Rehabilitation of building and bridge

Dushyant Kumar Verma

PCE19CE016, Poornima College of engineering, Jaipur
E-mail:- 2019pcecedushyant16@poornima.org

Abstract
Eliminating moisture issues and choosing effective thermal insulation is a fundamental
obstacle in facade rehabilitation.
We have witnessed discussions regarding the materials and technology that can be utilized
for internal thermal insulation, with the exception of attics and underground, for many years.
Internal insulation reduces heat loss through conduction, but it does not eliminate thermal
bridges—in fact, it frequently enhances their impact on moisture condensation. However, if
combined with forced ventilation, internal insulation can control relative humidity inside the
façade and contribute to a high quality of the interior environment. The work is now being
done to figure out how to improve the whole wall assembly's long-term hydrothermal
performance by adding more ways to control heat and moisture.
In terms of economic impact, the upkeep and repair of old steel bridges are becoming
increasingly important fields. For an accurate condition assessment of the bridges, which in
turn provides reliable data to help the decision-making process in their management, to
identify the actual impact of the modifications introduced in the bridge behaviour as a result
of rehabilitation programs, and to improve these projects at the design stage, the state-of-the-
art and practice in non-destructive testing and evaluation are crucial in this context.

Keywords: - building and bridge, internal insulation, autoclaved aerated concrete, centenary steel
bridge Rehabilitation design Field testing Numerical analysis Safety assessment

1. Introduction
1.1.1 General about rehabilitation of building
A variety of renovation scenarios (shallow, intermediate, and deep) were created. To assess the
mistake, got heat request values were
Contrasted and results from a powerful intensity request model, recently created and approved by the
creators.
The findings demonstrated that the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications when
only weather change is taken into consideration (the annual demand error was less than 20% for all
weather scenarios taken into consideration).However, depending on the weather and combination of
renovation scenarios considered, the error value increased to 59.5% after renovation scenarios were
introduced.
The slope coefficient increased by an average of 3.8% to 8% per decade, which corresponds to a
decrease in the number of heating hours during the heating season, which ranges from 22-139 hours
(depending on the combination of weather and renovation scenarios that are taken into
consideration).On the other hand, depending on the coupled scenarios, function intercept increased by
7.8 to 12.7% per decade. The suggested values could be used to change the function parameters for
the different scenarios that were considered and make the heat demand EST more accurate.
The thermal insulation layer inside the renovated building partition shouldn't cause too much vapour
condensation there. Even though this seems obvious, internal insulation in the 1970s caused a lot of
moisture and mycobacterial issues because AAC was diffusion-open but not hydrophobic.
Condensation formed when steam flowed freely toward a building's exterior during the winter. Based
on actual experience, it is known that during the summer, condensed moisture can freely evaporate
into the interior through thin thermal insulation layers (60-80 mm).Be that as it may, expanding the
warm obstruction of interior protection up to required level goes
Inseparably with expanding the thickness of the protection (even up to a thickness of 200 mm).A layer
this thick can cause excessive vapour condensation, which tends to get worse each year. Currently, it
is thought that open cell materials can only be used as interior thermal insulation if the thermal
resistance of renovated walls is high enough to prevent vapour condensation from occurring in the
interior layers.
This idea was explained in German instruction WTA 6.4 in 2009 [3] after many years of practical
research. Depending on the thermal resistance Rinse of the thermal insulation and the capillary
activity w of the partition, the instruction specifies the requirements for the equivalent air layer
thickness SDI of the thermal insulation (including the vapour retarder).The investigation revealed that
walls with a relative low capillary activity of w 0,5 kg/(m2 h-0.5) can be internally insulated with
layers with Rinse = 2.0 (m2 K)/W and SDI = 4.0 m, while walls with a relative high capillary activity
of w 0,5 kg/(m2 h-0.5) can be internally insulated with layers with Rinse = 2.5 (m2 K)/W and SDI =
1.0 A second interior layer should not cause excessive vapour condensation in the contact layer
between the wall and insulation in such partitions.
At this point, it is crucial to determine whether a thick layer of insulation will slow down summertime
moisture evaporation by increasing thermal resistance. The AAC's resistance to biological threats is
another unknown. The proposed thickness of thermal insulation can now be precisely validated thanks
to a notable improvement in simulation software in recent years. In the facilities where such solutions
are going to be used, the simulation results should be tested.

