BANACH SPACE IN FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS

A Project Report

Submitted by

J SANKARA BHAVANI

Reg no :- 20174160302
II M.SC Mathematics

Under the guidance of

SK PARVEEN
Lecture in Mathematics

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
SRR & CVR GOVERNMENT DEGREE COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS)
VIJAYAWADA

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 BANACH SPACE IN
FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS

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 BANACH SPACE
INDEX

INTRODUCTION
NORMED SPACE
BANACH SPACE
FINITE DIMENSIONAL NORMED SPACE AND SUBSPACE
COMPACTNESS
LINEAR OPERATOR
BOUNDED LINEAR OPERATOR
LINEAR FUNCTIONAL
NORMED SPACES OF OPERATORS
DUAL SPACE

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 BANACH SPACE

Functional analysis is a branch of mathematical analysis, the core of which

is formed by the study of vector spaces endowed with some kind of limit-
related structure (e.g. inner product, norm, topology, etc.) and the linear
functions defined on these spaces and respecting these structures in a suitable
sense. The historical roots of functional analysis lie in the study of spaces of
functions and the formulation of properties of transformations of functions such
as the Fourier transform as transformations defining continuous, unitary etc.
operators between function spaces. This point of view turned out to be
particularly useful for the study of differential and integral equations.

One of the possible modes of vibration of an idealized circular drum head.

These modes are eigen functions of a linear operator on a function space, a
common construction in functional analysis.

The usage of the word functional as a noun goes back to the calculus of
variations, implying a function whose argument is a function. The term was first
used in Hadamard's 1910 book on that subject. However, the general concept of
a functional had previously been introduced in 1887 by the Italian
mathematician and physicist Vito Volterra. The theory of nonlinear functionals
was continued by students of Hadamard, in particular Fréchet and Lévy.
Hadamard also founded the modern school of linear functional analysis further
developed by Riesz and the group of Polish mathematicians around Stefan
Banach.

In modern introductory texts on functional analysis, the subject is seen

as the study of vector spaces endowed with a topology, in particular infinite-
dimensional spaces.In contrast, linear algebra deals mostly with finite-
dimensional spaces, and does not use topology. An important part of functional
analysis is the extension of the theory of measure, integration, and probability
to infinite dimensional spaces, also known as infinite dimensional analysis.

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 In mathematics, more specifically in functional analysis, a Banach space
(pronounced [ˈbanax]) is a complete normed vector space. Thus, a Banach space
is a vector space with a metric that allows the computation of vector length and
distance between vectors and is complete in the sense that a Cauchy sequence
of vectors always converges to a well defined limit that is within the space.

Banach spaces are named after the Polish mathematician Stefan

Banach, who introduced this concept and studied it systematically in 1920–1922
along with Hans Hahn and Eduard Helly. Maurice René Fréchet was the first to
use the term "Banach space" and Banach in turn then coined the term "Fréchet
space." Banach spaces originally grew out of the study of function spaces by
Hilbert, Fréchet, and Riesz earlier in the century. Banach spaces play a central
role in functional analysis. In other areas of analysis, the spaces under study are
often Banach spaces.

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 NORM:
A norm (∥ ∥) on a vector space x is a real valued function on x (∥ ∥:X→R) which
has the following properties:

N1) ∥x∥ ≥ 0

N2) ∥x∥ =0 iff x=0

N3) ∥∝x∥=|∝|∥x∥

N4) ∥x+y∥ ≤ ∥x∥+∥y∥,∀x,y∈X,∀ ∝∈K.

NORMED SPACE:
A normed space X is a vector space a norm defined on it

We define a metric on a normed space x by

d(x,y)=llx-yll≥0,∀ x,y∈X

Claim: d is a metric on X

1) d(x,y)=||x-y||≥0
2) d(x,y)=0 <=> ||x-y|| =0

<=> x-y =0

<=> x = y

3) d(x,y) =||x-y||

=|-1| ||y-x||

=||y-x||

=d(y,x)

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 4) d(x,y) =||x-y||

=||x-z+z-y||

=||x-z||+||z-y||

=d(x,z)+d(y,z),∀ x,y,z∈X

∵ d is a metric on X

∴The metric is called a metric induced by norm.

