AP Biology Unit 1: Biochemistry Cheat Sheet

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Properties of Water Acids and Bases Free Energy

Polarity: Acid increases H+ in solution Gibbs free energy- ΔG=ΔH-TΔS

- allows cohesion, adhesion, surface Base reduces H+ in solution (accepts energy in a temp/p​ressure constant
tension H+or donates OH-) system that can perform work
High Specific Heat:
pH =-log[H+] exergonic
- resists temp change
Buffer accept​s/d​onates H+ to stabilize pH has a net release of free energy (-ΔG)
- high heat of vapori​zation
- allows evapor​ative cooling (high energy endergonic
Metabolism
particles vaporize)
absorbs free energy (+ΔG)
Universal Solvent: metabolic a specific molecule that is
ATP
- dissolves hydrop​hil​ic/​repels hydrop​hobic pathway altered in defined steps
catalyzed by enzymes that ribose, adenine, 3 phosphate groups
Properties of Carbon result in a certain product hydrolyzed to ADP+Pᵢ
phosphorylated molecu​les​=more
tetrav​‐ 4 bonds-​>co​mplex molecules catabolic releases energy by breaking
reactive
alence pathway down complex molecules

hydroc​‐ C and H, release energy anabolic consumes energy to build more

Large Biomol​ecules
arbons pathway complex molecules
Carboh​ydrates
structural differs in covalent arrang​‐ energy the capacity to cause change
isomer ement of atoms or rearrange matter -monos​acc​harides held by glycosidic
linkages
geometric differs in spacial arrang​‐
Isomers -energy storage, structure, protection
isomer ements around double bonds
Lipids
enantiomer mirror image of 4 molecules
attached to asymmetric -fatty acids held by ester linkages
carbon -hydrophobic, satura​ted​/un​sat​urated,
hormones
Functional Groups Nucleic Acids
-OH hydroxyl polar/​hyd​rop​hilic -nucle​otides held by phosph​odi​ester H-
-CH3 methyl nonpol​ar/​hyd​rop​‐ bonds
hobic Laws of Thermo​dyn​amics -enable reprod​uction, controls protein
synthesis
- carboxyl polar/​hyd​rop​hilic 1st Law of Thermo​dyn​amics
COOH Proteins
energy can be transf​erred and transf​‐
-COH carbonyl polar/​hyd​rop​hilic ormed but not created or destroyed -amino acids held by peptide bonds
-NH2 amino polar/​hyd​rop​hilic -follow varied instru​ctions from DNA
2nd Law of Thermo​dyn​amics
-SH sulfhydryl nonpol​ar/​hyd​rop​‐ every energy transf​er/​tra​nsf​orm​ation
Enzymes
hobic increases the entropy of the universe; a
-PO4 phosphate polar/​hyd​rop​hilic process must increase entropy to be Enzymes
sponta​neous these macrom​ole​cules act as catalysts
that lower activation energy barriers by
forming an induced fit w/subs​trate in the
active site

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 AP Biology Unit 1: Biochemistry Cheat Sheet
by hlewsey via cheatography.com/36676/cs/11528/

Enzymes (cont)

Enzyme Activation
-gene regula​tion= enzymes produced
when needed
-activators=cofactors (inorg​anic) and
coenzymes (organic) make up and help
enzymes function

Enzyme Inhibition
-compe​tit​ive​=in​hibitor molecule binds to
active site to block substrate
-allosteric=inhibitor molecule binds to
allosteric site to cover or change shape
of the active site

Optimal Conditions
-enzymes have optimal temp+pH
-cofactors+coenzymes bind to enzyme
or substrate

By hlewsey Published 23rd April, 2017. Sponsored by CrosswordCheats.com

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