CA2: TECHNICAL REPORT WRITING NAME: NAJIMUL HOQUE ROLL NO: 27

CONTINUOUS ASSESMENT 2(CA2):

TECHNICAL REPORT WRITING

TOPIC:
Application of Ideal and Practical Voltage

Subject name: BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Subject code: ES-EE101

Name: NAJIMUL HOQUE

Stream: INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Roll no: 27

1
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
CA2: TECHNICAL REPORT WRITING NAME: NAJIMUL HOQUE ROLL NO: 27

ABSTRACT
By definition, an ideal voltage source is a two-terminal element with the property that
the voltage across the terminals is specified at every instant in time. This voltage does not
depend on the current through the source. That is, any current in any direction could possibly
flow through the source. This current will be determined solely by the circuit elements connected
to this source and it can be computed according to the rules which we will learn in the next
chapter. Depending on the actual direction of the current through the source, the voltage source
can either provide power or absorb it.

2
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
CA2: TECHNICAL REPORT WRITING NAME: NAJIMUL HOQUE ROLL NO: 27

INTRODUCTION:

DEFINITION:
IDEAL VOLTAGE SOURCE:
An ideal voltage source is defined as the two terminal device capable of providing a constant voltage
across its terminals. The voltage across the terminals of an ideal voltage source remains constant and is
independent of load current.

Symbol:
The symbol of an ideal voltage source is shown below.

Characteristics:
As per the definition, the voltage across the terminals of such source is always constant irrespective of the
circuit resistance or output current. This means, the characteristics of this source must be as shown below.

In the above, characteristics, circuit resistance means the resistance connected across the terminals of
source.

3
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
CA2: TECHNICAL REPORT WRITING NAME: NAJIMUL HOQUE ROLL NO: 27

Practical Voltage Source:

A practical voltage source is one which we find around us. The terminal voltage across its
terminals are not constant rather it varies with output current. Internal resistance of practical
voltage source has some finite value. Though efforts are made to minimize this internal
resistance. Examples of voltage sources are Batteries, Generators etc.
Symbol:
A practical voltage source is denoted as an ideal voltage source connected with a series
resistance. This series resistance (r) represents the internal resistance of the source.

Characteristics:
Since the practical voltage source have finite value of internal resistance, therefore, the voltage
across its terminal A&B i.e. VAB is not constant rather it depends upon the circuit current. The
more the value of current, the lesser will be the magnitude of terminal voltage VAB. Similarly, if
the current is less, the terminal voltage will be more. In fact, the relationship between the circuit
current and terminal voltage of a practical voltage source is given as below.
VAB = (V-Ir)
For a given source, the source voltage and its internal resistance r are constant, therefore the
above expression represents a straight line having slope “-r”. The characteristics of a practical
voltage source is shown below.

4
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
CA2: TECHNICAL REPORT WRITING NAME: NAJIMUL HOQUE ROLL NO: 27

OBJECTIVE:
Application of Ideal and Practical Voltage
THEORY:
Difference between Ideal and Practical Voltage Source

An imaginary voltage source can provide a constant voltage to load ranging from zero to infinity.
Such voltage source is having zero internal resistance, RsRs and is called an Ideal Voltage Source.
Practically it is not possible to build a voltage source with no internal resistance and constant voltage for
that long range of the load.
Practical voltage sources always have some resistance value in series with an ideal voltage source. And
because of that series resistance, voltage drops when current passes through it. So, Practical Voltage
Source has internal resistance and slightly variable voltage.

PRACTICAL EXAMPLE OF IDEAL VOLTAGE SOURCE:

The symbolic representation of the ideal and practical voltage source is shown below. The example of
voltage sources is batteries and alternators.

PRATICAL EXAMPLE OF IDEAL SOURCE:

Real voltage sources, such as batteries, power supplies, piezoelectric disks, generators, steam
turbines, wall outlets, etc. have an internal source impedance (in series with the ideal voltage source),
which is very important to understand.

5
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
CA2: TECHNICAL REPORT WRITING NAME: NAJIMUL HOQUE ROLL NO: 27

CONCLUSION:
In a series circuit, the sum of the voltages across components is equal to the supply voltage. In a series
circuit, the voltages across each of the components are in a similar proportion to their resistances.

REFERENCES:

 https://wikipedia.com
 https://www.elprocus.com
 https://www.slideshare.net
 https://circuitglobe.com

6
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING