaf- leaves arise from Alternate Exstipulate

the base of the stem (phyllotaxy) (no stipule)
Parallel
venation

Liliaceae: Floral Characteristics
● Inflorescence: Solitary, cymose umbellate clusters.

● Sexuality: Bisexual or hermaphrodite (⚥)
● Symmetry: Actinomorphic - radially symmetrical
● Perianth made of tepals (no distinct petals and sepals)
● Aestivation: Valvate

Liliaceae: Reproductive
Characteristics
 Tricarpellary and Syncarpous- G(3)  Six stamens arranged in

 Trilocular ovary, multiple ovules group of three- A3+3
 Axile placentation  Epiphyllous.
Ovary wall
Locule
Placenta
Ovule
Dehiscent capsule
Ovary Epiphyllous condition

Liliaceae: Reproductive
Characteristics
Fruits Seeds
Capsule Berry (rarely)

 Multiple seeds
present
 Monocotyledonous
 Endospermic

Liliaceae: Floral Diagram & Formula

Actinomorphic
Perianth, 2 groups of 3
tepals each Mother axis
6 tepals arranged in 2
whorls of 3 each (fused)
Br ⊕ ⚥ P(3+3) A 3+3 G(3) Tricarpellary,
syncarpous, Tricarpellary and
superior ovary trilocular gynoecium
Axile placentation
Stamen attached to
tepals (Epiphyllous
Bracteate condition)
Bisexual 6 stamens,
2 whorls

Liliaceae: Economic Importance
Ornamentals Medicine
Tulips Gloriosa Aloe
Vegetable Colchicine
Asparagus Colchicum autumnale

Brassicaceae
 The mustard family  Floral formula for Family Brassicaceae -

 Tetradynamous condition is its Ebr. ⊕ or% ⚥ K2+2 C4 A2+4 G(2)
unique feature
o Flower has six stamens that  Bisexual or Hermaphrodite (⚥)
are arranged into two groups.  Actinomorphic- Radially symmetrical
o One group has two short
 Polysepalous (4 sepals)
stamens.
o Other group has four long  Polypetalous (4 petals)
stamens.
 Bicarpellary, syncarpous,
superior ovary

Brassicaceae
Stigma
Style
Stamen
Ovary
Tetradynamous condition

Summary
Root modifications
Tap root Adventitious root
Storage Respiration Storage Support
 Conical roots  Pneumatophores  Sweet potato  Prop roots

(Carrot) (Rhizophora) (Banyan tree)
 Fusiform roots  Stilt roots
(Radish) (Maize,
 Napiform roots sugarcane)
(Turnip)
 Tuberous roots
(4 o’clock plant)

Summary
Venation Types of leaves

(Based on branching) (Based on the leaf blade)
Reticulate Parallel Simple Compound
Phyllotaxy
Alternate Opposite Whorled

Summary
Types of leaf modification
Carnivorous Leaves Storage Phyllode
Spines Tendrils
Inflorescence
Racemose Cymose

Summary
Aestivation of flower
Valvate Twisted Imbricate Vexillary
Symmetry of flower
Actinomorphic Zygomorphic Asymmetric

(⊕) (%) ($)

Summary
Classification of ovary based on arrangement of ovules
Types Placentation Examples
Axile Ovules attached to Orange, tomato

multilocular ovary
Ovules attached to
Marginal Pea
ridge-like placenta
Ovules develop on
Parietal Cantaloupe
inner wall of ovary
Ovules are borne on the

Free-central Primrose, Dianthus
central axis with no septa
Ovules develop at the Marigold,

Basal
base of the ovary sunflower

Summary
Dicot seed Monocot seed
The seed coat is distinct The seed coat is completely

from the fruit wall fused with the pericarp
There are two cotyledons There is a single

in the seed cotyledon in the seed
Endosperm is absent in Endosperm is present in

most of them but most of them and absent
present in a few of them in a few of them
There is no protective sheath The radicle is protected by

for radicle and plumule coleorhiza and the plumule
is protected by coleoptile

Summary
Representation of the structure of a Floral diagram is the diagrammatic

flower using numbers, letters and representation of a flower or a bud.
various other symbols.
Mother axis
Sepals
⊕ ⚥ K 2+2 C 4 A 2+4 G (2) Petals
Androecium
Gynoecium

Morphology of Flowering Plants 1

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Morphology of Flowering Plants 1

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Morphology of Flowering Plants

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Parts of a typical leaf

Floral formula symbols 9

● Morphology: Study of external form and structure.

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Fruit protects the

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Root Zone/ region of Description

Cells in this zone are fully differentiated

Elongation Cells undergo growth and elongation.

Root cap Root cap protects meristematic tissue.

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Tap root Fibrous root Adventitious root

Direct elongation Arises from parts other than radicle

Primary, secondary and Primary root is short-lived; roots

Present in dicots Present in monocots such as Present in both monocots

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Spindle shaped, i.e.

Carrot Radish Turnip 4’ O clock plant

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For storage of food For the support

o The roots arise from branches of

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Stem also stores food

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Underground stem Sub-aerial stem Modification for

Runner Stolon Offset Bulb

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 Leaf has a flat structure and arises from

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Venation: arrangement of veins and veinlets in the

 Veinlets form a network  Veins run parallel

● Incisions of the lamina ● Incisions of the lamina

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Pinnately compound Palmately compound

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 Arrangement of leaves on the stem is called phyllotaxy

Alternate Opposite Whorled

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Types of leaf modification

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Carnivorous leaves Spines Tendrils

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 Some leaves are  Photosynthetic modified petioles are

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 Flower is a modified shoot.

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Inflorescence: arrangement of flowers on the floral axis

Solitary Racemose Cymose

Based on the presence of bracts

Bracts  Bracteate: Bracts  Ebracteate: In some

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Types of whorls Based on the

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Classification of flower based on presence

Staminate Pistillate Sex-switching plants

Based on number of appendages

Trimerous Tetramerous Pentamerous

 Example: Monocot  Example: Dicot  Example: Dicot

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