BANACH SPACE:
A Banach space is a complete normed space.(complete in the metric induced by
the norm)

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FINITE DIMENSIONAL NORMED SPACES & SUBSPACES
Are finite dimensional normed spaces simpler than infinite dimensional ones? In
what respect? These questions are rather natural. They are important since
finite dimensional spaces and subspaces play a role in various considerations
(for instance, in approximation theory and spectral theory). Quite a number of
interesting things can be said in this connection. Hence it is worthwhile to
collect some relevant facts, for their own sake and as tools for our further work.
This is our program in this section and the next one. A source for results of the
desired type is the following lemma. Very roughly speaking it states that in the
case of linear independence of vectors we cannot find a linear combination that
involves large scalars but represents a small vector

Every finite dimensional subspace Y of a normed space X is complete. In

particular every finite dimensional normed space is complete.

Proof: Let y be a finite dimensional subspace of a normed space x

Let {e1,e2, - - -,en} be a basis for y

Claim: Y is complete

Let {yn} be a Cauchy sequence in y

Let ∈>0 be given the ∃n0 ∋∥ym-yr∥ <∈,∀ m,r≥n0 ------(1)

Since ym∈Y ,Let {e1,e2, - - -,en} is a basis for Y, ∃Scalars

∝1m, ∝2m, - - -,∝nm

Ym = ∝1me1+ ∝ 2me2 + - -- +∝nmen

Now ∥ym-yr∥=∥ (∝1m-∝1r)e1+(∝2m-∝2r)e2+ - - - +(∝nm-∝nr)en∥

Since {e1,e2, - - -,en} is a linearly independent set,

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∃ C>0 ∋

∥ym-yr∥ ≥ C(|∝1m-∝1r| +| ∝2m-∝2r | + - - - +| ∝nm-∝nr| )

from(1)

⇒C(|∝1m-∝1r| +| ∝2m-∝2r | + - - - +| ∝nm-∝nr| )< ∈

⇒∑|∝im-∝ir| <∈/C,∀ m,r≥ n0

⇒{∝im} is a Cauchy sequence in R or ₵

Since R or ₵ complete,→ ∃∝im →∝i , for i=1,2,- - - ,n

Take y= ∝1e1+∝2e2+ - - - + ∝nen then y∈Y

⇒ym→y

Since {ym} is arbitrary cauchy sequence in Y

∴Y is complete

∴ every finite dimensional subspace of a normed space is complete.

Also every finite dimensional normed space X is complete.

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 COMPACTNESS:
A compact subset M of a metric space X is said to be Compact. If M is compact
considered as a subspace of X

i.e; every sequence in M has a convergent subsequence whose limit is an

element of M

Let Y and Z be subspaces of a normed space X if any dimensional and

suppose that Y is closed and is proper sub space of Z then for any real
number 𝜽 in the interval (0,1) ∃ z∈Z such that ∥z∥=1,∥z-y∥ ≥ 0,∀ y∈Y

Proof: Given that Y and Z be subspaces of a normed space X

Suppose that Y is closed and is a proper sub space of Z

Then Z-Y ≠ 0

Let 𝝑 ∈ Z-Y

Let a=inf ∥ 𝝑 -y∥

y∈Y
Since y is closed, 𝝑 ∉Y, a>0

( If a=0, then 𝝑 is a limit point Y ⇒𝝑 ∈Y,since Y is closed)

But 𝝑 ∉Y

Since a = inf { ∥ 𝝑 -y∥/y∈Y}

for any b>a, ∃y0∈Y∋∥ 𝝑 -y0∥≤b

⇒a≤∥ 𝝑 -y0∥≤b

for any 𝜽 ∈ (0,1)

take b=a/ 𝜽
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 then b=a/ 𝜽 >a

∵ ∃ y0∈Y∋a≤∥ 𝝑 -y0∥≤a/ 𝜽 ----(1)

