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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This study is to be conducted to know the compressive strength of
Concrete Hollow Block (CHB) with Melted-Solidified-Crushed Face Mask
(MSCFM) in the sand as a partial replacement. This chapter discusses what
the study will cover including the details and objectives of why the research
will be conducted.
1.1 Background of the Study

Face Mask is a barrier device used to filter, protect and prevent people
from viral infections and other diseases. Face masks have been a new source
of environmental pollution since the COVID-19 pandemic started. The usage
has been gradually increasing and continues to contribute to piling up wastes.
It is seen as a major issue due to its low biodegradability and widespread
distribution. Face masks are produced from polymers such as polypropylene
which is a type of plastic. (Potluri and Needham, 2005). Face masks, gloves,
and wipes are made from multiple plastic fibers, primarily polypropylene, that
will remain in the environment for decades, possibly centuries, fragmenting
into smaller and smaller microplastics and nanoplastics. A single face mask
can release as many as 173,000 microfibers per day into the seas, according to
a study in Environmental Advance (Parker, 2021)
Due to the worldwide crisis which is the pandemic that is currently

happening, face masks are now being considered as a potential new source of
microplastic pollution in the COVID-19 scenario. Face masks have a huge
benefit against viral diseases and it can help prevent viral transmission from an
infected individual by blocking up to 50-70% of small droplets and particles
and slowing those that were not absorbed But these items which contain
microplastics and polymer materials come with potential health risks and
environmental impacts due to the improper handling of plastic waste as solid
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waste (Brooks and Butler 2021). It has become a major concern due to a large
number of wastes and it probably will end up in nature. People can become
infected by contacting surfaces contaminated by the virus without washing
their hands before touching their eyes, nose, or mouth, and more importantly if
these face masks which serve as protection against diseases are not properly
handled. That is why researchers seek to find possible solutions to eradicate
the long-term effect of these environmental wastes.
Load-bearing wall functions primarily to support the loads carried by a

structure. It is important to conduct a study that will ensure the preventive
measures regarding the failure or collapse during an earthquake or any
additional loads in an infrastructure. The material that is frequently used to
develop load-bearing structures for enormous buildings is the Concrete
Hollow Block (CHB) (Hossain, 2021).
Thus, the purpose of this study is to assess waste coming from the face
masks being used as a sand replacement in CHB by determining its
compressive strength. The experimental data in this study is obtained by
varying the ratio of weight percentage of the sand replacement. Repurposing
the used face mask will now be possible to mitigate the long-term effect and
help the construction industry in strengthening the CHB. This material is
intended to make the material more durable or equal to commercial CHB.
1.2 Statement of the Problem

This study aims to address the possible solution for the long-term
effect of the mishandling of the wastes that came from disposable face masks
by partially replacing sand with varying weight percentages of MSCFM in a
CHB and determining the compressive strength that is applicable for the load-
bearing wall.
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1.3 Objectives of the Study

The general objective of this study is to determine data that will
support the development of CHB with MSCFM as a weight percentage partial
replacement for sand that can be applied to the load-bearing wall.
The following specific objectives are as follows:

1. To determine the properties of MSCFM, Sand and Cement such as the
specific gravity, water absorption, unit weight, density and sieve
analysis.
2. To determine the effects of MSCFM as a partial replacement to sand
with varying weight percentages of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% in
CHB.
3. To determine the compressive strength of the CHB samples with
varying MSCFM ratios.
4. To determine the desired ratio of MSCFM as a partial replacement in
the sand.
To achieve these objectives, the following hypotheses are to be

formulated and tested at a 0.05 level of significance.
H01: There is no significant difference between the compressive strength of
CHB samples in terms of the percentage partial replacement.
H11: There is a significant difference between the compressive strength of
CHB samples in terms of the percentage partial replacement.
1.4 Significance of the Study

The findings of the study will benefit the engineering industry as well
as the community. Improved quality of CHB will provide safety and comfort
to their project and this will also open many opportunities for the people who
are in need of jobs.
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This study will help the environment in mitigating and reducing the
long-term effects of waste coming from face masks. By collecting and
incorporating it into the CHB, it will help to decrease the piling up and
spreading of these materials to the community and eventually rescue our
environment from extensive complications.
To emphasize the characteristics of MSCFM as well as its properties

and classification that can be used in future studies. This study will help to
determine if MSCFM may be a good partial replacement for standard sand in
the load-bearing such as buildings, houses, schools, and other structures.
Thus, it can help us to determine the compressive strength for load-

bearing stress capacity of each CHB in line with the American Society for
Testing and Materials (ASTM) minimum standard capacity being applied so
that it can be beneficial for all.
If this study is successful, it will benefit future investors and

businessmen by encouraging them to pursue environment-friendly CHB and
stable economic procedures.
1.5 Scope and Limitation

This study is only limited in determining the compressive strength of
CHB containing 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% as a weight percentage partial
replacement of MSCFM mixed in sand. The mixture can be obtained by using
½ parts of cement-water ratio, 1 part of Portland Cement, and 7 parts of sand.
The samples of each ratio must have three (3) representatives or trials. In total,
thirty (30) samples will be done for testing. The face mask used in this study is
restricted for classical surgical face masks only. The MSCFM can be obtained
by melting the face mask at a high temperature between 145 °C to 195 °C and
cooling it until it solidifies before crushing it. The sand and the partial
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replacement MSCFM should pass to 2mm (No. 10) sieve and be retained on
0.075 mm (No. 200) sieve as mentioned in AASHTO M 145. To test the
compressive strength, Universal Testing Machine (UTM) will be used and the
results will be in accordance with the ASTM C90. Results of the compressive
strength testing were graphed for 14-days and 28-days age of curing. As for
the project and designing a load bearing wall, a scaled down model is to be
made using the leading ratio from the partially replaced MSCFM in sand. Tire
wire and mortar as fillers are to be utilized. Therefore, these are the properties
required for the fundamentals of wall structure making and designing a project
as studied.
1.6 Conceptual Framework
Load Bearing
Wall
Figure 1.1 Conceptual Framework

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1.7 Definition of Terms

The following are definitions of the terms that are used in this study.
Aggregates - are the inert materials that are mixed in fixed proportions with a
Binding Material to produce concrete.
ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials is an international
standards organization that develops and publishes voluntary consensus
technical standards for a wide range of materials, products, systems, and
services.
AASHTO - or American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Officials is a standard-setting organization that provides specifications, test
procedures, and guidelines for highway design and construction across the
United States.
Bulk SSD Specific Gravity - The ratio of the weight in air of a unit volume of
aggregate.
Concrete Hollow Blocks (CHB) - it is a sort of Concrete Block Used for
building inner and outer dividers.
Compressive Strength - is the resistance of a material to withstand load under
compression.
Curing- is a process where the cement in concrete is allowed to react with the
water over time, increasing the concrete’s strength and hardness.
Density- The density (symbol often used as the lowercase Greek letter rho
“ρ”), or more precisely ‘the volumetric mass density’ of a substance is its mass
per unit volume.
Melted-Solidified-Crushed Face Mask (MSCFM) - the product of melted
face mask at a high temperature then solidifies by cooling it. Crushed face
masks are obtained by pounding and crushing it until it reaches the desired
diameter.
Load-bearing Wall - capable of carrying super-imposed load.
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Polypropylene (PP) -is a flexible resin polymer and is often referred to

simply as “non-woven." The unique properties of this material have made it a
staple in the manufacture of bags and totes, face masks, textile, and etc.
Saturated Surface Dry (SSD) - condition of an aggregate in which the
surfaces of the particles are "dry".
Specific Gravity (Sp.Gr.)- is the ratio between the density of an object, and a
reference substance.
Universal Testing Machine (UTM) - is a machine utilized to test the rigidity
and compressive strength of the materials.
Water Absorption - the amount of water absorbed by a material.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter provides information and articles about the literature that
is relevant to the topic. It discusses the content and definitions about face
masks, weight replacement of Sand, Cement, and Compressive Strength
analysis that will provide the researchers information about the study. This
also includes the related studies about the topic.
2.1 Face Mask

Wearing facial coverings is suggested as a protective component of the
individual defensive hardware to prevent the spread of Coronavirus infection
(COVID-19). Their utilization, notwithstanding, is profoundly associated with
social and social practices and has obtained an assortment of individual and
social implications (Lombi, 2020). Face masks are produced from polymers
such as polypropylene (Potluri and Needham, 2005).
2.1.1 Polypropylene
Propylene polymerization of polypropylene is used to develop a
synthetic resin. Polypropylene, one of the most significant polyolefin resin
families, is molded or extruded into a variety of plastic goods that require
toughness, flexibility, light weight, and heat resistance. It's also spun into yarn
for use in industrial and domestic fabrics. Ethylene and propylene can be
polymerized together to form an elastic ethylene-propylene copolymer.
(Gregersen, 2020).
2.2 Concrete Hollow Blocks

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Concrete Block is used for building of interior and exterior walls.