1.1.2 General about rehabilitation of bridge

The renovated building partition's thermal insulation layer shouldn't cause too much vapour
condensation there. Because AAC was diffusion-open but not hydrophobic, internal insulation in the
1970s caused a lot of moisture and mycobacterial problems. During the winter, when steam flowed
freely toward a building's exterior, condensation developed. Based on actual experience, it is known
that thin thermal insulation layers (60-80 mm) allow condensed moisture to freely evaporate into the
interior during the summer. However, increasing the thickness of the protection—even up to 200 mm
—is necessary to bring the interior protection's warm obstruction level up to the required level. A
layer this thick can cause excessive vapour condensation, which tends to get worse each year. At the
moment, it is thought that open cell materials can only be used as interior thermal insulation if the
renovated walls have a high enough thermal resistance to stop vapour condensation from happening in
the interior layers.
After many years of practical research, this idea was explained in German instruction WTA 6.4 in
2009 [3].The investigation revealed that walls with a relative low capillary activity of w 0,5 kg/(m2 h-
0.5) can be internally insulated with layers with Rinse = 2.0 (m2 K)/W and SDI = 4.0 m, while walls
with a relative high capillary activity of w 0,5 kg/(m2 h-0.5) can be internally insulated with layers
with Rinse = 2.5 (m2 K)/W and SDI = 1.0. A second interior layer
As a result of the development of AAC technology, many historical buildings now employ open-cell
material insulation. The porous medium substantially eliminates the drawbacks of the previously
utilized highly absorptive and diffusive non-resistant materials. Hydrophobization prevents excessive
moisture accumulation, and vapour conduction is ensured by the structure of AAC that is currently
available.
At this point, it is critical to determine whether a thick layer of insulation will increase thermal
resistance and slow down moisture evaporation during the summer. Another unknown is the AAC's
resistance to biological threats. Thanks to recent advancements in simulation software, the proposed
thickness of thermal insulation can now be precisely validated. The simulation results ought to be
evaluated for structural identification in the facilities where such solutions will be utilized. It is only
possible to find, describe, and quantify useful reserves in the load carrying capacity or the weakest
structural resistance links through a rational combination of these arts. The condition assessment of
old iron and steel bridges can be based on a number of projects.

2. Physical properties of mineral thermal insulation

To improve its thermal properties, AAC is now modified in terms of pore size and distribution. The
obtained thermal conductivity is approximately 0.045 W/( mK ) at a density of 115 kg/m3.Due to
hydrophobization, beneficial hydrothermal processes occur when there is a high water vapour
permeability ( = 3) and limited capillary transport. The material can be used as internal insulation
without the need for a separate vapour barrier because it can dry quickly, reducing the negative effects
of cyclic moisture. A significant advantage of AAC, particularly in the context of public facilities, is
its high fire resistance (Class A1).The material's high position on the technology market is established
by all of the benefits it offers. The optimal insulation thickness can now be accurately designed thanks
to the availability of simulation and calculation techniques.
Figure depicts the architecture of AAC.1.Pores with a diameter of 2 mm are partially open, allowing
for the movement of moisture through diffusion, but hydrophosibation prevents the movement of
moisture through capillaries.
3. Numerical simulations
 Fig. 2b presents a 2D model of a stone wall, 410 mm thick, insulated with ultra-lightweight AAC
layers: 80÷200 mm, every 20 mm thick. The properties of materials used for simulation purposes are
presented in the Table 1. Table 1. Material properties properties Sandstone Lime mortar Mortar
adhesive AAC Lime plaster Density (kg/m3) 2,120.0 1,880.0 833.0 115.0 1,600.0 Porosity (m3 /m3)
0.17 0.28 0.686 0.96 0.3 Specific heat (J/ (kgK)) 850.0 850.0 850.0 850.0 850.0 Thermal
conductivity (W/ (mK)) 1.6 0.6 0.155 0.04 0.7 Diffusion resistance (-) 33.0 50.0 15.1 4.1 7.0
Numerical simulations were performed using Delphin 5.8, a program for the coupled heat, moisture,
and matter transport in porous building materials. A big advantage of the program is an implemented
correction of factors: mainly capillary conductivity DW, in the function of temperature and moisture
content [4]. Generally, the moisture transport rate is determined under moisture pickup by the material
on a surface completely saturated with water. What is worth noticing, the rising damp is carried away
mainly by the larger capillaries, which have lower suction pressure, but also lesser flow resistance. In
the case of insulation constructed from layers with different sorption characteristics, the diffusion
coefficient is very important. This value not only characterizes moisture redistribution, but also relates
to a secondary moisture flow after termination of surface saturation and collection of water from it.
Due to different courses of sorption isotherms for capillary active hydrophobised materials, data on
the material needs to be experimentally verified. It is crucial to determine the moisture flow on the
contact surface between capillary active and capillary inactive materials (e.g. AAC, which, for
computational reasons, needs to be assigned with certain fictitious values). Currently, due to the lack
of experimental verification of the data, the capillary transport coefficient Daws for mineral materials
might be described by the exponential function (1) [5-7]. In this way, it is possible to generate the
moisture diffusion coefficient under water contact and redistribution.

The amount of water in the system affects the predominant type of flow—diffusion or capillary—that
occurs. The situation is much more complicated with hydrophobised materials because all of the
material's characteristics change, influencing the simulation analysis results. The most significant
modification is the moisture diffusion coefficient, which has an impact on the free absorbability if
and moisture absorption coefficient w. The impact of driving rain on the moisture of a façade is
included by introducing the water absorption coefficient, which varies depending on the location and
directions of the world. Other modifications include density, specific heat, and thermal conductivity.
The first step in analysis is to determine, at a minimum, the boundary conditions: Temperature of the
air, both inside and outside, and humidity. The conditions at the boundary, which include heat transfer
by: convection, radiation and conduction) for Warsaw
Come from a Normal Meteorological Year [8].Figure depicts the internal temperature and relative
humidity.2a.
Internal conditions that were dry (40-60 percent) and wet (60-80%) were analysed.
4. Results:-
The results of the simulation analysis performed with Delphin 5.8 (temperature and moisture content)
are depicted in figures 3-5.
The model was first discretized using approx. 14, 500 elements, but the number was reduced to
approximately in order to speed up the calculations.4, 200 components. The outcomes are consistent.
Seven years were set aside for the simulation. The underlying
Dampness content of the wall, laid out at a degree of 40%, affects the course of intensity and
dampness
Trade, in light of the fact that the conclusive job is played by the working circumstances. The
Image3a examines the distribution of moisture content in the original wall that did not have thermal
insulation, whereas 3b examines the insulated wall. Figs. The progression of moisture accumulation in
each layer is shown in 4 and 5a.Fig.5b depicts the temperature at the AAC-stone wall contact surface.
The outcomes for various AAC thicknesses in cases are presented. The particular, in addition to the
historical wall, is the moisture content of the adhesive mortar used to aggregate the AAC layers with
the historical wall, as well as the moisture content of the AAC layer. Mycological problems can arise
when moisture levels are too high.
The accumulation of moisture in the stone wall (Fig.3b) only depends to a lesser extent on the AAC
layer's thickness. The moisture content increases linearly during the first simulation year until it
reaches a humidity equilibrium with the surrounding environment. In subsequent years, summer
drying and the accumulation of water during the fall and winter cause sinusoidal changes.
Additionally, the amount of moisture that has built up over time is rising. The course only differs by
0.25 kg (6%) between dry and wet conditions.
The adhesive mortar that joins AAC to the wall contains a significantly higher concentration of
moisture (Fig.4a).
The adhesive mortar's moisture content is influenced by the thickness of the AAC layer. The greater
the seasonal variations in moisture content, the thinner the thermal insulation. Drying in the summer
and accumulating moisture from autumn to winter are visible.