Take z= c 𝝑 (-y0) where c=1/∥ 𝝑 -y0∥

then z∈Z & ∥z∥= ∥ c(𝝑 -y0)∥

= ∣ c∣ ∥ 𝝑 -y0∥

=1

Next we have to show that ∥z-y∥≥ 𝜽,y∈Y

if y∈Y

then ∥z-y∥ = ∥ c(𝝑 -y0)-y∥

=∥ c(𝝑 -y0-1/c)∥

=c ∥ 𝝑 -y0-1/c.y∥

⇒∥z-y∥ =c∥ 𝝑 -y1∥ where y1=y0+1/cy --------(2)

Since y,y0∈Y where y is a subspace of X, y1=y0+1/cy ∈Y

⇒a≤∥ 𝝑 -y1∥, since a is the infimum

∴∥z-y∥=c∥ 𝝑 -y1∥≥c.a

=1/∥ 𝝑 -y0∥.a≥ 𝜽 /a.a

⇒∥z-y∥≥ 𝜽

Since y∈Y is arbitary

∥z-y∥≥ 𝜽,y∈Y

Hence the Theorem.

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 LINEAR OPERATOR:
A linear operator T is an operator ∋

1) The domain D(T) of T is a vector space and the range R(T) lies in a vector
space over the same field.
2) ∀x,y ∈D(T) and scalar 𝜶, T(x+y)=Tx+Ty
T(𝜶 x)= 𝜶 Tx

Example: If x is any vector space, then the identity operator T: x→ y defined by

Tx= x is a linear operator.
Proof: Let x,y ∈X & 𝜶 be any scalar then
𝑰 (x+y)=x+y
=𝑰x+𝑰y
Also 𝑰 (𝜶 x)= 𝜶 x𝑰
=𝜶𝑰x
Hence 𝑰 is a linear operator.

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 BOUNDED LINEAR OPERATOR:
Let X and Y be the normed spaces and D:D(T)→Y a linear operator where D(T)
CX.The operator T is said to be "bounded" there is a real number C such that
∥Tx∥≤c∥x∥,∀ x∈D(T)

If a normed space X is finite dimensional then every linear operator on X is

bounded.

Proof: Let X be a finite dimensional normed space

Suppose that dim x=n and {e1,e2,e3, - - -,en} be a basis for x then for any x∈X,
∃unique scalars

ᶓ1, ᶓ 2, ᶓ 3,- - -, ᶓ n∋ x= ᶓ 1e1+ ᶓ 2e2+ - - - + ᶓ nen

Let T be a linear operator on x

Claim: T is bounded

Now ∥TX∥=∥T(ᶓ 1e1+ ᶓ 2e2+ - - - + ᶓ nen)∥

=∥ ᶓ 1T(e1)+ ᶓ 2T(e2)+ - - - + ᶓ nT(en)∥ (∵T is linear)

≤| ᶓ 1|∥Te1∥+|ᶓ 2| ∥Te2∥+ - - - +| ᶓ n| ∥Ten∥ ------( 1)

Take K =max ∥Te1∥

∵∥T∥≤K(|ᶓ 1|+| ᶓ 2|+ - - -+| ᶓ n|)

Since {e1,e2,- - -,en} is a linear independent set, ∃c>0∋

∥ ᶓ 1e1∥+∥ ᶓ 2e2∥+ - - - +∥ ᶓ nen∥≥c(|ᶓ 1|+| ᶓ 2|+ - - -+| ᶓ n|)

=> ∥x∥ ≥c (|ᶓ 1|+| ᶓ 2|+ - - -+| ᶓ n|)

∥x∥/c≥(|ᶓ 1|+| ᶓ 2|+ - - -+| ᶓ n|)------(2)

From(1)&(2)

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∥Tx∥≤k∥x∥/c

=𝜸∥x∥ where 𝜸 =k/c>0

Since x∈X being arbitrary

∥Tx∥≤ 𝜸 ∥x∥ ∀ x∈X

∴T is bounded

Hence every linear operator on x is bounded.