Concrete hollow blocks save time in building walls because of its enormous
measurements. Because of the load-carrying capacity, the Hollow Block is
assuming a significant part in the construction industry.
Hollow blocks are made utilizing molds and a reasonable added
substance relying upon the area and the project. It is accepted that CHB is
perhaps the most famous development material which is utilized in the
development business all over the place. Cement is utilized to bond parts to
deliver more grounded and longer life hollow blocks (Hessam, 2019).
2.2.1 CHB Components

Concrete hollow blocks are typically made from a combination of
powdered Portland cement, water, and sand. This produces a light gray block
with a fine surface texture and a high compressive strength. A standard CHB
weighs between 38 and 43 pounds (17.2-19.5 kg). In general, block concrete
has a larger amount of sand and a smaller percentage of cement and water than
general construction concrete. This produces a very dry, stiff mixture that
holds its shape when it is removed from the block mold.
Hollow blocks are produced using cast concrete, for example Portland
concrete and total, generally sand for high-thickness blocks. Lower thickness
squares might utilize modern squanders as a total. It comes with many
benefits, like sturdiness, strength and underlying solidness, imperviousness to
fire, protection, sound retention and prudent development. Hollow Blocks
work units are utilized for both load bearing and non-load bearing dividers,
parcels and board dividers. Masonry building units which are utilized in the
development of load bearing and segment dividers, for example, Hollow and
Solid load bearing and non-load bearing hollow blocks. (Indian Institute of
Technology, 2016)
In addition, the concrete mixture used to make blocks may also contain
admixtures, which are chemicals that can affect curing time, compressive
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strength, or workability. Pigments may be added to the mixture to give the

blocks a uniform color throughout, or the blocks' surfaces may be coated with
a baked-on glaze for a decorative effect or to protect them from chemical
attack. A thermosetting resinous binder, silica sand, and color pigments are
commonly used in glazes.
2.2.2 CHB Design
There are standard sizes that have been set for the Concrete Hollow
Blocks to guarantee the consistency of building structures. The most well-
known sizes for blocks are 8 by 8 by 16 inches with nominal estimates of 8 in
(20.3 cm) high by 8 in (20.3) deep by 16 in (40.6 cm) wide. This nominal
estimation incorporates space for a bead of mortar, and the block itself
measures 7.63 in (19.4 cm) high by 7.63 in (19.4 cm) profound by 15.63 in
(38.8 cm) wide. In the Philippine market, standard product size of CHB is
10cm (4 in), 12 cm (5 in), and 15 cm (6 in) in thickness with a length of 40
cm, and height of 20 cm with 3 holes. The plan to be utilized in CHB is class
A that conforms to the standard.
The face design of concrete blocks was made to stimulate the stone
textures: rock-faced, granite-faced, or rusticated. The Portland Cement
manufacturers, which are widely used in concrete works, used advertisement’s
catalog as “fireproof, vermin proof, and weatherproof” and as an inexpensive
replacement for the ever-scarcer supply of wood. Many other types of
buildings such as garages, silos, and post offices were built and continue to be
built today using this construction method because of these qualities. (Fajardo,
1999).
2.2.2.1 Manufacturing Process

The process of manufacture of cement concrete hollow blocks involves
the Following 4 stages; Proportioning, Mixing, Compacting, and Curing
(Mitra, 2021).
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Proportioning
It is the process of determining the appropriate amount of raw
materials required to produce concrete of the desired quality under mixing,
placing, and curing. The combined aggregate content in the concrete mix used
to make hollow blocks should not exceed 6-1parts by volume of Portland
cement, according to Indian Standard specifications. If this ratio is calculated
on a weighted basis, it may approximate about 1:7 (cement: aggregate). In
addition, there have been instances of adapting a lean mix of as high as 1:9 by
manufacturers where hollow blocks are compacted by power operated
vibrating machines and equipment.
Mixing
The objective of mixing the mixture is to ensure that the mixing of the
aggregate, cement, and water is thoroughly mixed. This is the essential part of
the process where the cement-water paste must completely cover the surface
of the aggregates. All of the raw materials including the water is to be mixed
using a concrete mixer which is rotated for 1 ½ minutes. When the prepared
mix is ready, it must be consumed within 30 minutes.
Compacting
The purpose of compacting is to fill air pockets without disturbing the
water content from the mixture. Excessive Compaction might result in poor
quality products due to the formation of water pockets or layers with higher
water content. Compacting is a necessary procedure for the molding of the
concrete cement blocks mixture. During the molding of the mixture, it is
essential to observe proper compaction of the mixed aggregates and cement-
water paste. The CHB molder consists of two, three, or four holes. Typically,
three holes are usually incorporated. The standard size of a concrete brick with
manual molder using the plywood planks and nails to make a one side open
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box with an inner cavity of 300mm (length) x 200mm (width) x 150mm

(thick).
The most widely used equipment for compaction for cement concrete
hollow blocks is the semi-automatic vibrating table type machines. This type
of equipment consists of the machine consists of an automatic vibrating unit, a
lever operated up and down metallic mold box and a stripper head contained in
a frame work. Concrete mix is poured into the mold and evenly leveled. The
motorized vibrating causes the concrete to settle down the mold by
approximately 1 ½ to 1 ¾ inches. The mixture comes down on its limit
position due to the vibration. The machine can accommodate interchangeable
molds for producing blocks of different sizes of hollow or solid blocks.
Curing
The goal of curing is to prevent moisture loss in the concrete hollow
block. Curing the material increases its strength and reduces cracking. In order
to treat CHBs successfully, they were kept out of direct sunlight. After
unmolding the CHB sample, the curing process began, with a 28-day curing
duration. Three times a day, the CHB samples were watered. (Baguhin and
Cabahug 2019).
2.2.3 Aggregates
Aggregates are inert granular materials like sand, gravel, or crushed
stone that are used in concrete together with water and Portland cement.
Aggregates must be clean, firm, and strong particles that are devoid of
absorbed chemicals, clay coatings, and other fine elements that might cause
concrete to degrade. (Portland Cement Association, 2019).
2.2.3.1 Sand
Sand is a type of fine aggregate that is often used in the creation of
sandcastles and other structures. Sand has long been a prized product in
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businesses such as agriculture, gardening, architecture, and infrastructure.

