WORKSHEET NO.

10
ANIMAL DIVERSITY

NAME/S: AM-IS, Van Alexis T. DATE: 10/29/22

BONGON, Therese Julianne Marie I. COURSE AND YEAR: BS BIO 1C

A. PHYLUM PORIFERA

TABLE 1

ILLUSTRATED SPONGES CLASS

CLASS CALCAREA
 CLASS CALCAREA

CLASS HYALOSPONGIA

CLASS DEMOSPONGEAE
 CLASS DEMOSPONGEAE

CLASS DEMOSPONGEAE

QUESTIONS:
1. What are the spicules of sponges for?
Spicules can aid larvae in staying buoyant while in the plankton or reaching the
bottom during settling, improving reproduction success, or catching prey in
addition to maintaining sponge cells. On the other hand, it has not been proven
that spicules and bones serve as a deterrent to predators. Many invertebrate
species employ spicules in biology to maintain themselves and enhance their
skeletal systems. Depending on the entity producing the spicule, they are made
of a variety of materials and can be found in a number of places.
2. How are sponges classified?
The phylum porifera, which consists of four distinct classes, is where the
approximately 8,550 living sponge species are classified scientifically. The four
classes are: Calcarea, which are calcareous sponges with spicules made of
calcium carbonate that may be one, three, or four rayed; Hyalospongia, which
are glass sponges with silicious spicules that are typically six rayed; the
Demospongeae, which may have an internal skeleton comprised of silica or
sponging fibers, come next. Some species of Sclerospongeae have an internal
skeleton that is hard and composed of aragonite.
3. Why are sponges considered as the lowest form of animal?
Because their bodies don't have organ systems or even tissues, sponges are
regarded as one of the most basic organisms.
B. PHYLUM CNIDARIA

TABLE 2
ILLUSTRATED CNIDARIAN CLASS

CLASS HYDROZOA

CLASS HYDROZOA

CLASS SCYPHOZOA
 CLASS ANTOZOA

CLASS ANTOZOA

QUESTIONS:
1. What benefits do cnidarians get from the possession of the germ layers?
When a fetus is gastrulating, germ layers form. In cnidarians, the endoderm will
create internal organs and tissues like the gastrodermis and the coelenteron, a
gastrovascular cavity. Numerous critical animal functions, such as digestion,
gas exchange, and nutrition exchange, take place in this area.
2. What are the significant features that make phylum cnidarian a more advanced group
than sponges?
The phylum cnidaria includes cnidarians. These all contain stinging cells.
Because they have complex tissue, a gut, and a nervous system, they are more
complex than sponges. They procreate in a manner similar to sponges.
3. What structural characteristics differentiate the various classes of cnidarians?
The stinging nematocytes on the tentacles of cnidarians behave as little
harpoons that respond to stimuli by ejecting tiny stinging cells that can poison
and hook potential prey. Cnidarians have a nerve net instead of bones and a
central nervous system.
C. PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES
TABLE 3

ILLUSTRATED FLATWORMS CLASS

CLASS TURBELLARIA-

CLASS TREMATODA

CLASS CESTODA

TABLE 4

NUMBERED STRUCTURES OF THE NUMBERS STRUCTURES OF THE

SCOLEX PROGLOTTID

Rostellum Uterus

Hook Genital pore

Sucker Ovary
 Neck Testis

QUESTIONS:
1.What makes Planaria a more advance animal than cnidarians?
Because they contain all three germ layers (triploblastic), the remarkable regeneration
system, the nerve center and nerve net in place of the nerve ladder and no nerve center
found in Cnidaria, and the Auricles for vibration and eyespots for light perception,
flatworms are more advanced than Cnidarians.
2. Which has a more complicated life cycle, Planaria or Fluke? Why?
Like other parasitic flatworms, flukes have complicated life cycles that may involve two
or more hosts. Planarians are flatworms that live in freedom and have a substantially
shorter evolutionary history. They live in freshwater and are either scavengers or
carnivores (even without teeth).
3.Why are parasitic worms not digested in the digestive tract of the host?
These worms, which live a parasitic lifestyle and have lost all of their digestive systems,
have a highly developed reproductive system and unique mechanisms that enable
them to connect to the tissues of their hosts. Additionally, they required a defense
system against intestinal irritants, particularly digestive enzymes.