The amount of water in the AAC layer has a significant impact on the internal environment's sanitary
conditions.
Fig. The outcomes of this parameter simulation are shown in 4b.The variable moisture content does
not exceed acceptable levels, regardless of the thickness of the AAC material. On the other hand, the
rising percentage of moisture over time might be troubling. Water does not move to the thermal
insulation layer despite the AAC layer's lower moisture potential (Fig.4b).
The moisture content of the interior plaster layer determines the internal environment's mycological
threat.
Exposes this layer's moisture content. Since a maximum moisture level of 2% is considered to be
optimal, the accumulation of moisture in the plaster layer does not pose a mycobacterial threat. The
thickness of the AAC layer has little effect on how much water is added. The amount of accumulated
water in plaster decreases as AAC thickness increases.
The results of the temperature distribution in the insulated wall's cross section are alarming. Taking
into account Fig.5b, it can be concluded that a decrease in temperature at the contact surface between
AAC and the stone wall during the winter is caused by an increase in the thermal resistance of thermal
insulation. On January 11, the coldest day in Warsaw, the model temperature was -3.64 °C for 80 mm
AAC and -5.77 °C for 200 mm AAC .The adhesive mortar reaches full water saturation at this critical
value.
5. Experimental verification
Both in-person and laboratory measurements have confirmed the simulation results. Long-term
research has been carried out by the authors in historical buildings with interior AAC insulation. The
measurements have been taken, among other places, in numerous facilities, including the historic
Jacks Theatre building in Olsztyn.
The results of the simulation are supported by these measurements. However, the climate data used in
numerical calculations differ from the recent years' extreme warmth. Additionally, the measurements
were carried out in climatic chambers, which made it possible to load structures subjected to more
severe climatic conditions.
The measured horizontal displacements (DH) at the sliding bearings and the measured girder
deflections (DV) in Tests 1 and 2, in addition to the numerically predicted values. The chosen loading
events were those that resulted in the greatest number of observed quantities.
Except for the horizontal displacements prior to rehabilitation, the correlation between the numerical
and experimental results is excellent. The poor state of the roller bearings as a result of improper
maintenance was the cause of this significant deviation. In point of fact, during the survey that was
carried out for the viability study, corrosion, dirt, and bird droppings were found in a lot of the
supports' areas. This, in addition to the fact that the components of the supports didn't get enough
lubrication, made it hard for the structure to move freely. Despite this disparity in the displacements
of the supports, it is possible to conclude that the FE modelling accurately simulates the bridge's
global behaviour. Table 3 shows the numerical estimates for the maximum strains gathered from the
field tests. Concentrating on the readings, the results reveal a difference in the strain states of the
elements that are not subjected to direct loading (vertical, diagonal, and chords), with the vertical
strain state being larger and the diagonal strain state being lowest. As a result, this suggests that these
components have a significant amount of bending, which was unexpected for a truss structure. When
the strains that were acquired during the slow crossings, as depicted in Fig.12 are examined. In fact,
there is no scale correspondence between the plots in the lower chord of the two graphs. For this
situation, a neighbourhood disturbance of the resist the pinnacle locale is seen, which is expected to
The flexural and twist disfigurements actuated by the crossbeam
That moves the deck load at the joint.
In general, the numerical results for static loading compare favourably to gauged strains. With an
average difference of less than 5%, the crossbeam and stringer's diagonals, lower chord, and lower
flanges are well correlated. However, numerical and experimental data on the vertical and upper
chords diverge significantly. When it comes to the vertical, the out-of-plane bending deformation
caused by the joint rotating at the lower end has a significant impact on the strain fields (see the joint
in Fig.10).There are two possible explanations for the differences in the upper chord. For Test 1, it is
necessary to keep in mind that strain gages were attached to the lower angles of the U-section when
analysing the results (see Fig.7).These flanges are interrupted at an average distance of one meter
from the joint, resulting in a significant shift in the load path and a decrease in the carried stresses and
strains by the angles in the middle of the panel. Rather than conattributing straightforwardly to the
sectional properties these components act just as
edge stiffeners of the networks forestalling their clasping.Even though the strains in Test 2 were
measured in the section's flange at the joint, the webs are reinforced in this area with cover plates that
increase the stiffness locally (see Fig.11), and as a result, lessen the section deformation. The
correlation between the test results and the values predicted by the FE models can be considered
satisfactory in the overall assessment, despite the fact that the ability to predict the local behaviour
from numerical analysis is not as good. As a result, it is possible to draw the conclusion that the
adopted modelling strategy was effective in predicting the structure response and that the assumptions
on which it was based are sound. In point of fact, rather than considering a truss system, the
performance of the bridge is better described by an assumed frame structure. When looking at the
strains of the beams—crossbeams and stringers—the composite action that exists between the
concrete deck and the supporting steel grid is also abundantly clear. Large deformations were
observed at the bottom of the flanges, whereas the values at the top are close to or within the
measurement error (2).