Sand is a common component of concrete in construction, with a range of
options depending on the project's needs.
Sand is a granular material made composed of coarsely crushed tiny rock and
mineral particles. Sand occurs in a variety of forms, but it is grain size is what
defines it. Sand granules are smaller than gravel granules and coarser than silt
granules. Sand can also refer to a type of soil or a textural class of soil, such as
one with more than 85% of its bulk made up of sand-sized particles
(Constable, 2017).
2.2.4 Cement
A cement is a binder, which is a substance used in construction that
hardens, sets, and adheres to other materials to bind them together. Cement is
rarely used on its own, but rather, it is used to bond sand and gravel
(aggregate) together. Cement combined with fine aggregate creates mortar for
masonry, and cement mixed with sand and gravel creates concrete. (Rodgers,
2018)
2.2.4.1 Physical Properties of Cement

According to the Editorial Team (2021), concrete is one of the most
well-known structure materials. It is utilized as a cover in the construction
industry. It has both adhesion and cohesion properties. It can tie particles into
a compact durable solid mass. The important physical properties of cement are
fineness, soundness, consistency, setting time, compressive strength, the heat
of hydration, and specific gravity.
2.2.4.2 Portland Cement

Portland cement clinker, 5% limestone or granulated blast furnace slag,
and a small amount of gypsum make up the hydraulic binding material
(Elsevier, 2021). Portland cement can be specified under ASTM C150
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(Standard Specification for Portland Cement). And the dry density of a 40 kg

bag of cement is equivalent to 1440 kg per cubic meter.
2.3 Compressive Strength

According to Amistad (2008), the following are the procedures in
conducting a compressive strength testing of a CHB based on the Philippine
Trade Standard Specification for Concrete Hollow Blocks. The dimensions of
each unit are to be measured, then cap the bearing surface with gypsum plaster
to filter to a thickness of not more than 3 mm (1/8 inch). The cap will solidify
for a minimum of 2 hours before testing and then set the CHB sample. The
upper bearing must be attached firmly at the center of the sensitive platen of
the universal testing machine and then apply the load at a uniform rate until
failure or rupture occurs in the test. The maximum load by the gross cross-
sectional area of the unit in square centimeters is to be recorded. The gross
area of the unit is the total area of the section perpendicular to the direction of
the load including the areas within the cells, and re-entrant spaces.
The average minimum compressive strength of a load-bearing concrete hollow
block is 10.3 MPa or 1,493 pounds per square inch (psi) according to the
National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) of the Association of
Structural Engineers of the Philippines (2015).
2.4 Load Bearing Wall

A load bearing wall or bearing wall is a wall that is functioning as the
primary component of a structure, that is, it bears the heaviness of the
components above said wall, settling upon it by directing its weight to an
establishment structure. The materials frequently used to develop load-bearing
walls in enormous structures are concrete, block. On the other hand, a curtain
wall offers no huge underlying help past what is important to bear its own
materials or direct such loads to a bearing wall (Hossain, 2021).
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2.4.1 Design of Load Bearing Structure

The plan of the load bearing construction should be painstakingly
worked out by the group before the beginning of development work on the
site. To expand the effectiveness of the work process, the task group ought to
give fundamental design data such as position of walls and superstructures, the
layout of wall openings, flooring and regions requiring finishing, assembly,
establishment of the rooftop and its parts and associating leaves behind help
components.
2.4.2 Load Bearing Components of a Building

According to Hossain (2021), the main load-bearing structural
elements are as follows:
Load Bearing Walls

A load bearing wall moves the load from the slab above it to the
establishment. These walls can be made of concrete, masonry work or block
materials. A large portion of the outside walls of a building structure are
considered as load bearing. Removal of load bearing wall as a piece of
redesign should be led solely after offering elective help for the above-upheld
structures. The main load-bearing structural elements are as follows:
Beams
Beam structures are one of the essential load bearing parts of design
which can be made from wood, concrete or metal. It is an essential part used to
take the load on the structure. The limit of burden bearing relies upon the
profundity and width of the beam element. Beam is exposed to higher
measures of shear and compressive force as they have a high measure of
internal and external forces.
Columns
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The primary segments are one of the significant components in a

design which play a compelling part in the transmission of dead and live loads
to the foundation that the structure is subjected to.
Braces
Braces are structural components utilized in the framework structural
system. These load bearing components help in solidifying the framework
effectively.
Trusses
Trusses are load-bearing components that uphold the roof components
in building structure. The roof loads are consistently sent to the truss. The truss
is exposed to tension and compression forces. The trusses are not exposed to
any sort of moment.
2.5 Related Studies
2.5.1 Possible Use for Recycled Disposable Face Masks in Concrete

The main aim of this study is to study the workability and compressive
strength performance of recycling a waste product in concrete with
incorporating the shredded face mask in it. This study aims to determine if the
disposable shredded face masks, which is a waste material, can be beneficial
to the concrete mix and performance where it contains materials which are the
fibers, plastics, and wires in the face masks could be useful in holding the
concrete together, therefore making it stronger. 4x8 cylinders were chosen for
this research. A total of 16 cylinders were cast. Each batch of concrete was
tested for workability and compressive strength. the mix design for the control
batch consisting of 35 lbs. of sand, 45 lbs. of coarse aggregate, 20 lbs. of
Portland cement, and 10 lbs. of water. The workability of the control batch
was measured by taking the slump and was measured on the day the cylinders
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were poured. The batches were strength tested at 28 days. The study shows
that it might help in preventing the creation of micro plastics resulting from
the face masks and protects the health of the environment and wildlife. The
cylinder containing 10 oz. of shredded face mask is stronger than the cylinder
containing 30 oz. of shredded face mask. Honeycombing in the cylinders
could be the result of using aggregate that is too large for the small.
Incorporating fibers and wires from shredded face masks produce varied
results. Variability caused by the masks could be problematic. This variability
could also be partially from the weather impacts and human error. The aim of
this research is to determine whether incorporating shredded face masks in
CHB would increase or reduce the workability and strength of the CHB.
(Douglas, 2021).
2.5.2 Engineering Properties of Concrete with Waste Recycled Plastic

This study aims to determine the effect of utilizing different types of
waste recycling plastic in Concrete. Specifically, it aims to test the effects of
recycled waste plastics when used as fine and coarse aggregates, and fiber on
the fresh, mechanical, and durability properties of concrete were reported.
Increased air content and weak bonding between the plastic aggregate and
natural aggregate have been adjudged the main causes of the reduced
performance of recycled waste plastic concrete. The shape, size, and surface
treatment applied to the plastic aggregate are also important for the
performance of plastic aggregate concrete. One way to improve the
performance of plastic in concrete is surface treatment. Chemical surface
treatments such as common household bleach (sodium hypochlorite) with
caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) were used by some researchers and led to
significant improvements. It is concluded that when plastic was subjected to
the chemical solution and dried, compounds originally dissolved precipitated
on the surface of the plastic, forming crystals. These crystals dissolved in the
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water of concrete mix and decomposed in the high pH environment of the

cement (Babafemi et. al., 2018).
2.5.3 Medical Surgical Mask Material Characteristics

Expressed in Medical careful cover material attributes (2020), dissolve
blown fabric, fabric of liquefy blown polypropylene as the really unrefined
substance, the fiber can arrive at 0.5-10 microns in distance across, the hair
like design of these special super fine strands increment the quantity of
filaments per unit region and the surface region, so the soften blown texture
has the excellent filterability, safeguarding, protection, and oil retention, can
be utilized for air and fluid filtration material, protection material, engrossing
material, covers, heat conservation material, and attempt to wipe material, and
so forth Turned fortified non-woven material: is in the polymer has been
expelled, stretch and structure nonstop fiber, fiber laid into an organization,
fiber network after its own holding, warm holding, synthetic holding or
mechanical support strategies, so the fiber network into non-woven fabric.
High strength, high temperature opposition (can be utilized in the climate of
150℃ for quite a while), maturing obstruction, up obstruction, high extension,
soundness and great porousness, consumption obstruction, sound protection,
hostile to moth, non-harmful.
The primary results of spun bonded non-woven textures are
polypropylene polyester (long fiber, staple fiber). The most widely recognized
and most generally utilized applications are non-woven sacks, non-woven
bundling, and so on, and it is not difficult to distinguish, on the grounds that
the moving place of spun bonded non-woven textures is jewel. Non-woven
careful cover preferable ventilation over different textures, heat safeguarding,
water ingestion, water obstruction is additionally acceptable; non-woven
careful veil can adequately forestall the fine residue noticeable all around,
particularly the hindrance effectiveness of reparable residue beneath 2.5
microns is especially self-evident, the bacterial filtration productivity of over
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95%, can successfully secure human wellbeing, which is the main job of
careful cover.
Non-woven careful cover has great versatility, regardless of whether it
is extended from left to right, it won't seem unkempt. It feels extremely
delicate and won't turn out to be hard even after continued cleaning.
Additionally, the non-woven careful cover is flexible and can get back to its
unique shape after long haul use. Contrasted and other material fabric careful
covers, the strength and sturdiness is poor, and it isn't not difficult to clean, if
the standard consideration isn't suitable, simply to tear the wonder. Typically,
nonwoven careful veils are dispensable, which can cost somewhat more than
reusable covers. (Medical surgical mask material characteristics, 2020).
2.5.4 Repurposing of COVID-19 single-use face masks for pavements

