AMRITA VIDYALAYAM

TRICHY

Managed by: MATA

AMRITANANDAMAYI MATH

DEPARTMENT
OF PHYSICS PROJECT FILE
2022-23
Topic: Effect of temperature on
strength of magnet.
 AMRITA VIDYALAYAM
TRICHY
Managed by: MATA AMRITANANDAMAYI MATH

Certificate

This is to certify that Selvan..B.KIRAN KUMAR

of Class : XII Section: C Register No: has
completed his investigatory project in the subject
of Physics as required according to the Central
Board of Secondary Education for the academic
session 2022-23.

Date: Teacher in charge

Examiner’s signature Principal

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to convey my thanks to my

Physics Teacher Kiruthika.M Amrita
Vidyalayam, Trichy for his/her immense
help and guidance in the completion of my
project.

I would also like to convey my thanks to

our Principal Mrs. USHA RAGHAVAN and
our school management for providing
necessary materials.

I would like to extend my gratitude for

everyone who helped me to complete this
project.

Name of the Student : KIRAN KUMAR B

Register No:
CoNTENTS :
1.INTRODUCTION
2. INK
3. HISTORY OF INK
4. USES OF INK
5. INK PREPARATION
5.1-MATERIALS REQUIRED
5.2-PROCEDURE
5.3-PREPARATION AT HOME
5.4-OBSERVATION
6. EFFECTS OF INK
7. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Introduction:
Many say that pen is mightier than sword,
but everthought that what makes the pen
mightier? Yes it is thewonder liquid INK. You
might have used ink many timesfor writing
but have you ever bothered that from where
itcomes? How it is prepared? What
materials are used in itspreparation? Etc.
I’m sure your answer would be NO!
But don’t worry this project includes
answer of all your questions.
Ink:
Ink is a liquid or paste that contains
pigments and/or dyes and is used to colour
a surface toproduce an image, text, or
design. Ink is used for drawing and / or
writing with a pen, brush, orquill. Thicker
inks, in paste form, are used extensively in
letterpress and lithographic printing. Ink is
an essential item for students, teachers,
authors and others. Ink was first, used by
theEgyptians around 4000 years ago. India
ink was first invented in China, but the
Englishterm ink was coined due to their
later trade with India.
Ink preparation in ancient times:
The first writing ink was invented in 2500 B. C.
By the Egyptians and the Chinese It is
believed that this ink was made by mixing
carbon with gum. It was then shaped into
sticks and dried, before use it was dipped in
water and made ready for writing. Chinese
inventor Tien- Leheu was the one who made
the ink by mixing soot from pine trees and
lamp oils. Gelatine was also used with this
mixture. Gelatin was made from donkey’s skin
and musk. The black writing ink gained
popularity by 1200 B. C. And people tried
changing it by changing the ingredients to
natural dyes, adding different colors which
they got from minerals and plants. Nutgalls,
iron salts and gum were also added to this
recipe and it became the standard formula for
the writing ink for a number of years.
In India ink commonly called “masi has been
in use since 4th century. This was made of
burnt bones, tar and other substances. The
oldest form of ink known as India ink or China
ink is still used in China and Japan with a
small brush Architects, artists and engineers
use this ink because of its bright colour and
permanence.
The history of inks can be traced back to
the 12th century BC, cave drawings
(Ajanta caves) in prehistoric times
would not have been possible without a
dye or pigment base. The first dyes and
pigments were made out of plants and
minerals such as fruit and vegetable
juices.
Uses of ink:

“Ink is a huge part of our everyday lives.

Without it we wouldn’t be able to print
money, make road signs, or mail packages.
•Ink is used widely in following aspects.
i)Printer Cartridges – Printers use ink-filled
cartridges to add cole paper.
ii). Tattoos-Tattoo artists create tattoos by
placing ink beneath the tiny needles.
iii). Art-Many art supplies contain ink,
including pens, printing
machines.Markers,stamp pads and
sometimes paints.
Aim: Preparation of ink.
Apparatus and materials required:
(i)Glue: Gum is dissolved in hot water
and this results in a sticky solution.
Mixing of this in an ink solution, helps in
many ways the ink turns bright, the color
of ink does not fade with time .The flow
of ink is maintained smooth.

