KEMENTERIAN

PENDIDIKAN
MALAYSIA
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Institut Pendidikan Guru Kampus Pendidikan Teknik, Negeri Sembilan

JABATAN MATEMATIK
Nama Pelajar POK WEI BIN

Angka Giliran 2021162342056

No Kad Pengenalan 020314050093

Kumpulan/Unit 1 PISMP MATHEMATICS

Kod & Nama Kursus MTES 3013 NUMBERS AND NUMBER STRUCTURE

Nama Pensyarah EN. KOMAGAN A/L RAJOO

Tarikh Hantar 06 SEPTEMBER 2021

Pengakuan pelajar menerima maklum balas daripada pensyarah

Saya mengesahkan bahawa maklum balas yang diberikan oleh pensyarah

telah saya rujuki dan fahami.
Catatan (jika ada)

- Non-routine problems with high-level and creative thinking - 5%

- The solutions are clear,structured and easy to understand - 4%
- Able to think beyond boundaries in highly appropriate alternative solutions - 5%
- Applications of irrational numbers is very suitable and related to daily life - 4%
- Demonstrate deep understanding with very accurate and appropriate examples - 5%
- Writing is smooth with language that is easy to understand without spelling mistakes - 4%

Tanda tangan Pelajar: Tarikh:

- Non-routine problems with high-level and creative thinking - 5%
- The solutions are clear,structured and easy to understand - 4%
- Able to think beyond boundaries in highly appropriate alternative solutions - 4%
- Applications of irrational numbers is very suitable and related to daily life - 4%
- Demonstrate deep understanding with very accurate and appropriate examples - 5% Markah:
- Writing is smooth with language that is easy to understand without spelling mistakes -
4% Total : 26%
27%

1
Contents
Acknowledgement ............................................................................................................ 3

1.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 4

2.0 Rational number with non-routine problem ............................................................ 5

2.1 Non-routine Problem 1 ........................................................................................... 5

2.2 Non-routine Problem 2 ........................................................................................... 8

3.0 Irrational number ...................................................................................................... 11

3.1 Application in real life ........................................................................................... 11

3.1.1 Pi, π .................................................................................................................. 11

3.1.2 Euler’s number, e ........................................................................................... 12

3.1.3 Golden ratio, φ ................................................................................................ 13

3.1.4 Square root of irrational number, √𝒙 ........................................................... 15

4.0 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 16

5.0 Reference ................................................................................................................... 17

2
Acknowledgement
I’m very happy when I have complete my report for MTES3013 Numbers and
Number Structure. I have spending a lot of time in doing research and complete this report.
From this assignment, I have learned a lot about Numbers and Number Structure and the
beautiful calculation while completing the problem solving. It is very interesting to attempt
with the calculation of non-routine problems solution about rational and irrational numbers.

I want to say a million thank you for my lecturer, Encik Komagan A/L Rajoo. He is
very good and kind lecturer who was have high experience in teaching Mathematic
Courses in Institut Pendidikan Guru Kampus Pendidikan Teknik. He gave me many
advises and encouragement while I am doing the assignment. Next, I would like to thanks
my beloved family who gave me support when I’m down and also I would like to thank all
my friends gave me approval and help me when I’m in trouble while choosing the question
of rational and irrational number for non-routine problem.

Memenuhi rubrik pemarkahan

3
1.0 Introduction
Mathematics as well as mathematics education research has long progressed
beyond the study of number (Rina Zazkis & Ami Mamolo, 2016). A number is a
mathematical value used for counting and measuring objects, and for performing
arithmetic calculations. Numbers have various type of number systems like odd and even
number, decimals, fractions, natural numbers, whole numbers, rational and irrational
numbers, and so on. Numbers are an integral part of our everyday lives.

Rational numbers are the numbers which can be expressed as in ratio or

fraction between two integers. The decimal expansion of a rational number can be
terminating after a finite number of digits or begins to repeat the same finite sequence of
digits over and over. Any repeating or terminating decimal are representing as a rational
number. An irrational number is a not rational real number that cannot be written as a
simple ratio or fraction. The decimal expansion of an irrational number continues without
repeating.

Routine problem-solving concerns to a large degree the kind of problem solving

that serves a socially useful function that has immediate and future payoff. Non-routine
problems require students to confront uncertainty and how uncertainty can serve as a
catalyst for creative thought and action (Beghetto, 2017). A non-routine problem is any
complex problem that requires some degree of creativity or originality to solve. Non-routine
problems basically do not have a specific strategy in solving them. These problems can
be solved in multiple ways.

In this report writing, two non-routine problems with rational numbers will be solve.
After that, exploration on irrational numbers and its application in daily life will be show.