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 LINEAR FUNCTIONAL:
A linear functional f is a linear operator with domain in a vector space X and
range in the scalar field K(x)

f:D(T)→K where K = R if X is real and K = ₵ if X is complex.

Example: Let f: R3→R by f(x) =x a for some fixed a =(a1,a2,a3) ∈R3&

∀x =(x1,x2,x3) ∈R3

That is f(x)=x1a1+x2a2+x3a3. Then f is a function on R3

Proof: Let x=(x1,x2,x3), y=(y1,y2,y3) ∈ R3,𝜶 be any scalar

then f(x+y)=(x+y)a

=(x1+y1)a1+(x2+y2)a2+(x3+y3)a3

=x1a1+y1a1+x2a2+y2a2+x3a3+y3a3

=x1a1+x2a2+x3a3+y1a1+y2a2+y3a3

f(x+y)=f(x)+f(y)

f(𝜶 x)=( 𝜶 x)a

=( 𝜶 x1)a1+( 𝜶 x2)a2+( 𝜶 x3)a3

= 𝜶 (x1a1+x2a2+x3a3)

= 𝜶 f(x)

∴ f is linear functional

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 NORMED SPACES OF OPERATORS:
Let X and Y be normed spaces then the set of all Bounded Linear Operators from
X into Y is denoted by

B(X,Y)= {T: X ->Y/ T is linear bounded }

Note:
Clearly B(X,Y) is a vectors space under the operations + and . is defined as

(T+S)(x)= Tx+Sx

(𝜶 T)(x)= 𝜶 Tx,∀x∈X

For all S,T∈ B(X,Y), 𝜶 be any scalar.

If Y is a Banach space,then B(X,Y) i∀s a Banach space.

Proof: Let X be a normed space and Y Banach space

We know that B(X,Y) is normed space

Claim: B(X,Y) is complete

Let {Tn} be a Cauchy sequence in B(X,Y)

let ∈ >0

then ∃no ∋∥Tn-Tm∥<∈,∀ nm≥no

Since ∥Tn-Tm∥ is bounded ∥(Tn-Tm)(x)∥≤∥Tn-Tm∥ ∥x∥, ∀x∈X ---------(1)

⇒∥Tn-Tm∥≤ ∈∥x∥= ∈1,∀ n,m≥no for any x∈X

For any fixed x {TnX} is Cauchy sequence b y

Since y is complete , ∃y∈Y∋Tnx∈y ------(2)

Clearly this y depends on x.

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Now define T:x→y by

Tx= y= lim Tnx

n→ထ
T IS LINEAR:

Let x1,x2∈X,𝜶 be any scalar.

then T(x1+x2)= lim Tn(x1+x2 )

= lim Tnx1+ Lim Tnx2

T(x1+x2) =Tx1+Tx2

Also T(𝜶 x1)= lim Tn(𝜶 x1)

= 𝜶 limTnx1

= 𝜶 T x1

∴ T is linear.

T IS BOUNDED:

∥(Tn-T)x∥=∥Tnx-Tx∥

=∥Tnx- lim Tmn∥

=lim ∥Tnx-Tmx∥

≤∈∥x∥ ------(3)

Tn-T is Bounded.

Since Tn is Bounded.

Tn-(Tn-T) is also bounded, since (X,Y) is a vector space

⇒T is Bounded

From (3)⇒∥Tn-T∥<∈

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 ⇒∥Tn-T∥→0 (or)

Since {Tn} is a arbitrary cauchy sequence in B(X,Y)

B(X,Y) is complete.

Hence B(X,Y) is Banach space.

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 DUAL SPACE :
The set of all bounded linear functionals on a normed space is called the dual
spaces of X and is denoted X'

That is X' =B(x,k)

EXAMPLE:

The dual X' of a normed space x is a Banach space.

Proof: Since R or ₵ are complete

we know that Let x be normed and k be a Banach space then

X' =B(x,k) is complete

∴X' is a Banach space.

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THANK YOU

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