base/subbase.
The aim of this study is to create an innovative solution about
eradicating the long term effect of the new source of environmental pollution
which is the disposable face masks which is relevant in today's current crisis
which is the COVID-19 pandemic. A multidisciplinary collaborative approach
is required to fight against the pandemic and reduce the environmental risks
associated with the disposal of used personal protective equipment (PPE). In
this research, for the first time, a series of experiments, including modified
compaction, unconfined compression strength and resilient modulus tests,
were conducted on the blends of different percentages of the shredded face
mask (SFM) added to the recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) for road base
and subbase applications. The experimental results show that RCA mixed with
three different percentages (i.e., 1%, 2% and 3%) of SFM satisfied the
stiffness and strength requirements for pavements base/subbase. The
introduction of the shredded face mask not only increased the strength and
stiffness but also improved the ductility and flexibility of RCA/SFM blends.
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The inclusion of 1% SFM to RCA resulted in the highest values of unconfined

compressive strength (216 kPa) and the highest resilient modulus (314.35
MP). However, beyond 2%, increasing the amount of SFM led to a decrease in
strength and stiffness. (Saberian M. et al., 2021).
2.5.5 Evaluation of plastic aggregates used as hollow blocks

Disposal of plastic waste in the climate is viewed as a major issue
because of its exceptionally low biodegradability and presence in enormous
amounts. In ongoing time critical examination is in progress to concentrate on
the chance of removal of these losses in mass where strength of cement may
not be a significant standard viable, like weighty mass of cement in PCC in
asphalts. On the off chance that plastic squanders can be blended in the
substantial mass in some structure, without huge impact on its different
properties or slight trade off in strength, we can devour huge amounts of
plastic waste by blending it in the substantial mass. Plastic is one part of
municipal solid waste (MSW) which is turning into a significant exploration
issue for its conceivable use in concrete particularly in self-compacting
concrete and lightweight concrete. Albeit a portion of these materials can be
advantageously fused in concrete, both as a feature of the cementitious
fastener stage or as totals, understand that not all waste materials are
appropriate for such use (Tablang, 2021).
2.5.6 Residual Compressive strength of 24 hour-cured CHB with varying

volume percentage of styrofoam balls exposed to different levels of
temperature
In this study, the significant difference between the weight and the
Residual Compressive Strength of a Concrete Hollow Block (CHB) with and
without Polystyrene (Styrofoam) exposed to different levels of temperature
were determined. The material that was being replaced with sand is the
styrofoam with different volume percentages of 0%, 20%, and 40%. The CHB
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samples were cured for 24 hours and exposed in oven heat with varying
ambient temperature of 100, 200, and 300 for 1 hour and resting inside the
oven for 24 hours. The CHB samples were tested using the Compressive
Strength Machine in order to determine if there is a significant difference
between the Residual Compressive Strength of the CHB with and without
Styrofoam. This study shows that there is a significant difference in the
between the Residual Compressive Strength of a CHB with and without
Styrofoam for 100 and 300 temperature exposure and insignificant difference
for 200 temperature exposure and by replacing volume percentage of Sand
with Styrofoam, it will make the weight of CHB lighter.
2.5.7 Investigation on the compressive strength and bulk density of CHB

with type A WRA and with shredded plastics from the MRF of Teresa,
Rizal, Philippines as partial replacement for sand
The Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) of Teresa, Rizal, Philippines,
incorporates waste plastics into concrete hollow blocks (CHB). The MRF's
current percentage of shredded plastic replacement is 5% by volume. The
author evaluated the effectiveness of CHB with shredded plastics as a partial
replacement for sand and Type A water reduction admixture to see if
additional shredded plastics could be added without lowering compressive
strength and making the CHB lighter (WRA). Five batches of specimens were
formed and cured for 28 days (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% shredded plastic
replacement by mass). Results showed that the percent shredded plastic
replacement is inversely proportional to the compressive strength and bulk
density of the CHB. However, this percent replacement is similar to the CHB
of the MRF. As a result, using shredded polymers in the WRA does not
improve the compressive strength of the CHB.
22
23
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the Research Design, Research Setting,
Research Procedures, Research Equipment and Data Analysis. This study also
illustrates the Gantt Chart, itemized summary of expected funds and
expenditures, and Tasking.
3.1 Research Design

This research study will use an experimental design method. This study
focuses only on the compressive strength of the CHB with MSCFM. The
Two-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) will be used to identify whether
there is statistically significant difference among the samples in terms of the
compressive strengths of the CHB made using varying weight percentage
replacement of MSCFM incorporated in different ratios that will be cured after
14 and 28 days at 0.05 alpha level of significance that is essential for decision
making whether to approve or disprove the hypotheses.
In this study, the topic also covers the physical property test such as
specific gravity, unit weight, water absorption, and sieve analysis that is to be
done in accordance with ASTM standards. The MSCFM as partial weight
percentage replacement will be based on the procedures.
3.2 Research Procedure

To achieve the study’s objectives, the data from the test is to be
obtained by the following steps which are as follows:
3.2.1 Materials
The following materials will be used in this study are commercially
available in Cotabato City:
1. The aggregates to be used are quarried from Simuay, Sultan Mastura.
24
2. The water to be used for mixing is taken from Metro Cotabato Water
District (MCWD).
3. The Type 1 Portland Cement to be used in all mixes is manufactured
by Holcim Group Building material company.
4. The face mask to be used in the entire research is collected from each
researcher’s family member.
3.2.2 Research Settings

Materials will be prepared the days before the conducting of the
experiment. Face Masks are to be gathered by the researcher's family member.
Cement will be bought in the market. The water, sieve pan and other
laboratory materials that will be used will be from MPW–Materials Quality
Control and Hydrology, Area Equipment Services Simuay, Sultan Mastura,
Maguindanao.
3.2.3 Preliminary Preparation of Face Mask

To achieve this study, the following steps are followed:
3.2.3.1 Collection of Face Mask

1. Wear Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) to avoid the transmission
of Covid-19 to researchers for safety purposes.
2. Collect available used face masks and secure them in a sealed
container.
3. Remove the wire and the elastic strap to separate the component of the
face mask.
4. Find an area where it is exposed to sun and sun-dry the face mask there
for 7 days.
5. After sun-drying, put the face mask in an empty container.
3.2.3.2 Melting
25
1. Prepare an aluminum pan and a griller as a material to be used to melt

the face mask.
2. To heat the aluminum pan, light a fire in the griller until it reaches a
high temperature between 145 °C to 195 °C When the aluminum pan is
heated, simply put a small amount of face mask in the aluminum pan
and keep adding until it is completely full for about 10-20 minutes.
3. Remove the aluminum pan from the griller after it has completely
melted.
3.2.3.3 Solidifying
Air-dry the melted face mask for at least 1-2 hours for it to solidify.
3.2.3.4 Crushing
Prepare a hammer and a piece of fabric. Place the solidified face mask
on a fabric to prevent it from spitting out everywhere and put it in the grinder
to crush it until it reaches the required diameter that would pass through 2mm
(No. 10) sieve and be retained on 0.075 m (No. 200) sieve.
3.2.3.5 Sieving
Following the AASHTO M 145(Standard specification for Materials
for aggregate and Soil-aggregate subbase, base and surface courses), it
requires the MSCFM to pass 2mm (No. 10) sieve and be retained on 0.075
mm (No. 200) sieve. Repeat to pound and grind the particles that didn't
achieve the required diameter.
3.2.4 Properties of Sand, Cement, and MSCFM

3.2.4.1 Specific Gravity
For Sand
Test methods for determining the Specific Gravity for sand are
described as per Standard Test Method for Relative Density (Specific Gravity)
26
and Absorption for sand, ASTM C 128, (AASHTO 84). The corresponding
particle (mass) densities of most natural aggregates is 2400 kg/m3 and 2900
kg/m3 and have a specific gravity (relative density) between 2.4 and 2.9. (see
Appendix C). The specific Gravity of the sand can be calculated using the
equation:
Sp. Gr. = (eq.

3.1)
Where:
W₁ = Weight in air of saturated surface - dry sample
W₂ = Weight of volumetric flask with water
W₃ = Weight of volumetric flask + water + sample in bottle in bottle.
For Cement
Specific gravity is normally used in mixture proportioning calculations.
The specific gravity of Portland cement is generally around 3.15 as per ASTM
C 188, Standard Test Method for Density of Hydraulic Cement (see Appendix
D).
1. Weigh the volumetric flask with its stopper.
2. Place a sample of cement up to half of the flask (50g) and weigh with
its stopper.
3. Fill the flask with kerosene for about half full (500ml). Mix thoroughly
with a glass rod to remove the entrapped air.
4. Continue stirring and add more kerosene till it is flush with the
graduated mark then weigh.
5. Remove the kerosene containing cement from the flask.
6. Fill the flask again with kerosene for about 500 ml then weigh
Calculation:
Sp. Gr. = (eq. 3.2)
27
Where:
W₁ = Weight of Volumetric Flask
W₂ = Weight of Volumetric Flask + Cement
W₃ = Weight of Volumetric Flask + Cement + Kerosene
W₄ = Weight of Volumetric Flask + Kerosene
Specific Gravity of kerosene = 0.79
For MSCFM
The standard specification under this is in accordance as per ASTM
D792-20 (Standard Test Method for Density and Specific Gravity (relative
density) of Plastics by Displacement) for determining the specific gravity and
density of solid plastics. The test method A for testing solid plastics water. It
uses a one-piece specimen that ranges from 1-50g of plastic using a sinker
with plastics that are lighter than water (see Appendix E).
Calculation of specific gravity:

Sp. Gr. = (eq.3.3)
Where:
a = (mass of specimen + wire in air) - (mass of wire in air) (eq.
3.4)
a = mass of specimen in air.
b = mass of specimen and sinker (if used) in water.
w = mass of totally immersed sinker if used and partially immersed
wire.
28
3.2.4.2 Water Absorption of Cement, Sand and MSCFM

For Sand
The absorption and surface moisture of aggregates should be
determined according to ASTM C128 (Standard Test Method for Relative
Density (Specific Gravity) and Absorption of Sand), and AASHTO T 255
(Standard Method of Test for Total Evaporable Moisture Content of
Aggregate by Drying) so that the total water content of the concrete can be
controlled and correct batch weights determined. The internal structure of an
aggregate particle is made up of solid matter and voids that may or may not
contain water. (see appendix F). They are designated as:
For Sand
1. Soak about 1000 g. of the sample in water for 24 hrs.
2. Spread sample on flat surface and stir frequently until it approaches a
free-flowing condition. The sample is now in surface-dry condition.
3. Get oven-dry weight.
Calculation:
Absorption, % = (eq. 3.5)
Where:
W0= Weight in air of oven-dry sample
W1= Weight in air saturated surface – dry sample
For MSCFM
The determination of water absorption of the MSCFM is defined in
accordance as per ASTM D570-98, Standard Test Method for Water
Absorption of Plastics. Water Absorption is used to determine the amount of
water absorbed under specific conditions. The gathered data will shed light on
the performance of the face mask in water or humid environments. (see
Appendix G)
29
1. The samples are to be dried in an oven for specified time and

temperature.
2. Place it in a container to cool.
3. After cooling, the sample is to be weighed.
4. The sample is then soaked in water at 23° for 24 hours or until
equilibrium.
5. Remove the sample and pat dry with a dry cloth then weighed.
Computation:
Absorption, % = (eq. 3.6)
Where:
W0 = Weight in air of oven-dry sample
W1 = Weight in air of saturated surface – dry sample
3.2.5 Mass computation of MSCF M and Sand

The MSCFM will be added in the CHB as partial replacement for the
sand with a weight percentage of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. The
determination of the weight percentage of the MSCFM is to be calculated
using the equation:
(eq.3.7)
Where, is the density of the sample, m is the mass of the sample and v
is for the volume. In line with the equation, the ratio of the CHB Mixture of
(water:cement:sand) which is (½:1:7) is to be included in the computation. The
mass of MSCFM as partial replacement to sand is based on the weight
percentage (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) of the sand. (see Appendix N).
30
Table 3.1 Concrete Hollow Block Mixture
Weight Percentage (%) of MSCM Water Cement Sand MSCF

(kg) (kg) (kg) (kg)
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
3.2.6 Sieve Analysis

The researchers will sieve the MSCFM and Sand to determine its
proper grain size distribution.
1. The researchers will use all passing the 2mm (No. 10) sieve and be
retained on 0.075 mm (No. 200) sieve.
2. Sand grading within the limits of AASHTO M 145 "Materials for
Aggregate and Soil-Aggregate Subbase, Base and Surface Courses"
(Standard specification for Materials for aggregate and Soil-aggregate
31
subbase, base and surface courses). The limit with respect to sieve size
is shown.
Table 3.2 Sieve Analysis Data Table for Sand Used
US Opening Mass Mass Mass % Cumula %

Sieve (mm) of of Retained Retained -tive % Passing
No. Sieve Sieve (g) Retaine
(g) + d
Sand
(g)
4 4.75
8 2.38
16 1.18
30 0.60
50 0.30
16 1.18
30 0.60
50 0.30
100 0.150
32
200 0.074
pan
Total
Table 3.3 Sieve Analysis Data Table for MSCFM Used
US Opening Mass Mass Mass % Cumula %

Sieve (mm) of of Retained Retained -tive % Passing
No. Sieve Sieve (g) Retaine
(g) + d
Sand
(g)
4 4.75
8 2.38
16 1.18
30 0.60
50 0.30
16 1.18
30 0.60
50 0.30
100 0.150
33
200 0.074
pan
Total
Computation:
Weight Retained in each sieve
Weight Retained = Weight of sieve after sieving - Weight of sieve (eq. 3.8)
Percent of Material retained in each sieve
% retained = (eq.3.9)
Percentage Cumulative of Material Retained Between Sieves

% Cum. Retained = %Retained before + %Retained next sieve (eq. 3.10)
Percentage of Material Passing in each sieve
% Passing = 100% - % Cum. Retained (eq. 3.11)
Table 3.4 Comparison of Sieve Analysis of Sand and MSCFM to ASTM C33
% ASTM C33
US Sieve Opening Passing % Passing
No. (mm) (Sand) (MSCFM) Standard Remarks
Limit
4 4.75 95 to 100
8 2.38 80 to 100
34
16 1.18 50 to 85
30 0.60 25 to 50
50 0.30 5 to 30
100 0.15 0 to 10
3.2.7 Manufacturing Process of the CHB

To achieve appropriate manufacturing process, CHB to be used must
be Type I Class A or B unit, confirming with ASTM C-90-7. (see Appendix
B)
3.2.7.1 Molding
Once the load of concrete is thoroughly mixed, it is poured into CHB
molder, four holes. Typically, three holes are usually incorporated. The
standard size of a concrete brick with manual molder using the plywood
planks and nails to make a one side open box with an inner cavity of 400 mm
(length) x 200 mm (width) x 150 mm (thick).
3.2.7.2 Mixing
After determining the right amount of CHB, which is a mix of Portland
cement and sand in a 1:7 ratio with varying percentages of MSCFM and ½
bucket of water. Type 1, 2, 3 or Type 4 Portland Cement conforming to ASTM
C150. Standard mix to the building code specifications. All of the raw
materials including the water is to be mixed using a concrete mixer which is
rotated for 1 ½ minutes. When the prepared mix is ready, it must be consumed
within 30 minutes.
35
3.2.7.3 Compacting
The purpose of compacting is to fill all air pockets with concrete
without movement of free water through the concrete. Excessive compaction
would result in formation of water pockets or layers with higher water content
and poor quality of the product.
3.2.7.4 Curing
Hollow blocks removed from the mold are protected until they are
sufficiently hardened to permit handling without damage. This may take about
24 hours in a shelter away from sun and winds then after that the sample is
being cured by sprinkling for up to 14 days and 28 days before they can gain
adequate strength for use.
3.3 Laboratory Testing Process of the Samples