Memenuhi rubrik pemarkahan

4
2.0 Rational number with non-routine problem
2.1 Non-routine Problem 1
The first week of the football club had 14 members. The second week had 21 members.
The third week had 28 members and the fourth week had 35 members. If this pattern
continues, how many weeks should the club enroll 98 people as their club members?

Week 1 2 3 4 5 ?

Number of members 14 21 28 35 ? 98

Table 1

The non-routine problem above with a table of record data are provided. From
table 1, we know that the pattern of the solution is the difference between the number of
members in each week is the same. Starting from the first week, it increases 7 from 14 to
21 and followed by 28, 35, 42, 49………So, we need to use this pattern to find out how
many weeks it takes when the number of members is equal to 98.

In this question, the solution can be represented by an iconic form which is using

the icon of a person, to represent the number of members in each week. One of this

small icon , is represented as 7 members. A diagram will be show in the solution. This
diagram with clear number pattern is easier for students to have a clear understanding
with question given and have a clear mindset while thinking the solution for this question.

Week Number of members

5
 3

.
.

= 7 members
Diagram 1

From diagram1, we can see that the pattern of the symbol increases throughout
the weeks. In the first week the number of the symbol is 2 and the number of symbol for
the second week is 3. In the third week, the number of symbol increased to 4 and there

were 5 symbol in the fourth week. For Week 5 equal to number of week (4+1), and
(5+1=6). We can also prove that the number pattern of the diagram is correct by using
division. We can show the division in the form of fraction as show in the table below.

Week Number of members Number of members Number of symbol

represented
(if represent as 7 members )

1 14 14
7
= 2 (Prove)

2 21 21
= 3 (Prove)
7

3 28 28
= 4 (Prove)
7

4 35 35
= 5 (Prove)
7

.
.

6
 ? 98 98
= 14 (Prove)
7

We can confirm that when the number of weeks increases with one, the number
of symbol also increases with one.
If one of those symbol is represented as 7 members, then 98 members will be represented
by 14 symbol of members. So, by using the same idea, we have to find out how many
weeks are used to enroll 98 members.

Week 6= Week (5+1), (6+1=7)

Week 7= Week (6+1), (7+1=8)

Week 8= Week (7+1), (8+1=9)

Week 9= Week (8+1), (9+1=10)

Week 10= Week (9+1), (10+1=11)

Week 11= Week (10+1), (11+1=12)

Week 12= Week (11+1), (12+1=13)

Week 13= Week (12+1), (13+1=14)

When the number of weeks is added to 13, the number of symbol increases to 14
which means the total number of members is 98 members. The club is able to enroll 98
members in 13 weeks. So the answer is 13 weeks. There are 14 symbol of people in the
week 13 to represent 98 members in this pattern.

Steps shown clearly

7
2.2 Non-routine Problem 2

There is a Mathematic course held at the school hall. 108 students from different classes
have participate in the class. During the activity section, lecturer of the course decided to
give a task for all the students who attend the course. Moderator of that course have been
ask to split up the participant of the course equally into groups to complete the task given
together. Each group must have at least 9 people. How many different ways did the
moderator can split up the class in different numbers of group?

First of all, from the non-routine problem above, we know that the number of the
participant for this course is 108 people. Moderator has to divide all the participant into
different groups. Each group must have at least 9 people. The numbers of the participant
must be equal in each group. We can use factoring divisibility to calculate this solution as
show in the table below.

Number of the group Factoring divisibility Answers/ Acceptation

1 𝟏𝟎𝟖 108, (Not accepted)

= 108
𝟏

2 𝟏𝟎𝟖 54, (Accepted)

= 54
𝟐

3 𝟏𝟎𝟖 36, (Accepted)

= 36
𝟑

4 𝟏𝟎𝟖 27, (Accepted)

= 27
𝟒

5 𝟏𝟎𝟖 21.6, (Not accepted, answer must

= 21.6
𝟓
be integer)

Steps shown clearly

8
 6 𝟏𝟎𝟖 18, (Accepted)
= 18
𝟔

7 𝟏𝟎𝟖 15.42857143, (Not accepted,

= 15.42857143
𝟕
answer must be integer)

8 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝟐𝟕 13.5, (Accepted)

= = 13.5
𝟖 𝟕

9 𝟏𝟎𝟖 12, (Accepted)

= 12
𝟗

10 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝟓𝟒 10.8, (Not accepted, answer must

= = 10.8
𝟏𝟎 𝟓
be integer)

11 𝟏𝟎𝟖 9.81818181818, (Not accepted,

= 9.81818181818
𝟏𝟏
answer must be integer)

12 𝟏𝟎𝟖 9, (Accepted)
=9
𝟏𝟐

Table 1

In other ways, we can calculate the factor by using multiplication. In multiplication,

factors are the integers that are multiplied together to find other integers.

Factor of 108

1 x 108 2 x 54 3 x 36 4 x 27 6 x 18 9 x 12

Table 2

Factor of 108= 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 18, 27, 36, 54 and 108.

9
 Since, from the statement given, all participant must be separate equally in
different group. Factor 1 is not accepted. The multiplication must be start from value 2.
The number of each group should be integer because the calculation for number of human
cannot be in decimal places.

Hence, there are 7 different ways that moderator can split up the class.

- 2 groups with 54 members each

- 3 groups with 36 members each
- 4 groups with 27 members each
- 6 groups with 18 members each
- 9 groups with 12 members each
- 12 groups with 9 members each

The participant should be separate into 2 groups, 3 groups, 4 groups, 6 groups, 8 groups,
9 groups and 12 groups. Total up as 7 ways to separate the participant.

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3.0 Irrational number
An irrational number is a not rational real number that cannot be expressed in the
form of simple ratio or fraction. The decimal expansion of an irrational number continues
without repeating or terminating. Irrational numbers can be further subdivided into
algebraic numbers, which are the solutions of some polynomial equation such as √2 or
golden ratio, φ and transcendental numbers, which are not the solutions of any polynomial
equation like Pi, π and Euler's number, e. All square roots of natural numbers, other than
of perfect squares, such as √2 , √3 , √5 and so on are irrational numbers. The most
common irrational numbers are Pi (π), Euler's number (e), golden ratio (φ) and root, (√2).

3.1 Application in real life

3.1.1 Pi, π
Pi (π) is an irrational number because it is non-terminating. It is a mathematical
constant. The approximate value of pi is 22/7 but not accurate. Also, the value of π is
3.14159 26535 89793 23846 264…. It is defined in Euclidean geometry as the ratio of a
circle's circumference to its diameter, and also has various equivalent definitions. Although
all irrational numbers cannot be represented as a simple fraction, but it can be represented
by continued fraction. Pi (π) is one of the irrational number that can represented by
continued fraction as shown in below.

𝟒
𝛑=
𝟏
𝟏+
𝟐²
𝟑+
𝟑²
𝟓+
𝟒𝟐
𝟕+
𝟗…

Because Pi (π) is closely related to the circle, it is found in many formulae from the
field of Mathematics like geometry and trigonometry and also in field of science such as
statistics, physics and so on.

11
 In basic mathematics, Mathematicians use Pi (π) to determine the area and
circumference of a circle from its diameter. In our daily life, we use Pi (π) to find the volume
or area of a circular object such as sphere, con, circle, and cylinder.

For example, Pi (π) is used to find area by multiplying the radius squared times pi by
formula πr 2 . So, in trying to find the area of a circle with a radius of 3 centimeters, π32 =
28.27 cm. Circles are naturally occurring in nature, and are often used in other
mathematical equations, pi is all around us and is constantly being used.

There are other useful common mathematics formulas in our daily life, such as

- The circumference of a circle with radius r is 2 πr.

- The area of a circle with radius r is πr 2
4
- The volume of a sphere with radius r is πr 3 .
3

- The surface area of a sphere with radius r is 4πr 2 .

3.1.2 Euler’s number, e

Similar to π, Euler’s number (e) is a irrational number. The number e, known as
the natural number, or Euler’s number, is an important mathematical constant
approximately equal to 2.71828. In logarithm, the corresponding number e in logarithm is
called the natural logarithm, and is written as ln (x). There are different definitions for the
number e. Most of them involve calculus. One of the e represented as the limit of the
1
sequence whose general term is (1 + )𝑛 . n in this equation is as n approaches infinity. It
𝑛

can also be calculated as the sum of the infinite series. The Euler’s number is represented
as formula below:

∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑒 = ∑( ) = 𝟏+ + + +⋯
𝒏! 𝟏 𝟏∗𝟐 𝟏∗𝟐∗𝟑
𝒏=𝟎

It is useful in Mathematics and Physics, but most commonly as a base in

logarithmic and exponential functions. It’s used to calculate the rate of radioactive decay,

12
compounding interest and the amount of time taken to discharge a capacitor. It also very
useful in our daily life.

For example, we can use Euler’s number in calculation of normal distribution. Normal
distribution, also called Gaussian distribution, the most common distribution function for
independent, randomly generated variables.

The formula for computing probabilities that are from a Poisson process is:

𝛍𝒙 𝒆−𝛍
𝐏(𝐱) =
𝒙!

where P(X) is the probability of X successes, μ is the expected number of successes

based upon historical data, e is the natural logarithm approximately equal to 2.718, and X
is the number of successes per unit, usually per unit of time.

It able us to calculate the probability of receives 2 email per day, if the average is 7 emails
per day. The solution is

𝟕𝟐 𝒆−𝟕
𝐏(𝟐) = = 0.022
𝟐!

