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#62, Rakame Complex,

T.P.K Road, Madurai-625011
7373007731
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Unit I Power Semiconductor Devices

1. Diode V.I Characteristics:

NEVER MISS A FORMULA SERIES

(i) PIV < Diode in blocking state

(ii) PIV > Breakdown occurs and diode conducts in reverse direction

2. Reverse Recovery Characteristics:-

FORMULA BOOK

POWER (i)

Where
= + =

Reverse recovery time

Time between 0 to

ELECTRONICS
Time between to 25% of

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(iv) Softness factor (s) =
S 1; = ; soft recovery
S 1 Fast recovery
3. Switching characteristics of Thyristor:-
Turn-on characteristics
Delay time ( ) = 0.9 to 0.1
Rise time ( ) = 0.1 to 0.9
Spread time ( ) = 0.9 to
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#62, Rakame Complex,
T.P.K Road, Madurai-625011
7373007731
Turn-off characteristics
= = +
= Device turn-off time
= Reverse recovery time
= Gate recovery time
= Circuit turn off time
2 POWER ELECTRONICS
MADURA COACHING
#62, Rakame Complex,
T.P.K Road, Madurai-625011
7373007731
______________________________________________________________________________
For successful commutation >
4. (i) String efficiency =
n number of SCRs connected in series / parallel
(ii) Derating factor = 1 String efficiency
5. Series connection of SCR:-
(i) Unequal voltage sharing compensation:
R= C=
maximum permissible blocking voltage
(max) - (min) (leakage current)
n number of SCR connected in series
Total String Voltage
difference in recovery charge
6. Thermal resistance:-
Average rate of heat generated
Junction temperature, Case temperature
Sink temperature, Ambient temperature
Thermal resistance b/w junction and case
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#62, Rakame Complex, #62, Rakame Complex,
T.P.K Road, Madurai-625011 T.P.K Road, Madurai-625011
7373007731 7373007731
______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________
Thermal resistance b/w case and sink i) Turn on angle =
4) RE Load
Thermal resistance b/w sink and ambient ii) Avg. value of O/P current
= [2 cos E( - 2 )]
= = = = iii) Conduction angle of diode = -
2
= + + iv) PIV of diode = +E
5) RL Load

Unit II Diode Rectifiers i) Avg. O/P voltage = (1 - cos )

1. Single Phase Half Wave Diode Rectifier Extinction angle
ii) Avg. O/P current = (1 - cos )
Diagram Parameters
1.R Load i) RMS value of O/P voltage =
ii) Avg. value of O/P voltage =
iii) Power delivered P = R 2. Comparison of 1 diode rectifiers:
iv) Peak inverse voltage (PIV) =
v) Input power factor Parameters Half wave Full wave
Vs = Vm.Sin = = 0.707 Centre tap Bridge

i) O/P current = (1 cos t) 1. DC O/P Voltage

2) L Load ii) Peak value of current = 2. RMS output voltage,

iii) Avg. value of current = 3. Ripple voltage 0.3856 0.3077 0.3077

iv) RMS value of fundamental current 4. Voltage ripple factor
1.211 0.482 0.482
=
v) O/P voltage = sin t= 5. Rectifier efficiency 40.53% 81.06% 81.06%
vi) Avg. O/P voltage = 0 6. TUF 0.2865 0.672 0.8106
3. C Load 7. DIV 2
i) O/P current = c cos t 8. Crest factor, CF 2
ii) O/P voltage = sin t = 9. Number of diodes 1 2 4
iii) Diode voltage = (sin t -1) 10. Ripple frequency f 2f 2f
iv) Avg. diode voltage = =
v) RMS diode voltage = 1.225
TUF Transformer Utilisation Factor

PIV Peak Inverse Voltage

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 MADURA COACHING MADURA COACHING
#62, Rakame Complex, #62, Rakame Complex,
T.P.K Road, Madurai-625011 T.P.K Road, Madurai-625011
7373007731 7373007731
______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________
3. 3 diode rectifier comparison :-
iii) RMS O/P voltage
6 pulse 6 pulse =
3 pulse 12 pulse
Parameters rectifier rectifier
rectifier rectifier iv) Circuit turn off time = sec
M 6 type B 6 type
DC o/p voltage, Vo 1.91
RMS o/p voltage, Vor 0.4854 0.55 0.955 1.91 4. RE Load
Ripple voltage, Vr 0.0872 0.02556 0.0408 0.0195 i) Charging current =
Voltage ripple factor ii) Range of firing angle
18.26% 4.3% 4.27% 1.023%
VRF iii) Conduction angle =
96.78% 99.82% 99.82% -
iv) Circuit turn off time =
TUF 0.6644 0.551 0.9541 -
v) Current =
PIV 1.155 -
Form factor, FF 1.0165 1.0009 1.0009 1.00005
i) Current I0 =
5. RLE load
Unit III Phase Controlled Rectifiers
ii) Average o/p voltage V0 =
1. Single Phase Half Wave Rectifier
iii) Max reverse voltage to thyristor = Vm + E
Diagram Parameters
iv) Circuit turn off time tc =
i) Avg. O/P voltage = (1 + COS )
1) R Load v) Power delivered P =
ii) RMS O/P voltage
vi) Power factor PF =
=
iii) RMS current =
2. Single phase full wave converter:-
iv) Circuit turn off time = sec
(i) Midpoint converter with RL Discontinuous conduction:-
2. RL Load i) Avg. O/P voltage (cos - cos ) Load
1) Avg. O/P voltage
ii) RMS O/P voltage
= (cos - cos )
2) RMS O/P voltage
=
iii) Conduction angle =
iv) Circuit turn off time ( ) =
3) Power factor cos =
i) Avg. O/P voltage = (1 + cos )
3. RL Load with FWD 4) Circuit turn off time =
ii) Avg. O/P current = (1 + cos )

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 MADURA COACHING
#62, Rakame Complex,
T.P.K Road, Madurai-625011
7373007731
______________________________________________________________________________
ii) Bridge connection Continuous conduction:-
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#62, Rakame Complex,
T.P.K Road, Madurai-625011
7373007731
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4. 3 Half Wave Controlled Converter (3 pulse converter):-

1) Avg. O/P voltage = cos
2. RMS O/P voltage =
3. Circuit turn off time =
Discontinuous conduction:-

(iii) With RLE load 1) Avg. O/P voltage

=
2) Avg. O/P current =
3. CKT turn of time =
continuous conduction
Continuous conduction:-
1) = cos discontinuous conduction
2) RMS O/P voltage =
3) Ckt turn off time = Type of load Characteristics
1) R load 1) Average of = cos
(i) <
= cos
3. Single Phase Semi-converters:- 2) RMS value of o/p voltage

Continuous Conduction Vor = Vml

1. Avg. O/P voltage = (1 + cos )

Note :
2. RMS O/P voltage Both formula valid for (i) < (R load)
= (ii) RL load for any value of
3. Circuit turn off time,
2) R load 1) Avg. O/P voltage
= (without FWD) (ii) > =

= (with FWD) 2) RMS value of O/P voltage

=
Discontinuous Conduction

1. Avg. O/P voltage

= [ ]

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 MADURA COACHING MADURA COACHING
#62, Rakame Complex, #62, Rakame Complex,
T.P.K Road, Madurai-625011 T.P.K Road, Madurai-625011
7373007731 7373007731
______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________
Note:- 6. 3 Half Controlled Rectifier (3 ) Semi-convectors
Both formula valid for
(i) R load when ( >
(ii) RL load with FWD when >
(iii) RLE load with FWD when >

5. 3 Full Converters (6 Pulse Converter.)

Case 1 : <

1) Avg. O/P voltage = (1 + cos )

2. RMS O/P Voltage

R Load

(i) < =

1) = cos Case 2:

2. RMS O/P voltage 1) Average O/P voltage

= (1 + cos )
=
2) RMS O/P voltage
Both formula valid for

1) R load when =

2) RL load and RLE load for any value of

(ii) >

Formula valid for R load > and for RL, RLE load with FWD

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 MADURA COACHING MADURA COACHING
#62, Rakame Complex, #62, Rakame Complex,
T.P.K Road, Madurai-625011 T.P.K Road, Madurai-625011
7373007731 7373007731
______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________
18)
19)
Unit IV Choppers
20) Effect of
resistance of
Buck Boost
Parameters Buck Converter Boost Converter inductance in = =
Converter
the
2
1) General converters
Configuration
Diagram
2. For Discontinuous Conduction of Inductor

2) D Parameters Type of Converters

Buck Boost
Buck Converters Boost Converters
3) Converters
4) (1 D) (1 D) (1 D) 1) . .
5) 2)
6)
3) .DT .DT
7) .D(1 D). T . D .T . D .T
4)
8) ( - -
5)
9) D (1 D)
6)
10)
- -
(
11) Condition 7) ( - D) ( - D) ( - D)
for finding
critical values =1 D = D (1 D = (1 D 8)
of parameter
12) (1 D) D (1 D (1 D

13) Where,

= = Average output voltage ; = Supply voltage

14) 1 =
D = Duty cycle ; = Average output current
15) R = Load resistance ; = Average diode current
16) (1 D) (1 D) ) (1 D)
= Average inductor current ; = Average supply current
17)

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#62, Rakame Complex,
T.P.K Road, Madurai-625011
7373007731
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= Average switch current ; = Current ripple
MADURA COACHING
#62, Rakame Complex,
T.P.K Road, Madurai-625011
7373007731
______________________________________________________________________________
= Auxiliary Thyristor ; = Main Thyristor