6. Summary
When it is not possible to interfere with a building's exterior façade but there is a need to improve
thermal properties due to economic calculations or sanitary and hygienic requirements, internal
insulation technologies are used for thermal renovation. Renovating buildings with historic facades is
made simpler by new material solutions for damp proof isolation and thermal insulation. Long-term
approaches to predicting insulated partitions' hydrothermal state are also encouraged by new
technology implementation. Modern interior insulation can, in fact, perform the same function as
exterior insulation. In order to reduce energy consumption for heating and cooling buildings and
enhance sanitary and hygiene conditions, their use is justified. Condensation and, consequently,
frosting on the contact surface between the wall and internal insulation can result from improving the
thermal efficiency of existing historic walls. The insulated partitions' hydrothermal state can be
accurately predicted using simulations. The results of the calculations that have been done up to this
point and the research that has been done in situ on historical buildings demonstrate that AAC can be
used as an internal insulation during the renovation of buildings that have historical facades.
A comprehensive study of a century-old steel through-truss deck bridge that has undergone extensive
rehabilitation is presented in this paper. It included conducting field tests prior to and following the
rehabilitation works. The bridge's response was monitored under static, dynamic, and quasi-static
loading conditions (slow vehicle crossings).The installed instrumentation made it possible to measure
global quantities like horizontal displacements and deflections at the supports as well as the local
deformation of several crucial components. Field data were used to assess the structure's actual pre-
rehabilitation condition, identify the structural performance changes brought about by construction,
and evaluate the effectiveness of the applied strengthening. The force and deformation mechanisms
that control the behaviour of the bridge were better understood thanks to numerical analyses based on
3D FE models created using a mixed element and detailed level modelling strategy. The following
can now be concluded as a result:1) It was confirmed that the bridge response can be accurately
simulated as a 3D frame system because the numerical estimates performed well in comparison to the
experimental results, with errors below 5% for global quantities and less than 15% for local ones.2)
The floor system, which includes the concrete deck and the steel grid, unquestionably influences the
main truss girder forces and contributes to global performance;(3) The fact that the rehabilitation
resulted in an increase in the global vertical stiffness of the spans by close to 20% and an average
decrease in strains in the elements by over 40%, but only 25% in the lower chords, indicates that
strengthening was effective.
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(Dz.p. 2013 Poz. 926).
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