Poisson Distribution is used to determine how many checkout clerks are needed
to keep the waiting time in line to specified levels, how may telephone lines are needed to
keep the system from overloading, and many other practical applications.

3.1.3 Golden ratio, φ

In mathematics, two quantities are in the golden ratio if their ratio is the same as the ratio
of their sum to the larger of the two quantities. The golden ratio can be found by using
following calculation. Through the calculation, we can identify its properties.

𝒂+𝒃 𝒂
= =𝝋
𝒂 𝒃

𝒂+𝒃 𝒂 𝒃 𝒃 𝟏
= + =𝟏+ = 𝟏+ =𝝋
𝒂 𝒂 𝒂 𝒂 𝝋

Therefore,

13
 𝟏
𝟏+ =𝝋
𝝋

𝝋 + 𝟏 = 𝝋²

𝝋𝟐 − 𝝋 − 𝟏 = 𝟎

Using the quadratic formula, the solutions are:

𝟏+√𝟓 𝟏−√𝟓
= 𝟏. 𝟔𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟑𝟑. .. and = −𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟑𝟑. ..
𝟐 𝟐

Since Golden ratio is the ratio between positive quantities, therefore φ is positive. The only
solution that is accepted is 𝜑 = 1.618033...

Golden ratio is a mathematical ratio. It is ubiquity and have astounding functionality

in nature. Besides being found in nature, human also use golden ratio in various field
including art, design, architecture, and music. In our daily life, we could always find its
applications. The ratio itself comes from the Fibonacci sequence, a naturally occurring
sequence of numbers that can be found everywhere, from the number of leaves on a tree
to the shape of a seashell. Hence, golden ratio, also known as Fibonacci sequence. It has
captivated mathematicians, artists, designers, and scientists for centuries.

Diagram 1

14
 Golden ratio also uses in field of designing. The common use of golden ratio in
design is cropping and resizing images. For example, when we are editing a photo. We
can use the Golden Spiral as a guide for the image’s composition as shown by diagram 2.

Diagram 2

The composition is important for any image, whether it’s to convey important
information or to create an aesthetically pleasing photograph. The Golden Ratio can help
create a composition that will draw the eyes to the important elements of the photo. Using
the Golden Ratio, you split the picture into three unequal sections then use the lines and
intersections to compose the picture.

3.1.4 Square root of irrational number, √𝒙

Every positive number has two square roots, the positive and the negative. The
symbol used to represent the square root is √𝑥. When the square root of a number is a
whole number, this number is called a perfect square. 9 is a perfect square because √9 =
3.

Not all square roots are whole numbers. Many square roots are irrational numbers,
which mean there is no rational number equivalent. If a square root is not a perfect square,
then it is considered an irrational number. These numbers cannot be written as a fraction

15
because the decimal is non-terminating and non-repeating with the number pattern.
Although irrational square roots cannot be written as fractions, we can still write them
exactly, without typing the value into a calculator.

For example, find the answer of √18 . √18 is not a whole numbers. By using prime
factorization, we can found out the answer of √18.

√𝟏𝟖 = √𝟗 × 𝟐 = √𝟗 × √𝟐

We know that √9 is a prefect square of 3 but √2 does not have a whole number. Therefore,
the exact value of √18 is 3√2.

If the irrational number in square root form is large, we can use the fact of

√𝒂𝒃 = √𝒂 × √𝒃

4.0 Conclusion
In conclusion, I have learned the important to apply non-routine problem-solving skills and
exploration skills in Mathematics. Applying non-routine problem solving in mathematics
solution help to make the calculation more neatly. When doing exploration on some new
topics in mathematics, it is also essential to be able to applied with daily life application to
enhance our understanding with new concept. These strategies are very useful in problem
solving that help us have a better understanding on the Mathematics questions and
solutions.

16
5.0 Reference
Rina Zazkis & Ami Mamolo, (2016, January), On Numbers: Concepts, Operations, and
Structure, ResearchGate,
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305635714_On_Numbers_Concepts_O
perations_and_Structure

Beghetto, R. A. (2017). Lesson unplanning: toward transforming routine tasks into non-
routine problems. ZDM, 49(7), 987-993.

William L. Hosch (n.d), Rational number, Britannica,

https://www.britannica.com/science/rational-number

Cuemath, (nd), Irrational Numbers. https://www.cuemath.com/numbers/irrational-

numbers/

Elaine J. Hom (2018, Oktober 20), What Is Pi?, LiveScience,

https://www.livescience.com/29197-what-is-pi.html

Lisa Maloney (2020, December 21), How to Find the Square Root of an Irrational Number,
Sciencing, https://sciencing.com/round-number-nearest-tenth-6528829.html

Emily Esposito (2018, October 19), A guide to the Golden Ratio for designers, Inside
Design, https://www.invisionapp.com/inside-design/golden-ratio-designers/

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