ARC OO7

COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN DESIGN

August 12,2022

Submitted by: Ma Clarice S. Lomonsod

Submitted to: Ar. Joel C. Enquito

BALINESE ARCHITECTURE

HINDUISM IN INDONESIA

Hinduism was the main religion in Indonesia before Islam came to the country through
Muslim traders in the 12th and 13th centuries. Hinduism came to Indonesia as early as the 1 st century.
By the 4th century, Hindu states had been established on Java. Hinduism spread throughout the rest
of Indonesia and reached its peak in the 14 th century. Although most of Indonesia was Muslim by the
end of the 16th century, Bali remained Hindu. In 1959, the Indonesian government recognized
Hinduism as an official religion. Indonesian Hindus practice Dharma Hinduism because of this. It
was a major reform movement that lobbied for Hindus’ rights in Bali. This reform helped start a
revival of Hinduism in Indonesia.

Balinese Hinduism

Bali, one of Indonesia's major tourist attractions, is not only famous for its beautiful beaches,
landscape and rice fields but also for its unique cultural tradition: a Balinese Hindu tradition
that mainly consists of art and ritual. This religion is rather different from Hinduism as
practiced in India because - before Hinduism arrived in Bali - it underwent some radical
changes on the island of Java. One important feature of this change being the union between
Hinduism (or more specific Shivaism) and Buddhism. This feature is still visible today as, for
example, some Buddhist religious writings still play an important role in Balinese Hinduism and
the island has a priesthood which contains both Hindus and Buddhists.
BALI- Indonesian island province

BALINESE ARCHITECTURE CHARACTERISICS

 Large windows and door openings and free flowing open floor plans.
 Organic architecture style

BALINESE CULTURE- Indian, Chinese, hindu, and local traditions (JAVANESE AND
ANIMIST)

 Use of Organic or natural materials

1. Bamboo
2. Coconut
3. Wood
4. Brick
5. Stone
6. Thatched roof

*Buildings decorated with RICH ORNAMENTATION using wood and stone

materials.

7 PHILOSOPHIES OF BALINESE ARCHITECTURE

1. TRI HATA KARANA- harmony and balance
3 ELEMENTS:
a. ATMA- human
b. ANGGA- nature
c. KHAYA- Gods
2. TRI MANDALA- Rules of space division and zoning divides into 3 realms:
a. NISTA MANDALA – less sacred, after and lower
b. MADYA MANDALA- Inner space, intermediate inner space
c. UTAMA MANDALA- inner and higher most important space and only few could
enter
3. SANGA MANDALA- same to TRI MANDALA but this is rather based on directions.
4. TRI ANGGA- concept or hierarchy
5. TRI LOKA- similar to angga but different realms
6. ASTA KOSA LA KOSALI- 8 guidelines of architecture designs and symbols
7. ARGA SEGARA- sacred axis between mountain and sea.

*COMPONENTS OF A BALINESE TEMPLE

- PURA Sanskrit word “CITY”, “ WALLED CITY”, or PALACE

- contains several shrines

- MERU (TOWERS)

- BALE (PAVILLIONS)

DIVIDED INTO 3 ZONES:

1. NISTA MANDALA- (JABA PISAN)

a. Entrance to temple
b. Open field
c. Garden for dance ( religions)
 d. Festivals
2. MADYA MANDALA (JABA TENGAH)
a. Several pavilions
b. Followers takes place
c. Location for supporting facilities
d. Temple’s Kitchen
e. Play instrument: BALE song (gamelan pavilion), wantilan ( meeting pavilion)
f. BALE KULKJL ( wooden slot drum)
g. GATE – CAADI BENTAR
3. UTAMA MANDALA ( JERO)
a. Holiest sacred zone
b. Usually contains highest compounds
c. Throne
d. PADMASANA- empty throne
- Towering lotus
- GOD ACINTYA- ( The Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa) “All in one God”
e. PELINGGIH MERU- multi tiered tower
- 3,5,7 ,9,11 levels associated to Mt. Meeru
f. PAVILLIONS-
i. BALE PAWEDAN (Vedic Chanting Pavilion)
ii. BALE PIYASAN (Offering Pavillion)
iii. GEDONG PENYIMPENAN (strorehouse of the temple relics.)

*BALINESE TEMPLE GATES

1. CANDI BENTAR
a. Split into 2
b. Threshold between outer and middle realm.
2. KORI AGUNG (PADURAKSA)
a. Roofed tower gate connecting JABA & JERU
b. Applies to non religious buildings such as Royal Residences

 BALINESE RESIDENTIAL COMPOUND

1. Composed of separate pavilions
2. Bale or BALAY
3. Depending on Wealth
4. Oriented based on Hindu and local beliefs.
5. More pavilions – the wealthier the user
6. 2 MAIN CARDINAL DIRECTION OF BALINESE
 KAJA - to the mountain
 KELOD- to the sea
7. SEA- abode of demons
8. Mountain- Mt. Agung
9. EAST (KANGIN)- life after KAJA
10. WEST ( KAUH)- death, after KELOD
11. NORTHEAST- corner for sacred space
12. SOUTHWEST- corner unholy space
 TYPICAL LAYOUT OF BALINESE RESIDENCES
1. NATAH- open central courtyard . The Navel and the heart.
2. SANGGAH KEMULAN OR MERAJAN (NE)- family temple,enclosed in a fence,
first built in house, in a clockwise direction
3. BALE DAJA OR METEN (N)- sleeping pavilion, household head, newly wed.
4. BALE DANGIN (SEKEPAT) (E)- 4 post pavilion, life to death performed rituals
 5. BALE DAUH or TIANG SANGGA- 9 post pavilion, working area, gathering or
sleeping, maid quarters
6. BALE DELOD or SAKENAM – 6 post pavilion, guest, relatives and childrens
spaces, located in embracing arms in the reference of purusha the universal
principle of a house.
7. PAON (S) – the kitchen, BRAHMA- fire God, the leg
8. LUMBUNG or JINENG- granary, storage area of rice
9. LAWANG- compound gate, flanked with gate shrines called APIT LAWANG.
10. ALING- ALING – protective wall from evil spirits
11. SANGGAH PENGIJENG KARANG- house protecting shrine

 MOSQUE TYPOLOGY – IRAN & CENTRAL ASIA: the bi- axial 4 IWAN TYPE
- ANATOLIA- use of massive central dome
 SOUTHEAST ASIA: CENTRAL PYRAMIDAL ROOF CONSTRUCTION.

EX.

1. DEMAK MOSQUE- know MASJID AGUNG DEMAK

- Reminds you of BUDDHIst and HINDU TEMPLE
- Traditional Javanese Mosque
- Supported by 4 main post called SAKA Guru
- SAKA- Post
- GURU- teacher
- Javanese- Islamic style which influence most of the region.