LABAO, ARNELYN S.

CURRICULUM INSTRUCTION
MASED BIOLOGY

Paper 1: Introduction to Curriculum Development

Instruction: Answer the given guide questions. Once finish, submit later to the google drive link
folder that I will provide you. Use any reference materials in answering the question. Indicate
below your answers your references.

1. What is curriculum?

Curriculum is the set of knowledge of skills that learners expected to learn as they progress
through our school system but society as well. It is also the materials, lessons, and academic
content taught in school for the purpose of achieving targeted educational outcomes. John
Dewey defines curriculum as a continuous reconstruction, moving from the learner’s present
experience out into the organized bodies of truth that we call studies.

The term curriculum has been defined by different writers in different ways:
1. Cunningham – “Curriculum is a tool in the hands of the artist (teacher) to mould his
material (pupils) according to his ideas (aims and objectives) in his studio (school)”.
2. Morroe – “Curriculum includes all those activities which are utilized by the school to
attain the aims of education.
3. Froebel – “Curriculum should be conceived as an epitome of the rounded whole of the
knowledge and experience of the human race.”
4. Crow and Crow – The curriculum includes all the learners’ experience in or outside
school that are included in a programme which has been devised to help him
developmentally, emotionally, socially, spiritually and morally”.
5. T.P. Nunn-“The curriculum should be viewed as various forms of activities that are
grand expressions of human sprit and that are of the greatest and most permanent
significance to the wide world”

References: https://www.edelements.com/blog/what-exactly-is-curriculum
https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/curriculum/6468
http://www.sajaipuriacollege.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/curriculum-and-its-
principles-converted-1.pdf

Why curriculum is considered as a dynamic process?

The curriculum has become a dynamic process due to the changes that occur in our
society. Every time there are changes or developments happening around the world, curricula
are affected. There is need to update them to address the society’s needs.
 References: https://simplyeducate.me/2014/12/13/the-meaning-and-importance-of-
curriculum-development/#:~:text=two%20separate%20sections.-
,Definition%20of%20Curriculum%20Development,that%20occur%20in%20our%20societ
y.&text=They%20had%20no%20formal%20education,knowledge%20and%20skills%20fo
r%20survival.

2. Differentiate these three (3):

a. Curriculum construction-It is sometimes called a course of study. It describes the
ground which pupil and teacher cover to reach the goal or objective of education.

Principles of Curriculum Construction

1. Principle of Child Centeredness
2. Principle of Flexibility and Variety
3. Principle of Correlation
4. Principle of Integration
5. Principle of Community Service
6. Principle of Values
7. Principle of Totality

References: https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/education/curriculum-construction-in-
india-education/84842

b. Curriculum development is defined as planned, a purposeful, progressive, and

systematic process to create positive improvements in the educational system.
Curriculum development can be also defined as a kind of step-by-step process used
to create positive improvements in the courses offered in higher education. It
involves the implementation of different types of instructional strategies and
organizational methods that are focused on achieving optimal student development
and student learning outcomes.

References: https://simplyeducate.me/2014/12/13/the-meaning-and-importance-of-
curriculum-development/#:~:text=two%20separate%20sections.-
,Definition%20of%20Curriculum%20Development,that%20occur%20in%20our%20societ
y.&text=They%20had%20no%20formal%20education,knowledge%20and%20skills%20fo
r%20survival.

https://trenducation.wordpress.com/2019/10/28/what-is-curriculum-development/

c. Curriculum enhancement- Curriculum enhancement is most likely to be built around

existing general curriculum and to involve teachers’ alterations of curriculum.
Frequently, teachers will enhance curriculum with additions of instructional
strategies. Frequently enhancements are created to evaluate and teach adequate
 background knowledge in preparation for a new task. Additionally, teachers may
incorporate a variety of instructional materials and procedures to meet students’
needs, including the use of co-teaching and/or instructional collaboration

References:
https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Faem.cast.org%
2Fbinaries%2Fcontent%2Fassets%2Fcommon%2Fpublications%2Faem%2Fncac-
curriculum-modification-2014-12.docx&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK

3. Differentiate the Traditional Points of Curriculum from Progressive Points of View of

Curriculum.

A traditional curriculum is a curriculum stay at traditional method of teaching. It provide

all students with direct information and facts. In this educational model, educators are
front and center. As gatekeepers of knowledge, they choose what to teach and how to
teach it. They pass information to students that will help prepare them for life beyond
school. In traditional education, schools are less concerned about students themselves
and what they get out of their lessons. Rather, they focus on shaping students into
moral and educated individuals who can contribute to the working world when they
become adults.

