REVIEWER

 life is a changing process with develop overtime.

 Human Development- a scientific study of growth and Development
 Learning is a personal commitment
 Growth – a quantitative change (size of vocabulary, height, weight)
 Development – a qualitative change (intelligence, traits)
 Intrinsic motivation – this is what I like
 Extrinsic motivation – refers to gifts,rewarded,etc.
 The 2 processes of development
 Evolution (growing as a person)
 Involution (a washing away or failure to grow)
 Maturation refers to biological changes
 Heredity refers to the transmission of biological features from one generation to the next
through genes, is the exchange of genetic material from one person to another through a single
gene or group of genes.
 Environment refers to the environmental factors that have an impact on growth and
development.
 Facts refers to observations about the world around us.
 Hypothesis - a hypothesis offered as a basis for additional research on a phenomenon
 Theory - A well-substantiated explanation acquired through the scientific method and
repeatedly tested and confirmed through observation and experimentation
 Law - based on repeated experimental observations that describes some phenomena of nature.
Proof that something happens and how it happens, but not why it happens
 Principle – established relationship between factors.
 Nature (heredity) - Responsible for many of our physical characteristics such as hair, eye color,
facial features and to some extent height and weight
 Nurture (environment) - It refers to our external world which can be classified into physical and
social.
 Physical- things in the work with direct influence on us or things that stimulate our
senses
 Social- human beings who in one way or another influence us
 Indirect contact (cell phones, radio, television, books)

Principles of growth and development

 People grow at different rates. Some students are larger, better coordinated, or mor
mature in their thinking and social relationships
 Growth spurt- a time when a child is growing fast, which is a result of three interplaying
factors: nutrition, genetics and hormones.
 Pruning- it happens when we lose synaptic connections because we no longer need them or
use them (You better lose it or use it)
 Plasticity- the ability of the brain to re-wire itself
 A “neural network” is a series of connected neurons. Information travels along these
networks that enable us to do things.

 Neurons have dendrites, which are the branch like things that connect with other neurons.
The connection between two dendrites is called a synapse and the connections between the
synapses is how information travels around our brain.

 Development is relatively orderly. People develop abilities in a logical order (e. g. , sit
before walk, babble before talk, see from your perspective before imagine from others`,
addition before algebra). But orderly does not necessarily mean predictable—people might
advance, stay the same for a period of time, or even go backward.

 Development takes place gradually. Very rarely do changes appear overnight. Change takes
time.

 Growth and development are a continuous process. One stage of development lays the
foundation for the next stage of development.
 Development proceeds from the head downward. This is called the cephalocaudal principle
(the child gains control of the head first, then the arms and then the legs).
 Development proceeds from the center of the body outward. This is the proximodistal
principle (central axis to extremities).
 Development depends on maturation and learning.
 Development proceeds from the simple to the more complex.
 Growth and development proceed from general to specific. In motor development, the
infant will be able to grasp an object with whole hand before using only the thumb and
forefinger.
 There are individual rates of growth and development. Although the patterns and sequences
for growth and development are usually the same for all children, the rates at which
individual children reach developmental stages will be different.
 Babyhood/Infancy and Early Childhood
 Birth until 6 years old
 Middle Childhood
 6 to 12 years old
 Adolescence
 13 to 18 years old
 Early Adulthood
 19 to 30 years old
 Middle Age
 30 to 60 years old
 Old Age/Later Maturity
  60 years old and over
 Stages of the Life Span
 Preadolescence/ Puberty Stage (10 or 12 to 13 or 14 years of life)
 Adolescence Stage (13 or 14 to 18 years of life)
 Early Adulthood (18 to 40 years of life)
 Middle Age (40 to 60 years of life)
 Old Age (60 years and above)
 Prenatal Development (conception to birth)
 One of the most, if not the most, important periods of all in the life span of a person
 GERMINAL (fertilization to 2 weeks) - Known as the period of the zygote
 The blastocyst, the inner layer of cells that develops during the germinal period,
develops later into embryo.
 The trophoblast, the outer layer of cells that develops also during the same period,
later provides nutrition and support for the embryo.
 EMBRYONIC known as the period of the embryo (2 weeks to 8 weeks or 2 months)-
The name of mass cells, zygote, become embryo.
 Organogenesis- the process of organ formation during the first two months of pre-
natal development.
 three layers of the embryo form, the support systems for it develop rapidly.
 Placenta- consists of a disk-shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels
from the mother and the offspring
 Umbilical cord- contains two arteries and one vein that connects the baby to
placenta
 Amnion- a bag or an envelope that contains a clear fluid which the developing
embryo floats
 FETAL (2 months to birth) -
 Known as the period of the fetus
 The embryo before is now known as the fetus
 Infancy Stage (birth to 2 weeks)
 the transition period for the new being
 Period of partunate- from birth up to the cutting and tying of the umbilical cord
 Period of neonate- from the cutting and tying of the umbilical cord to the end of second
week
 Five Characteristics of Infancy
 Shortest of all developmental stages
 A time of radical adjustments
 A plateau in development
 A preview of later development
 A hazardous period
 Late Childhood (6 to 10 or 12 years) –
 Preadolescence/Puberty (10 or 12 to 13 or 14 years) - Pubertas (Latin) meaning “age of
manhood”
 Adolescence (13 to 14 and 18 years) - Social changes include peer influence, more mature of
social behavior, new social groupings, new values in selection of friends and leaders, social
acceptance
 Early Adulthood (18 to 40 years) - Settling down and reproductive age, a problem age and one
of emotional tension, a time of social isolation, a time of commitments, a time of dependency,
of value changes, of creativity, and of judgments to a new life pattern
 Middle Age (40 to 60 years) - From seeing the future in terms of your potential and begin to see
it in terms of limitations
 Old Age (60 years and above) - Old age makes mental and physical wrecks in people—they
become old before their time