3.3.1 Compressive Strength
After the curing process, the researchers will then travel to the MPW–
Materials Quality Control and Hydrology, Area Equipment Services Simuay,
Sultan, Mastura, Maguindanao to test the compressive strength of the CHBs
and following the ASTM C90 (Standard Specification for Load-bearing
Concrete Masonry Units). Thirty (30) samples will be made. Six (6) samples
each for 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%.
Table 3.5 Compressive Strength of CHB with MSCFM as a partial

replacement of sand.
Compressive Strength of the CHB Samples

14 DAYS CURING 28 DAYS CURING
Volume Trials Compressive Mean Trials Compressive Mean

Replaceme Strength Strength
-nts Load Bearing Load Bearing
Percentage Stress results Stress results
(%) (MPa) (MPa)
36
1
1
0% 2
2
3
3
1 1
5%
2
2

replacement of sand (Continuation)
Volume Trials Compressive Mean Trials Compressive Mean
Replaceme Strength Strength
-nts Load Bearing Load Bearing
Percentage Stress results Stress results
(%) (MPa) (MPa)
5% 3 3
1 1
10%
2 2
3 3
1 1
15%
2 2
3 3
1 1
37
20%
2 2
3 3
3.4 Data Analysis

The following formula was used for the one-way analysis of variance
(ANOVA). The two-way ANOVA determines if the average compressive
strength results have a statistically significant difference from each other. A
table will be made for the compressive strength results of the different ratio of
CHB mixture with weight percentage as partial replacement of MSCFM in
sand and have a curing days after 14 and 28 days. The table consists of
columns with average data computed in each treatment. After that, get the
square of each sample value. The next step would be summing the results up
and will be divided by the number of samples. After the summation process,
the researchers acquired the Cumulative Frequency (CF), Total Sum of Square
(TSS), Between Sum of Square (BSS) and Wide Sum of Square (WSS). Then
proceed to the Scheffe’s test.
3.4.1 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) on Compressive Strength of CHB
Where:
X1 = Compressive Strength of CHB with 0% MSCFM
X3 = Compressive Strength of CHB with10% MSCFM
Table 3.6 Analysis of Variance on Compressive Strength of CHB

% Days of Curing
38
Replacement 14 28 Total (D14)2 (D28)2 T2

Days Days
(D14 ) (D28)
X1
X2
X3
X4
X5
Total
Table 3.7 F-Test or Two-Way ANOVA Table for Laboratory Test Solution
Sources of Degree of Sum Mean F-ratio
Variance Freedom Square Square Remarks
(MS) Computed Tabular
Between
percentage
K-1 SST MSB= F= See
replacement
SST/k-1 MSB/SW Appendix
of MSCFM
O
(K-1)
Between MSB= F=
K-1 SSB
Days of SSB/k-1 MSB/SW
Curing
Within Error n-k WSS SW=

(N-1)-(K-1) WSS/n-k
Total n-1 TSS

(N-1)
3.4.2 Scheffe’s Test

39
Scheffe’s Test is a post hoc test used in Analysis of Variance

(ANOVA) to determine where is the significant difference came from and
which groups are different between each of the sample means.
3.4.2.1 Weight partial replacement percentage of MSCFM as an Independent

Variable
To compare the average compressive strength of the samples in terms
of weight partial replacement percentage of MSCFM as an Independent
Variable Scheffe’s Test was used. 0% and 5% was used as a controlled sample
in 14 days and 0%, 5% and 10% in 28 days.
Table 3.8 Comparison of average compressive strength using a controlled
sample of 0% in terms of partial replacement of MSCFM independent variable
both in 14 and 28 days (see appendix Q)
14 Days
Between Sand F’ (F tabular) (K- Interpretation

replacement 1) (6.39 x 4)
0% vs. 5%
0% vs. 10%
0% vs. 15%
0% vs. 20%
28 Days

0% vs. 5%
0% vs. 10%
0% vs. 15%
0% vs. 20%
40

both in 14 and 28 days (see appendix Q)
14 days

5% vs. 10%
5% vs 15%
5% vs 20%
28 Days

5% vs. 10%
5% vs 15%
5% vs 20%

sample of 10% in terms of partial replacement of MSCFM independent
variable only in 28 days (see appendix Q)
28 Days

10% vs. 15%

41

variable only in 28 days (see appendix Q) (Continuation)
28 Days

10% vs 20%
3.4.2.2 Days of Curing as an Independent Variable

of Days of Curing as an Independent Variable Scheffe’s Test was used. 0%
and 5% was used as a controlled sample in 14 days and 0%, 5% and 10% in 28
days.
sample of 0% in terms of curing days’ independent variable both in 14 and 28
days (see appendix Q)
14 Days
Between Sand F’ (F tabular) Interpretation

replacement (7.71 x 4)
0% vs. 5%
0% vs. 10%
0% vs. 15%
0% vs. 20%

days (see appendix Q) (Continuation)
42
28 Days
Between Sand F’ ((F tabular) Interpretation

0% vs. 5%
0% vs. 10%
0% vs. 15%
0% vs. 20%

days (see appendix Q)
14 days

5% vs. 10%
5% vs 15%
5% vs 20%

days (see appendix Q) (Continuation)
28 Days

5% vs. 10%
5% vs 15%
43
5% vs 20%

sample of 10% in terms of curing days’ independent variable only in 28 days
(see appendix Q)
28 Days

10% vs. 15%
10% vs 20%
Where:
(eq. 3.12)
(eq. 3.13)
(eq. 3.14)
(eq. 3.15)
Scheffe’s Test:
(eq. 3.16)
3.5 Structural Design
The best result of replacing the weight percentage of CHB with

MSCFM from the data analysis is used in designing a miniature for an exterior
44
load bearing wall structure. A wall footing is used to create a construction

dimension of 1m in height and 1m in width. To calculate the length and height
of rebars using the area approach, multiply the length and height of the wall by
the standard length of bars available, which is 0.60 m2. Then multiply the 2.15
from the previous solution by three layers for horizontal bars. The number of
pieces for reinforcement bars is then calculated by adding both results and
dividing them by 6 meters. The following conditions must be fulfilled when
computing the structural design. (See Appendix J)
Condition 1: Pu < ϕPn max
Condition 2: Pn < Pn max
Condition 3: Pu < ϕPn
ϕ Pn = 0.55 ϕ fc' Ag[1-(klc/32h)2 (eq. 3.12)
Pu=1.2 DL + 1.6 LL (eq. 3.13)
Pn max =0.80Po (eq. 3.14)
Po=0.85fc'(Ag-As) +fy Ast (eq. 3.15)
Where:
fc’ = 28- day compressive strength of concrete ksi (MPa)
Ag = gross area of wall section, in2 (mm2)
ϕ = strength reduction factor = 0.70
lc = vertical distance between supports, in (mm)
h = overall thickness of wall, in (mm)
k = effective-length factor
Pu = ultimate axial load
Ac = area of concrete
As = area of steel
Po= nominal axial at zero eccentricity
Pn= nominal axial load
Pn max= maximum nominal axial load
45
3.6 Research Equipment

The equipment used in this study is the classical surgical face mask,
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), container, aluminum pan, griller, wood,
piece of fabric, hammer, sieve pan set, shovel, bucket with specific volume,
water container, mortar and pestle, gauging trowel, CHB molder, computer,
universal testing machine, weighing scale, thermocouples, water hose. On the
other hand, to determine the compressive strength and durability of thirty (30)
hollow block samples, treatment procedures are to be conducted and
compression test is also to be done by a machine at MPW-Materials Quality
Control and Hydrology, Area Equipment Services Simuay, Sultan Kudarat,
Maguindanao. Compressive strength of CHB will then be determined after the
procedures. This study will involve the analysis of data collected from
different laboratory tests.
Figure 3.1 Universal Testing machine (UTM)

46
Figure 3.2 Griller
Figure 3.3 Hand Grinding Machine

47
3.7 Gantt Chart

The illustration below represents the schedule for each part of the
activity. The rows represent the part of the activity and the column represents
the time frame for each activity.
Table 3.14 Gantt Chart
Task Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May
Research proposal
Gathering the data
Finalization of report
Title proposal
Implementation
Collecting
Cutting
Preparing aggregates
of chb
Mixing
Molding
Compacting
Curing
Drying
Compressive strength
Gathering data
Preparing for defense

48
Final defense
3.8 Budgetary Requirements

The table 3.15 shows the description, quantity, unit cost, total cost that
needs to be purchased to pursue this study.
Table 3.15 Budgetary Requirements
Quantity Unit Cost (₱) Total Cost (₱)
Portland Cement 2 Sack 250 500
Gauging Trowel 5 Pcs 60 300
Sand 14 Sack 50 700
CHB Molder 1 Pcs 1200 1,200
Steel Rebar 3 Pcs 44 132
Facemask 60 Box 50 3,000
Other expenses 1,200 1,200
TOTAL 7,032
3.9 Tasking
The following tasks such as gathering of data and materials,
performing study of the properties of aggregates, purchasing of materials,
mixing and preparing of samples, testing, evaluating, finalizing the thesis, and
preparing for defense will be assigned to all members of the team.
49
CHAPTER IV
This chapter discusses the different results and discussions gathered
throughout the experiment.
RESULTS & DISCUSSION

This chapter will outline the presentation of the result and will discuss
the laboratory experiments and interpret the test result according to the
motives of this chapter. This chapter contains the data presentation, data
analysis and interpretation of the results.
4.1 Properties of MSCFM, Sand and Cement.

This part of the study will present the analysis in the form of data that
the researcher collected upon performing the various experiments.
Following were the different tables showing various data showing the
properties of MSCFM, sand cement, gathered from the different tests and
experiments conducted in the laboratory.
a. MSCFM
Table 4.1 Specific Gravity, Water Absorption, and Unit Weight of MSCFM
Results
Specific Gravity Unit Weight Water Density (kg/m3)

(KN/m3) Absorption (%)
1.095 5.035 2.13 994.5
Table 4.1 shows the result of the properties of MSCFM. (See Appendix K)
50
b. Properties of Sand
Table 4.2 Properties of Sand Results
Sand Specific Unit Weight Water Density

Gravity (KN/m3) Absorption (kg/m3)
(%)
Simuay 2.369 21.09 13.225 2150.34

River Sand
Table 4.2 shows the result of the properties of sands of Simuay River sand.
(See Appendix L)
c. Properties of Cement
Specific Gravity of Cement
Bulk SSD Specific Gravity = 3.985 (See Appendix M)
4.2 Mass computation of CHB mixtures

Table 4.3 Concrete Hollow Block Mixture Results
Weight Water Cement Sand MSCFM

Percentage (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg)
(%) of
MSCM
0% 11.35 40 341.68 0
5% 11.35 40 324.51 7.90
10% 11.35 40 307.51 15.80
Table 4.3 Concrete Hollow Block Mixture Results (Continuation)

51
Weight Water Cement Sand MSCFM

Percentage (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg)
(%) of
MSCM
15% 11.35 40 290.42 23.71
20% 11.35 40 273.35 31.60
Table 4.3 shows the result of the Mass computation of Mixture of the CHB
(See Appendix N)
4.3 Sieve Analysis of the Sand and MSCFM

Table 4.4 Sieve Analysis Data Table for Fine Aggregates Used Results
US Opening Mass Mass of Mass % Cumulative %

Sieve (mm) of Sieve + Retained Retained % Retained Passing
No. Sieve Sand (g)
(g) (g)
4 4.75 475.6 475.6 0 0 0 100
8 2.38 446.6 529.4 21.67 4.82 4.82 95.18
16 1.18 393.6 487.2 121.05 26.90 31.72 68.28
30 0.60 359.0 484.0 136.05 30.23 61.95 38.05
50 0.30 322.4 359.0 114.06 25.35 87.3 12.7
100 0.150 311.0 337.4 53.77 11.95 99.25 0.75
200 0.074 293.4 296.4 3.2 0.71 99.96 0.04
Pan 488.0 488.2 0.2 0.04 100 0
Total 450 100
Table 4.5 Sieve Analysis Data Table for MSCFM Used Results
52
US Opening Mass Mass of Mass % Cumulative %

Sieve (mm) of Sieve + Retained Retained % Retained Passing
No. Sieve Sand (g)
(g) (g)
4 4.75 475. 475.6 0 0 0 100

6
8 2.38 446. 451.8 5.2 3.47 3.47 96.53

6
16 1.18 393. 462.8 69.2 46.13 49.6 50.4

6
30 0.60 359. 390.6 31.6 21.07 70.67 29.33

0
50 0.30 322. 354.4 32 21.33 92 8

4
100 0.150 311. 322.4 11.4 7.6 99.6 0.4

0
200 0.074 293. 293.8 0.4 0.27 99.87 0.13

4
Pan 488. 488.2 0.2 0.13 100 0

0
Total 150 100
Table 4.6 Comparison of Sieve Analysis of Sand and MSCFM to ASTM C33
Results
53
US Sieve Opening % Passing % Passing ASTM C33

No. (mm) (Sand) (MSCFM)
Standard Remarks
Limit
4 4.75 100 100 95 to 100 PASSED
8 2.38 95.18 96.53 80 to 100 PASSED
16 1.18 68.28 50.4 50 to 85 PASSED
30 0.60 38.05 29.33 25 to 50 PASSED
50 0.30 12.7 8 5 to 30 PASSED
100 0.15 0.75 0.4 0 to 10 PASSED
Table 4.6 presents that the MSCFM used passed the provisions stipulated in
ASTM C33 and does comply with the standards.
4.4 Compressive Strength of CHB with MSCFM as a Weight Percentage

Partial Replacement of Sand
The table below 4.7 the compressive strength of CHB with MSCFM as
volume percentage partial replacement of sand.

replacement of sand results
54

Compressive Compressive
Volume Strength Strength
Replacement Mean Mean
Trials Load Bearing Trials Load Bearing
Percentage
(%) Stress results Stress results
(MPa) (MPa)
1 15.60 1 18.95
2 13.30 14.17 2 16.45 16.97

0%
3 13.61 3 15.52
1 12.07 1 12.75
5% 2 10.59 11.51 2 12.69 13.31
3 11.89 3 14.48
1 9.21 1 12.23
10% 2 10.68 9.92 2 10.63 11.61
3 9.86 3 11.97
1 9.52 1 8.96
8.91 9.50
15% 2 8.96 2 10.55
3 8.25 3 8.99
1 8.85 1 9.68
8.54 2 9.77 9.23

20% 2 8.78
3 8.00 3 8.25
4.4.1 Visual Representation of Compressive Strength

55
Figure 4.1 Relationship between the average means of the MSCFM

percentage as partial replacement and compressive strength after 14 and 28
days curing.
4.5 Data Analysis

To determine whether these differences in compressive strength of the
CHB samples with weight percent replacement of sand were significant, the
researchers used the F-test or Two-way ANOVA or Analysis of Variance.
4.5.1 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) on Compressive Strength of CHB

Where:
x1 = Compressive Strength of CHB with 0% MSCFM
56
Table 4.8 Analysis of Variance on Compressive Strength of CHB Results

% Days of Curing
Replace- (D14)2 (D28)2 T2
ment 14 Days 28 Days Total
(D14 ) (D28)
X1 14.17 16.97 31.14 200.79 287.98 969.70
X2 11.15 13.31 24.46 124.32 177.16 598.29
X3 9.92 11.61 21.53 98.41 134.49 463.54
X4 8.91 9.50 18.41 79.39 90.25 338.93
X5 8.54 9.23 17.72 72.93 85.19 315.77
Total 52.69 60.62 G=113.31 575.84 775.37 2686.23
Computation:
57
Table 4.9 F-Test or Two-Way ANOVA Table for Laboratory Test Solution
Results
(14 Days)

