Microbiology

-study of organism that can exist as single cells,contain nucleic acid genoms for at least
some part of their life cycle,and are capable of replicating that genome
-Includes
-microorganism such as Epulopiscium and Thio margarita
-viruses,which microbiology texts traditionally discuss

IMPORTANCE OF MICROORGANISM
1.First living organism on planet
2.Live everywhere life is possible
3. More numerous that any other kind organisms

Importance and Scope

MICROBIOLOGY
•Microorganism as agents of disease
•Microorganism and Foods
•Microorganism and Agriculture
•Microorganism and Industry
•Microorganism and the environment

1. Microoganism as agents of disease

 Infectious Disease
caused by organisms — such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. Many
organisms live in and on our bodies.
 Control Infectious Disease
 Immunology- Vaccination
-Blood Testing
-Allergy
 Public Health Microbiology and Epidemiology
2. Microorganism and Foods
 Microorganism growth in food
 Intrinsic and Extrinsic
A variety of intrinsic and extrinsic factors can influence microbial growth in
foods Time related successional changes occur in the microbial community
and the food.
 Microorganism and Food Spoilage.
IMPOTANCE OF MICROORGANISM
-Global ecosystem depends on their activities.
-Influence human society in many ways.
Basic Microbiology
 Algae – study of phycology
 Protozoa- study of protozoology
 Bacteria- study of bacteriology
 Viruses-study of virology
 Fungi-study of mycology
Applied Microbiology
 Medical Biology
 Immunology
 Public Health Microbiology
 Food & Dairy Microbiology
 Industrial Microbiology
 Agricultural Microbiology
Challenges and Opportunities for future microbiologist
 Infectious Diseases
 New and Improved industrial process
 Microbial ecology & microbial diversity

Future Micro Biologist

 Biofilms
 Microbes as model system
 Genome analysis
 Assessment

How were microorganism discovered?

 Zacharias Janssen(1597)
-the first compound microscope.
 Robert Hooke (1665)
-Simple compound microscope(30x)
-“cells” in cork
-“elongated stalks” (fungi)
 Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1670)
-the first person observed microscope
Spontaneous Generation Theory or Abiogenesis vs. Biogenesis theory
SG SUPPORTERS-strong acids and heat altered the air so it cannot support microbial growth
 Francesco Redi
- designed a scientific experiment to test the spontaneous creation of maggots by
placing fresh meat in each of two different jars
 John Needham (1745)
- experiments, in which he briefly boiled broth infused with plant or animal
matter, hoping to kill all preexisting microbes.
RESULTS:growth of microorganism
 Lazzaro Spallanzani
-Proposed that air carried germs to the culture medium
 Franze Schluze
-passed air through strong acids
 Teodon Schwann
-passed air through red hot tube
 Georg Friedrich Schorder & Theodor von Dusch (1850)
-fIltered air through sterile cotton wool
Spotaneous Generation
 In 1859,Felix Pouchet claimed that he carried out experiments conclusively proving that
microbial growth could occur without air contamination

 Louis Pasteur
-Father of Modern Microbiology
 Placed nutrient in solution flask
 Created flasks with long,curved necks
 Boiled the solution
 Left flask exposed to air
RESULTS:NO GROWTH OF MICROORGANISM
 John Tyndall
-Demonstrated that dust carries microorganism
-Also provided evidence for the exixtence of exceptionally heat resistant forms of
bacteria
-Tyndallization
 Ferdinand Cohn
-discovered the existence of heat-resistant bacterial endospores
Germ Theory of Disease
 GERMS
 -disease are caused by specific agent

Early Evidence of Microorganism as Agents of Disease

 Girolamo Fracastoro(1478-1553)
-disease was caused by invisible living creatures
 Agostino Bassi
-showed that a disease of silkworms was caused by fungus
 M.J. Berkeley (ca 1845)
-demonstrated that the Great Potato Blight Ireland was caused by a fungus
Fungus
- Causing the late blight of potato disease was found out to be Phytophthora Infestans
 Heinrich de Bary (1853)
-Showed that smut and rust fungi caused cereal crop diseases
 Ignaz Semmelweis
-asepsis in obstetrical wards to prevent the transmission of childbirth fever from the
patient to patient
-policy for all attending physicians to wash their hands with chloride of lime between
patients.
 Joseph Lister
-“ Father of Antiseptic Surgery
-provided indirect evidence that microorganism were the casual agents of disease
-used phenol or carbolic acid in surgical dressings,heat sterilized surgical instruments.
 Louis Pasteur
-showed that the pebrine disease of silkworms was caused by a protozoan (later was
discovered to be closely related to fungi)
 Robert Koch
-established the relationship Bacillus anthracis and anthras
-used criteria developed by his teaher Jacob Henle(1809-1895)
-Koch’s Postulates

 Koch’s work led to the development of:

  Solid culture medium
(boiled potato slices,gelatin:agar)
 Aseptic technique
 Pure4 culture maintenance
 Petri plate(by Richard Petri)
Development of Vaccines
 Edward Jenner(ca.1798)
-used of vaccination procedure to protect individuals from small pox
Smallpox
-Last smallpox case in Somalia in 1977
-WHO declared small pox as officially eradicated in 1979
 Pasteur and his co workers
-developed vaccines for chicken cholera, anthrax, and rabies
-discover that incubation of cultures for long intervals between transfers caused
pathogens to lose their ability to cause disease
-growing the pathogen in an abnormal host also weakens it.
 Charles Chamberland (1851-1908)
-developed porcelain bacterial filter
-used to isolate first viruses
 Paul Ehrlich
- Develop 606th compound SALVARSAN(inorganic arsenical treat syphilis)
 Alexander Fleming
-discovered the “miracle drug” penicillin from Penicillium
 Staphylococcus aureus
- Inhibition by fungus Penicilliium antibiotic
 Louis Pasteur
-fermentations were the result of microbial activity
-developed the process of pasteurization to preserve wine
 Eduard Buchner
-cell-free fermentation
-(extract from yeast cell)
 Sergei Winorgradsky(1856-1953)
 Martinus Beijerinck (1851-1931)
-studied soil
-enrichment cultures selective media