= Output voltage ripple ; = Critical inductance

(i) Resonant current = sin t= sin t
= Critical resistance ; = Critical duty cycle

= Critical capacitance ; = Average value of switch (ii) Peak resonant current =

voltage
(iii) Conduction time of auxiliary thyristor =
= RMS value of switch voltage ; = Average value of diode
voltage 3) Class C commutation:-

= RMS value of diode voltage ; = Extinction ratio

= Peak current

Unit V : Thyristor Commutation Techniques

1) Class A Commutation:-
i) Case 1: when ( - ON, - OFF)/t=0

(i) Charging current, =

(ii) Voltage across capacitor C, (t) = (1 - )

ii) Case 2: When ( - OFF, - ON)/t=

(i) Charging current, (t) =

Note : Overall circuit must be under damped
(ii) Voltage across capacitor , (t) = .[ -1]
<
Peak current through , p=
2) Class B commutation:-

Peak current through , p=

(iii) Ckt turn off time for

Ckt turn off time for

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 MADURA COACHING
#62, Rakame Complex,
T.P.K Road, Madurai-625011
7373007731
______________________________________________________________________________
MADURA COACHING
#62, Rakame Complex,
T.P.K Road, Madurai-625011
7373007731
______________________________________________________________________________

4) Class D commutation:- Unit V - Inverters

1) Single Phase Bridge Inverters

Parameters 1 Half Bridge Inverter 1 Full Bridge Inverter

Main thyristor 1) General Circuit

Diagram
Auxiliary thyristor

2) RMS O/P Voltage = =

(i) Capacitor Current, = sin t
3) O/P Voltage = sin n t = sin n t
4) harmonic O/P
= sin n t = sin n t
voltage
(ii) Peak value of current through capacitor = 5) harmonic current = sin n t = sin n t
6) Fundamental O/P
= sin t = sin t
(iii) Peak value of current through main thyristor = + voltage
7) RMS value of
(iv) Peak value of current through auxiliary thyristor ( )= fundamental O/P = =
voltage
(v) Ckt turn off time for main thyristor = 8) Fundamental
g= = g= =
distortion factor (FDF)
(vi) Ckt turn of time for auxiliary thyristor = 9) Total harmonic THD = = THD = =
distortion
48.34% 48.34%

2. Single Phase Voltage Source Inverters (VSI):-

(i) Load impedance at frequency (nf) = =

(ii) Phase angle = rad.

(iii) O/P current at the instant of commutation =

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 MADURA COACHING MADURA COACHING
#62, Rakame Complex, #62, Rakame Complex,
T.P.K Road, Madurai-625011 T.P.K Road, Madurai-625011
7373007731 7373007731
______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________
(iv) Fundamental load power, = R= cos

= RMS value of fundamental O/P current 4. Pulse Width Modulated Inverters

= RMS value of fundamental O/P voltage (1) Single Pulse Modulation:-

3. Three Phase Bridge Inverters:- (i) Output Voltage = sin nd sin n t

Parameters 3 VSI 3 VSI (ii) Pulse width = 2d

= sin (iii) Peak value of harmonic = sin nd

1) Line voltage = sin[n( t +
) (n t + )
/3)]
(iv) RMS value of O/P voltage =

2) (v) Fundamental distortion factor g =

3) cos sin ( t + ) sin ( t + )

(vi) Total harmonic distortion =
4)
(2) Multiple Pulse Width Modulation
=
5) Phase Voltage
= sin (n t) sin [n( t + )] (i) Output Voltage = sin n t
(
6) (ii) = +
7) sin t sin ( t + ) (iii) Amplitude of harmonic of 2 pulse wave form
=
8)
9) Fundamental (iv) Condition to eliminate harmonic
Distortion Factor g= g=
(FDF) 1) = 2) 2d =
10) Total
Where N = Number of pulses per half cycle
Harmonic THD = 31% THD = 31%
Distortion

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 MADURA COACHING
#62, Rakame Complex,
T.P.K Road, Madurai-625011
7373007731
______________________________________________________________________________
MADURA COACHING
#62, Rakame Complex,
T.P.K Road, Madurai-625011
7373007731
______________________________________________________________________________

Unit VI Electric Drives Note :-

(i) For RL load, o/p voltage is controllable when

1 Half Wave 1 Semi 1 Full

Parameters
Converter Drives Converter Drives Converter Drives
1) Average Output (ii) Firing angle range :-
= (1 + cos
Voltage of (1 + cos ) cos
Converter )
2) Field Circuit = (1 + cos
(1 + cos ) cos
O/P Voltage )
3) RMS Value of
=
Source Current

Unit VII AC Voltage Controllers

Parameters 1 half wave ac voltage 1 full wave ac voltage

controller controller
1) General
configuration
diagram

2) RMS value Vor = For R load

of output Vor =
voltage

For RL load
Vor =

3) Average V0 =
value of o/p
voltage

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