A progressive curriculum is a curriculum improving in teaching process. It develops the

teachers to have new strategies developing students learning. It focuses less on how a
teacher prepares students for jobs and more on what students are passionate about
and what critical thinking skills they can develop. Administrators who implement this
style of education in their schools help students understand how they can be lifelong
learners, constantly engaging with new ideas and solving new problems.

Simply put, traditional curriculum is a more linear approach to learning while

progressive curriculum provides more hands-on research, sudden program detours, and
a chance to learn things in the field. Traditional curriculum also instills that school
prepares you for life and learning is bound inside the school grounds only while
progressive curriculum teaches that school is just another part of the life and that your
community and your family are parts of the actual “schooling”.

References: https://bannister.edu.ph/traditional-vs-progressive-
curriculum/#:~:text=Simply%20put%2C%20traditional%20curriculum%20is,learn%20thi
ngs%20in%20the%20field.

https://soeonline.american.edu/blog/traditional-vs-progressive-education

https://findanyanswer.com/what-is-the-difference-between-traditional-and-
progressive-education
4. Discuss the 2 models of curriculum development:

The two main curriculum development models used in education are the Tyler model
and the Taba model. They are named after the educators who developed them, Ralph
Tyler and Hilda Taba. The intent of the models is to serve educational purposes with the
structure of curriculum.

a. Ralph Tyler – Four Basic Principles- the Tyler model is deductive and works from a
basis of scientific management, with a preference for education administrators
developing the curriculum and having the teachers implement it. It uses only four
steps, with a statement of the objectives coming first, followed by choosing learning
experiences to attain those objectives, organizing material for effective instruction
and, finally, evaluating the effectiveness and revising ineffective areas
b. Hilda Taba – linear model- The Taba model instead is inductive, encouraging
significant amounts of input from teachers in creating the curriculum because they
are the ones interacting on a daily basis with students. Its curriculum approach uses
seven steps, the first being a diagnosis of needs, followed by an identification of the
objectives and implementation based on those objectives. The following steps
involve organizing the content by the teachers, selecting the learning experiences,
organizing the activities and evaluating the effectiveness of the curriculum.

References: https://www.reference.com/world-view/two-main-curriculum-
development-models-87840757bebe2c03

5. Differentiate types of curriculum operating in schools:

a. Written curriculum- refers to a lesson plan or syllabus written by teachers. Another
example is the one written by curriculum experts with the help of subject teachers.
This kind of written curriculum needs to be pilot tested or tried out in sample
schools to determine its effectiveness.
b. Hidden curriculum- The hidden curriculum refers to the unplanned or unintended
curriculum but plays a vital role in learning. It consists of norms, values, and
procedures.
c. Assessed curriculum- When students take a quiz or the mid-term and final exams,
these evaluations are the so-called assessed curriculum. Teachers may use the pencil
and paper tests and authentic assessments like portfolio and performance-based
assessments to know if the students are progressing or not.
d. Taught curriculum- Whatever is being taught or an activity being done in the
classroom is a taught curriculum. So, when teachers give a lecture, initiate group
work, or ask students to do a laboratory experiment with the their guidance, the
taught curriculum is demonstrated. This curriculum contains different teaching and
learning styles to address the students’ needs and interests.
e. Supported curriculum- The supported curriculum is about the implementation of the
written curriculum. Whatever is being taught or activity being done in the classroom
is a taught curriculum. So, when teachers give a lecture, initiate group work, or ask
students to do a laboratory experiment with their guidance, the taught curriculum is
demonstrated. This curriculum contains different teaching styles and learning styles
to address the students’ needs and interests.
f. Learned curriculum- This type of curriculum indicates what the students have
learned. The capability that students should demonstrate at the end of the lesson
can be measured through learning outcomes. A learning outcome can be manifested
by what students can perform or do either in their cognitive, affective, or
psychomotor domains. The test results can determine the learning outcome, and
the students can achieve it through learning objectives.
g. Recommended curriculum- the curriculum being implemented by the Department of
Education (DepEd) or the Commission on Higher Education (CHEd) is an example of a
recommended curriculum. In some cases, a law-making body like the congress and
the senate, or a university or a school can recommend a subject, a course, or any
academic program deemed necessary for national identity and security, for
environmental protection and sustainable development, among others.

References: 7 Types of Curriculum and Their Classroom Implications

(simplyeducate.me)

-end-
-next – Paper 2-