D. PHYLUM NEMATHELMINTHES

TABLE 6 ASCARIS (CROSS-SECTION)

NUMBERED STRUCTURES (MALE) NUMBERED STRUCTURES (FEMALE)

Mouth Mouth

Excretory pore Excretory pore

Lateral line Female genital aperture

Cloacal aperture Lateral line

Penial Setae Anus

Curved tail Tail

QUESTIONS:
1. Give the principal differences between the flatworm and the roundworm.
While roundworms belong to the phylum Nematoda, flatworms belong to the
phylum Platyhelminthes. The fundamental distinction between flatworms and
 roundworms is that the former has a body that is dorso-ventrally flattened, whilst
the latter have a cylindrical body that is tapered to a point at each end.
2. How is sexual dimorphism illustrated in the roundworm?
In ascaris, the sexes are divided, and these round worms exhibit sexual
dimorphism. Males have a curved tail, one pre and post anal papillae, a cloaca, and
two spicules in addition to being smaller than females.
3. Name the diseases caused by nematodes and the specific worms causing them.
Ascariasis (ascaris), trichuriasis (whipworm), hookworm (roundworms),
enterobiasis (pinworm), filariasis, trichinosis (trichinella), dirofilariasis (dirofilaria
worm), and angiostrongyliasis or rat lungworm illness (rat lungworm) are among
the nematode infections that can affect people.

E. PHYLUM MOLLUSCA
TABLE 7

ILLUSTRATED MOLLUSKS CLASS

CLASS MONOPLACOPHORA

CLASS CEPHALOPODA
 CLASS SCAPHODA

CLASS GASTROPODA

CLASS CEPHALOPODA
CLASS CEPHALOPODA

CLASS CEPHALOPODA

CLASS CEPHALOPODA
 CLASS APLACOPHORA

QUESTIONS:
1. What are the improvements of the nervous system of the mollusks over those animals
previously studied?
The majority of mollusks have enormous brains and sensory organs as well as well-
developed neurological systems. The majority of these creatures have a genuine
coelom, a closed digestive system, and only one opening. Bilateral symmetry is a
feature of all Mollusca animal species. The phylum Mollusca is composed of three
main classes. Because there are four primary neural strands in the molluscan
nervous system, it is known as a tetra neural nervous system. On the ventral side,
two pairs of connectives connect the cerebral ganglia to the pedal ganglia. passing
the pleural ganglia on the dorsal side, other leads to the parietal and visceral
ganglia.
2. What structures are common to both clam and squid?
They both have three-layered, soft, unsegmented bodies.
3. How are pearls formed?
A mollusk's response to an irritant is the formation of a pearl. Nacre, a calcium
carbonate secretion (composed of aragonite and conchiolin) in a matrix that
finally encapsulates an irritant, whether created artificially or naturally, is
produced into pearls by the mollusk in thousands of extremely thin concentric
layers.
F. PHYLUM ANNELIDA
TABLE 8

ILLUSTRATED SEGMENTED WORMS CLASS

 CLASS OLIGOCHAETA

CLASS OLIGOCHAETA

CLASS POLYCHAETA

TABLE 9

NUMBERED STRUCTURE OF NEREIS NUMBERED STRUCTURE OF SERPULA

Tentacle Operculum

Eye Feathered Gills

Prostomium Collar

Peristomium Prostomium
 Setae Peristomium

Parapodia Tube

Body Somites Operculum

Anus Mass of tubes

QUESTIONS:
1. What is the difference between segmentation of earthworm and tapeworm?
The earthworm can move easier with segmentation. Each segment or part has
setae, which are bristles with muscles. When a worm is traveling through dirt, the
bristles or setae aid in anchoring and controlling it. While the other portion of the
worm's body protrudes forward, the bristles firmly anchor one portion of the worm
to the ground. While proglottids, the little segments that make up an adult
tapeworm, are each approximately the size of a grain of rice. These parts
(proglottids) separate and flow into the stool as the tapeworm develops inside the
intestine.
2. What is the fundamental difference between the body cavities of earthworm and Ascaris?
Ascaris is a parasitic roundworm that causes disease, whereas earthworm is a
segmented worm helpful to the soil. This is the fundamental distinction between the
two. Additionally, the earthworm belongs to the phylum Annelida, whereas Ascaris
belongs to the phylum Nematoda.
3. Of what importance are earthworms to man?
Worms have a crucial role, despite the fact that some people may not find them to
be the most appealing of animals. These amazing animals that live underground are
the living, breathing engineers of the underground, consuming and recycling
organic stuff to maintain the fertility of our soil.

G. PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
TABLE 10
ILLUSTRATED ARTHROPODS CLASS
CLASS ARACHNIDA

CLASS ARACHNIDA

CLASS DIPLOPODA

CLASS CHILOPODA
CLASS CRUSTACEA

CLASS INSECTA

CLASS INSECTA

CLASS INSECTA
 CLASS INSECTA

H. PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA
Simple sketch of the specimens of Phylum Echinodermata (Classify all specimens drawn
to class level).

ILLUSTRATED ECHINODERMATA CLASS

CLASS ASTEROIDEA

CLASS HOLOTHUROIDEA
 CLASS CRINORDEA

CLASS OPHIUROIDEA

QUESTIONS:
1. Briefly describe the mechanism by which starfish accomplishes locomotion.
Any arm of a starfish can lead the way as it moves in any direction. Tube feet are a
group of rows of moveable appendages on the bottom of starfish. As water is
injected into the tube feet, they are thin tubes that stretch. Using a water circulatory
system, sea stars move. The madreporite is the source of water for the system. It
then travels through the ring canal, stone canal, and radial canals. The radial canals
provide suction to the tube feet and transport water to the ampullae.
2. What is meant by autonomy? Regeneration? How do the echinoderms illustrate these
phenomena?
The term "autotomy" describes the adaptive detachment of an animal body part
when it has a defensive purpose, is accomplished by an intrinsic mechanism, and
is nervously mediated. This article lists the autonomous structures for each class
of echinoderm, assesses how much autotomy occurs before regeneration in natural
populations, summarizes current understanding of the morphology of autotomy
planes and mechanisms that cause fracture at autotomy, and makes comments on
autotomy-related issues that come up in studies of the cellular events of
regeneration. Regeneration is a natural process that occurs in both plants and
animals to replace or bring back to full function cells, tissues, organs, and even
 complete body parts. All echinoderms are capable of regenerating all or most of
their organs and appendages. It has been hypothesized that all echinoderms
undergo myogenesis since the regenerated structures are typically similar to the
destroyed ones, including their muscular components.
3. Compare the type of symmetry found in the starfish with that of Hydra and Dugesia.
Like all cnidarians, hydras have radial symmetry. The hydra can display both types
of evenness at the same time because tetrameral symmetry can be arranged to
revolve around a radial plan. The Dugesia displays cephalization as a result. The
flatworm appears to be cross-eyed because to its triangular head with two large
eyespots. The fact that the planarian has two eyespots and lateral "horns" on the
head suggests that it has bilateral symmetry.
4. Describe how starfish captures and eats its prey.
They pry open clams or oysters with their little, suction-cupped tube feet, and their
sack-like cardiac stomach emerges from their mouth and oozes into the shell. After
encasing the prey to digest it, the stomach finally retreats back within the body.
5. What is the economic importance of echinoderms?
As grazers that restrain algae and provide food for creatures like otters,
echinoderms play a significant role in the aquatic food chain. Farmers employ
echinoderms as a source of lime in addition to using them as food and medicinal.
Due to their rising demand as food and/or sources of bioactive compounds with
anticancer, antiviral, anticoagulant, antioxidant, and antibacterial effects,
echinoderms are a renewable resource with economic worth.
6. Why are the echinoderms sometimes considered the highest form of invertebrates?
All echinoderms are capable of regenerating all or most of their organs and
appendages. It has been hypothesized that all echinoderms undergo myogenesis
since the regenerated structures are typically similar to the destroyed ones,
including their muscular components. Echinoderms all share two main traits that
distinguish them from all other organisms, despite the fact that they may seem very
different from one another: a water circulatory system and five-sided radial
symmetry.
I. PHYLUM CHORDATA
TABLE 11.1

ILLUSTRATED CHORDATES SUBPHYLUM

SUBPHYLUM HEMICHORDTA
 SUBPHYLUM UROCHORDATA

SUBPHYLUM CEPHALOCHORDATA

SUBPHYLUM VERTEBRATA

SUBPHYLUM VERTEBRATA

SUBPHYLUM VERTEBRATA
SUBPHYLUM VERTEBRATA

SUBPHYLUM VERTEBRATA

SUBPHYLUM VERTEBRATA
TABLE 11.2

ILLUSTRATED CHORDATES CLASS

CLASS ENTEROPNEUSTA

CLASS ASCIDIACEA

CLASS LAMPREY

CLASS CHONDRICHTYES

CLASS CHONDRICHTYES

CLASS CHONDRICHTYES
CLASS AMPHIBIA

CLASS REPTILIA

CLASS AVES
QUESTIONS:
1. Explain why the chordates are considered the highest and most advanced group of
animals.
Vertebrates are regarded as the most developed category of animals for the
following reasons. First, all species within the vertebrate classification possess the
most highly developed biological brain systems. The vertebrates are the most
advanced animals among all because of their well-developed mind and their
developed brain. These vertebrate organisms have highly developed, best-in-class
biological structures throughout their bodies. These vertebrates are the most
developed of all animals due to their broadly well-formed biological structures.
2. Which lower animals are believed to be more closely related to chordates? Why?
The hemichordates since these creatures have gill slits and other characteristics
that are not present in other animal phyla, they are most likely the chordates'
closest cousins.
3. How do vertebrates differ from the other chordates?
The vertebral column, which arises as a vertebrate's notochord develops into a
column of bony vertebrae separated by discs, further distinguishes vertebrates
from chordates. Only vertebrates have a brain as a component of their central
nervous system.
4. Why is the frog considered a typical vertebrate?
Frogs are vertebrates, along with mammals, birds, bony fish, reptiles, and other
amphibians. An animal possessing a spine, or backbone, is said to be vertebrate.
Frogs are the only vertebrates with this particular mix of characteristics, including
a broad head and a big mouth. The vertebrates in the class Amphibia include frogs.
Convexity is seen on both the anterior and posterior sides of procoelous vertebrae.
Currently existing frogs and reptiles contain this vertebra.
5. Name the other classes of vertebrates. Characterize and give examples of each class.

• Mammals (Class Mammalia)

o Regardless of the ambient temperature outside, this class of creatures can
control their body temperature. Therefore, mammals—which include
humans and platypuses—are known as endothermic animals.
o Example: Human, Dogs, Elephants
• Birds (Class Aves)
o In terms of biology, birds are dinosaurs (more aptly called avian dinosaurs).
This group of creatures is characterized by its rapid metabolic rate,
toothless beaks, and feathers. Additionally, Aves members produce eggs
with rigid shells.
o Examples: Chicken, Owls
• Reptiles (Class Reptilia)
o Vertebrate animals like snakes, crocodiles, tuataras, and turtles are
examples of reptiles. Ectothermic nature is what distinguishes reptiles from
other animals. Snakes are nonetheless categorized as tetrapods despite
having no discernible limbs. This is because snakes descended from
predecessors who had limbs.
o Examples: Alligator, Iguana
• Amphibians (Class Amphibia)
o Ectothermic tetrapods like frogs, toads, and salamanders are examples of
amphibians. Amphibians and reptiles differ from one other in that they
breed differently. Since their eggs lack a shell, the majority of amphibians
need a body of water to reproduce. The young also go through
metamorphosis, changing from a fully aquatic larval stage (complete with
gills and fins) to a terrestrial adult form.
o Examples: Salamander, Frogs
• Bony fishes (Class Osteichthyes)
o The skeleton of this class of fishes is distinguished by its predominance of
bone as opposed to cartilage (such as sharks). The largest group of
vertebrates in existence today is the class Osteichthyes.
o Examples: Lung fish, Zander
• Cartilaginous fishes (Class Chondrichthyes)
o This class's cartilaginous skeleton serves as its defining characteristic, as
the name would imply. Sharks, rays, skates, and sawfish are all members.
Some shark species, like the enormous Greenland shark, can live for
hundreds of years. It was discovered that a specimen that had been tagged
in 2016 was at least 273 years old.
o Examples: Shark, Stingray
• Jawless fishes (Class Agnatha)
o These fish are extremely archaic and have not evolved much from the
time of the first fossil records millions of years ago. They have a circular,
jawless mouth with rows of small, sharp teeth that help hold and eat other
fish. The majority of this class's members are scavengers and parasites.
o Examples: Lampreys, hagfish