(ii) Glycerine: Sometimes, glycerine is

also used in preparing ink. The mixing of
glycerine checks the early drying of ink.
This is mainly used in preparing the
stamp pad inks.

(iii):Alcohol: Spirit or alcohol is mixed in

ink because it helps in Quick drying of
ink, and the ink does not diffuse on
papers after writing.

(iv) Boric ar carbolic acids: The principal

constituents of ink are organic in nature.
The breakdown of these materials spoils
the ink and this causes deposition of
constituents in fountain pen of in the ink
pot. Incorporation of boric or carbolic
acid to the ink preparation ch
(v)Scented materials: The organic decay
of ink gives it sometimes, foul smell. To
avoid this, scented materials are
incorporated at the time of ink
preparation.

(vi) Blue-black color – Naphtha blue-black

ink

(vii) Four Test tubes and a Beaker.

Procedure:

1. Dissolve 250 gm of tannic acid and 80

gm of Gallic acid in about 5 liters of
distilled water.

2. To this solution 250 ml dilute HCl is

added.

3. Dissolve in a separate container 300

gm ferrous sulphate, 20 gm carbolic acid
about 4 liters of water.

4. In a third container, the desired color

is dissolved in a little water.
5. All the three solutions are mixed
together.Also add a little of glue solution.
Alcohol, scented material, mix well, filter
and keep the filtrate for a few days

6. Filter once again and store in bottles.

The ink is ready for use.
 Preparation of ink at home:

1. Add hot distilled water to the bowl of

lampblack (you can make your own by
completely burning paper or wood) –
stop adding water before you think you
should and if you, accidentally, get too
much water, add more lampblack.
2. Mix until the water is an inky black
(lampblack floats and is difficult to
dissolve).

3. Once the water is inky black, add a

small amount of gum Arabic and mix until
the gum has been dissolved in the warm
liquid (this homemade ink should be the
same
consistency as commercially prepared ink)

4. Store the ink in a small glass bottle for

future use. A variant of this recipe is mix
together one egg yolk, one tablespoon
gum Arabic and ½ cup honey, then stir in
½ tablespoon lampblack, this will produce
a thick paste which you can store in a
sealed container.
5. To use the ink, mix this paste with a
small amount of water to achieve the
desired consistency.
Observation:

An ink’s colour is a function of the

pigment used, and an ink’s other optical
properties are primarily determined by
the pigment characteristics. An
important consideration is colour
matching, or the ability to precisely
duplicate another colour. Color matching
tests can be done visually under specific
lighting conditions, or utilizing a
spectrophotometer and computer
programs that can match a colour
wavelength-by-wavelength.
Properties---
•Viscosity
•Surface Tension
•Contact angle
•Temperature
•Density-specific gravity
•Filtration Time
•Conductivity
•Particle Size
Effects of ink:

Generally speaking, most inks aren’t toxic

in small quantities.
The US. Food and Drug Administration
warns that some types of tattoo ink can
cause allergies in certain people. Ink are
made up of several ingredients, most of
them include sulphur,ethoxylated
acetylenic diols which modify the surface
tension of the water
There are many adverse effects of just
throwing away an old ink or toner
cartridge and heavy metals present will
pollute the soil and water when they
reach landfills.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY :

(i) NCERTBOOK
CLASSXIICHEMISTRY(PRIMARYSOURCE
(ii) ERRORLESS CHEMISTRY – NEET

(iii) ALLEN CHEMISTRY- NEET

(iv) THE COMPOSITION, PREPERTIES OF INK

(v) THE MANUFACTURE OF INK