Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE

Chemistry – concerned
with atomic
composition and
structure of substances
MATTER and the reactions they
anything that occupies space undergo
and has mass

MASS
amount of matter in an object; ELEMENTS
kilogram simplest type of matter having
unique properties
WEIGHT
gravitational force acting on ATOMS
an object smallest particle of an element

Neutrons – no electrical
charge
Protons – positive charges
Electrons – negative charges
Nucleus – formed by protons
and neutrons
Electron cloud – where
electrons are most likely to be
found
Atomic number – no of protons
in each atom
Mass number – no. of protons +
no. of neutrons
 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE

Chemical Bonding – electrons are transferred or shared between atoms

Ionic Bond – electrons are transferred
Covalent Bond – electrons are shared
Polar covalent bond – unequal, asymmetrical sharing of electrons
Polar molecules – molecules with asymmetrical electrical charge
Nonpolar covalent bond – equal sharing of electrons bet. atoms
Nonpolar molecules – molecules with symmetrical electrical charge
Hydrogen Bonds- Weak attraction bet the oppositely charged regions of
polar molecules
 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE

 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE

Molecule – two or more atoms
that are chemically combined
Compound – two or more diff.
types of atoms that are
chemically combined

Separation of ions in
an ionic compound by
polar water molecules
Electrolytes –
dissociated ions

Substances
interact either to
form or to break
chemical bonds 1. Synthesis – combination of reactants
Reactants – 2. Decomposition – breakdown of larger
substances that reactants
enter into a 3. Exchange – decomposition + synthesis
chemical Anabolism – synthesis rxns that occur in
reaction the body
Products – Catabolism – decomposition rxns that occur
substances that in the body
result from the Metabolism – anabolic + catabolic rxns in
chemical the body
reaction

CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE
Reactants can form products,
products can form reactants
Acid – proton donor
Base – proton acceptor
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
Energy – capacity to do work
Potential Energy – stored energy
Kinetic Energy – energy caused
by movement
Chemical Energy – form of
potential energy stored in
chemical bonds
Rate of Chemical Rxns (RCTC)
1. Reactants
2. Concentration
3. Temperature
4. Catalysts (increases the
rate of chem reaction without
itself being permanently
changed or depleted)
Indicates the H+ concentration
of a solution
Neutral – equal no. of H+ and
OH-; pH of 7.0
Acidic – H+ > OH-; pH less than
7.0
Basic – H+ > OH-; pH greater
than 7.0
7.35 – 7.45 – normal pH range of
blood
Acidosis – blood pH drops beow
7.35
Alkalosis – blood pH rises above
7.45
 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE

Salts
Forms when an acid reacts
with a base

Buffer
Chemicals that resist changes
in pH

Do not contain Carbon

Water (H2O) is an inorganic molecule

that consists of one atom of oxygen
joined by polar covalent bonds to two
atoms of hydrogen.
Oxygen – involved with
Water has many important roles in
the extraction of energy
humans and all living organisms:
from food molecules
1. Stabilizing body temperature.
Carbon Dioxide – by-
2. Protection; lubricant/cushion.
product of the
3. Facilitating chemical reactions.
breakdown of food
4. Transporting substances
molecules
 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE

Carbon containing

Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. In

most carbohydrates, for each carbon atom there are two hydrogen atoms
and one oxygen atom. Note that this two-to-one ratio is the same as in
water (H2O). The molecules are called carbohydrates because each
carbon (carbo-) is combined with the same atoms that form water
(hydrated). For example, the chemical formula for glucose is C6H12O6.
Monosaccharides – smallest carbohydrates; simple sugars
Glucose – blood sugar
Fructose – fruit sugar
Disaccharides – 2 monosaccharides
Sucrose – table sugar
Polysaccharides – many monosaccharides
Glycogen – animal starch
Plant starch
Cellulose
 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE

Lipids are substances that dissolve in nonpolar solvents, such as alcohol

or acetone, but not in polar solvents, such as water. Lipids are composed
mainly of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but other elements, such as
phosphorus and nitrogen, are minor components of some lipids. Lipids
contain a lower proportion of oxygen to carbon than do carbohydrates.
Fats – important energy-storage molecules; pad and insulate the body
Glycerol & Fatty Acids – building blocks of fats
Triglycerides – most common type of fat molecules
Saturated Fatty Acid – single covalent bond; beef, pork, whole milk,
cheese, butter, eggs, coconut oil, palm oil
Unsaturated Fatty Acid – one of more double covalent bonds
Mono-unsaturated fats – double covalent bonds bet. carbon; olive and
peanut oil
Polyunsaturated fats – two or more double covalent bonds; safflower,
sunflower, corn, fish oils
Trans fats – unsaturated fats tha have been altered by addition of H
atoms
Phospholipids – phosphorus containing molecues
Hydrophilic – water loving; polar end of molecules are attracted to water
Hydrophobic – water fearing; non polar end is repelled by water
Eicosanoids – important chemicals derived form fatty acids; important
regulatory molecules
Prostaglandins – regulates secretion of hormones, blood clotting, and
some reproductive functions
Steroids – carbon atoms in four ring-like structures
Cholesterol – important steroid bcos steroid molecules are synthesized
from it; important component of cell membranes
 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE

 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE

 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE

CHON + S
Regulate chemical reactions
Serve as structural components
Cause muscle contraction
All proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, and most
have some sulfur. The building blocks of proteins are amino acids, which
are organic acids containing an amine group (–NH2) and a carboxyl
group. There are 20 basic types of amino acids. Humans can synthesize 12
of them from simple organic molecules, but the remaining 8 so-called
essential amino acids must be obtained in the diet
Amino acids – building blocks of proteins; amine group + carboxyl group;
20 basic types: 12 simple org. molecules + 8 obtained in diet
Denaturation – change in shape caused by abnormally high temp. or
change in pH
Enzymes – protein catalysts; lower the activation energy
Activation energy – energy needed to start a chem rxn
Lock-and-key model – the shapes of an enzyme and those of the reactant
allow the enzymes to bind easily to the reactants
 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE

 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) – genetic material of cells

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) – important role in gene expression/protein
synthesis
Nucleic acid – large molecules composed of CHONP
Nucleotides – basic building clocks of DNA + RNA

Important organic molecule

Energy currency of cells
Stores and provides energy
 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE

 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo

CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE