MAT 051

Calculus I / The Calculus with Analytic Geometry 1

Mathematics Department
Mindanao State University Main Campus
Marawi City

May 2, 2022
Integration of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Let us recall the derivatives of exponential and logarithmic functions:

d(ex ) = ex d(ax ) = ax ln a, a > 0
1 1
d(ln x) = d(loga x) = , a > 0.
x x · ln a
If u is differentiable function of x, then
1
d(eu ) = eu · du d(ln u) = · d(u)
u
1
d(au ) = au · ln a · du, a > 0 d(loga u) = · du, a > 0.
u ln a
Thus, we have the following formulas:
Integrals Yielding Logarithmic Integrals Yielding
Functions
Z Exponential
Z Functions
1
1. du = ln |u| + C 1. eu du = eu + C
Z u
au
Z
2. tan udu = ln | sec u| + C 2. au du = +C
Z ln a
3. cot udu = ln | sin u| + C
Z
4. sec udu = ln | sec u + tan u| + C
Z
5. csc udu = − ln | csc u + cot u| + C
EXAMPLE. Evalutae the following integrals:
Z
x
1. 2
dx
x +1
Z −3 log2 x
e
2. dx
Z x
1
3. dx
x log3 x
Z
dx
4.
x2 cos( x1 )
2x
Z
5. dx
cot(2x )
SOLUTIONS:
Z
x
1. 2
dx
x +1
du
Let u = x2 + 1. Then du = 2xdx, i.e, = xdx. Thus,
2
Z Z
x du/2
dx =
x2 +1 u
Z
1 du
=
2 u
1
= ln |u| + C
2
1
= ln |x2 + 1| + C.
2
 e−3 log2 x
Z
2. dx
x
1 ln 2du dx
Let u = −3 log2 x. Then du = −3 · dx, i.e, − = . Thus,
x ln 2 3 x
Z −3 log2 x  
u − ln 2du
Z
e
dx = e
x 3
− ln 2
Z
= eu du
3
− ln 2 u
= e +C
3
− ln 2 −3 log2 x
= e + C.
3
 Z
1
3. dx
x log3 x
1 dx
Let u = log3 x. Then du = dx, i.e, ln 3du = . Thus,
x ln 3 x
Z Z
1 ln 3du
dx =
x log3 x u
Z
du
= ln 3
u
= ln 3 ln |u| + C
= ln 3 ln | log3 x| + C
 Z
dx
4.
x2 cos( x1 )
1 dx dx
Let u = or x−1 . Then du = −1x−2 dx = − 2 , i.e, −du = 2 . Thus,
x x x
−du
Z Z
dx
2 1 =
x cos( x ) cos u
Z
= − sec udu
= − ln | sec u + tan u| + C
    
 1 1 
= − ln sec
 + tan + C.
x x 
 2x
Z
5. dx
cot(2x )
du
Let u = 2x . Then du = 2x ln 2dx, i.e, = 2x dx. Thus,
ln 2
2x
Z Z Z
du/ ln 2 1 du
dx = =
cot(2x ) cot u ln 2 cot u
Z
1
= tan udu
ln 2
1
= ln |sec u| + C
ln 2
1
= ln |sec 2x | + C.
ln 2