Between Significant
percentage
replacement 4 59.20 14.80 32.89 6.39
of MSCFM
(K-1)
Between
Days of 1 6.28 6.28 13.96 7.71 Significant
Curing
Within Error
(N-1)-(K-1) 4 1.81 0.45
Total
(N-1) 9 67.29
Table 4.9 shows that the computed F-value of the varying percentage
replacement of MSCFM is 32.89 which is greater than the F-tabular value of
6.39 at 0.05 level of significance with degree of freedom of 4 and 4 indicates
that there is a significant difference between the compressive strength of the
standard mix of CHB samples with varying MSCFM weight percentage CHB
samples. Thus, the null hypothesis is rejected.
The F-value of the varying percentage replacement of MSCFM is
13.96 which is greater than the F-tabular value of 7.71 at 0.05 level of
significance with degree of freedom of 1 and 4 indicates that there is a
significant difference between the compressive strength of the standard mix of
58
CHB samples with varying MSCFM weight percentage CHB samples. Thus,
the null hypothesis is rejected.
Computation:
Level of Significance:
α= 0.05
k= 5; m=2
n= 10 (mean compressive strength)
Degrees of Freedom:
Total Sum of Squares: n-1= 10-1= 9
Varying percentage replacement of MSCFM Sum of Squares:
k-1= 5-1= 4
Days of Curing Sum of Squares: m-1= 2-1= 1
Error of Sum Squares: (m-1) (k-1) = 4(1) = 4
4.5.1.1 Scheffe’s Test

Scheffe’s Test is a post hoc test used in Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA) to determine where is the significant difference came from and
which groups are different between each of the sample means.
4.5.1.1.1 Weight partial replacement percentage of MSCFM as an Independent

Variable
of weight partial replacement percentage of MSCFM as an Independent
Variable Scheffe’s Test was used. 0% and 5% is to be used as a controlled
sample in 14 days and 0%, 5% and 10% in 28 days.
59

both in 14 and 28 days’ results (see appendix Q)
14 Days

0% vs. 5% 7.32 Not Significant
0% vs. 15% 28.82 25.56 Significant
0% vs. 20% 33.02 Significant
28 Days


25.56

both in 14 and 28 days’ results (see appendix Q)
14 days
60

5% vs 15% 7.10 Not Significant

25.56
28 Days

5% vs 15% 20.54 25.56 Not Significant

variable only in 28 days’ results (see appendix Q)
28 Days

10% vs. 15% 6.30 25.56 Not Significant

variable only in 28 days’ results (see appendix Q) (Continuation)
28 Days


61
4.5.1.1.2 Days of Curing as an Independent Variable

of Days of Curing as an Independent Variable Scheffe’s Test was used. 0%
and 5% was used as a controlled sample in 14 days and 0%, 5% and 10% in 28
days.

days’ results (see appendix Q)
14 Days


days’ results (see appendix Q) (Continuation)
28 Days


62
0% vs. 20% 84.77 30.84 Significant

days’ results (see appendix Q)
14 days


30.84

days’ results (see appendix Q) (Continuation)
28 Days


sample of 10% in terms of curing days’ independent variable only in 28 days’
results (see appendix Q)
63
28 Days


30.84
Decision Rule:
If the value of F’ is greater than the (F Tabular) x (K-1) value, accept
H11. If the value of F’ is less than the (F Tabular) x (K-1) value, reject H11.
64
4.6 Load Bearing Wall Design
Figure 4.2 Actual Picture of the Miniature Project

Computation:
For Ø Pn:
Ø Pn = 0.55 Ø fc' Ag[1-(klc32h)2
Ø Pn = 0.55 (0.65) (13.31) (3000) (150) [1-(1.0(3000)32(150))2]
Ø Pn= 802,967.244 N
For Po:
Po = 0.85fc'(Ag-As) +fy Ast
Po = 0.85 (13.31) [(3000 x 150) - 36π] + (420) (36π)
Po = 5,137,296.354 N
For Pn max:
Pn max = 0.80Po
Pn max = 0.80 (5,137,296.354)
Pn max = 4,109,837.083 N
For Ø Pn max:
Ø Pn max = 0.65 Pn max
Ø Pn max = 0.65 (4,109,837.083)
Ø Pn max = 2,671,394.104 N
For Pu:
Pu = [1.2DL + 1.6LL] (3) (3)
Pu = [1.2(23.6) + 1.6(1.9)] (3) (3) x 1000
Pu = 282,240 N
65
For Pn:
Pn = Ø PnØ
Pn = 802,967.3440.65
Pn = 1,235,334.375 N
Condition 1: Pu < Ø Pn max

282,240 N < 2,671,394.104 N
Therefore,it is safe.
Condition 2: Pn < Pn max

1,235,334.375 N < 4,109,837.083 N
Condition 3: Pu < Ø Pn
282,240 N < 802,967.244 N
66
CHAPTER V
This chapter presents a summary of findings, conclusions, and
recommendations of the researchers. These are based on the results gathered
by the researchers.
Summary of Findings
This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of MSCFM as a partial
replacement to sand. Based on the analysis of data gathered, the summarized
results study are as follows:
1. The researchers found that the MSCFM has a specific gravity of 1.095,
unit weight of 5.035 KN/m , Water Absorption of 2.13 %, and average
3
density of 994.5 KN/m . The researchers found that the sand has a
3
specific gravity of 2.369, unit weight of 21.01 KN/m , Water 3
Absorption of 13.225 %, and average density of 2150.28 KN/m and 3
the cement has a specific gravity of 3.985.

2. After the preparation of the CHB incorporated with MSCFM, it was
observed that the MSCFM behaved just like fine aggregates as it
resulted in passing remarks on sieve analysis both the sand and
MSCFM used in the study.
3. The average compressive strength on the 14 days curing of CHB with
0% MSCFM was 14.7 MPa, CHB with 5% MSCFM was 11.51 MPa,
CHB with 10% 6 MSCFM was 8.54 MPa. While on the 28 days curing
of CHB with 0% MSCFM was 16.97 MPa, CHB with 5% MSCFM
was 13.31 MPa, CHB with 10% MSCFM was 11.61 MPa, CHB with
15% MSCFM was 9.50 MPa, and CHB with 20% MSCFM was 9.23
MPa.
4. Based on the data gathered, the average compressive strength of the
CHB with 5% MSCFM passed the minimum Compressive Strength
required after 14 days of curing and 5% & 10% after 28 days of curing.
67
Conclusion
The outcome of this study is all based on data that has been gathered
and evaluated in a way that is easy to understand through orderly tabulation
and graphs. As a result, the following conclusion is reached:
1. The F-computed value of varying weight percentage replacement of
MSCFM and days of curing which is 32.89 and 13.96 was greater than
the F-tabular value which is 6.39 and 7.71 therefore, there is
significance difference between them at 0.05 level of significance with
the degree of freedom of 4 between the percentage sand partial
replacement, 1 between days of curing and within error of 4.
2. Since the null hypothesis in the Two-Way ANOVA on the weight
percentage replacement of MSMCFM and the days of curing,
Scheffe’s test was made. For the 0% as a controlled sample in terms of
weight partial replacement of MSCFM independent variable showed
different results. There is a significance difference on 0% vs. 15% and
0% vs. 20 % for 14 days and there is also significance difference in 0%
vs. 10%, 0% vs. 15%, and 0% vs. 20% for 28 days. While there is no
significance difference in 0% vs.5% and 0% vs. 10% in 14 days and
only 0% vs 5% in 28 days. For of 5% as a controlled sample in terms
of weight partial replacement of MSCFM independent variable that
was been compared with 10%, 15%, and 20% has no significance
difference between them both in 14 and 28 days. Also, there is no
significance difference in 10% vs. 15% and 10% vs. 20% for the 10%
as a controlled sample in terms of weight partial replacement of
MSCFM independent variable. For the curing days as an independent
variable, it showed same result to the first independent which is the
weight replacement percentage of MSCFM on the 5% and 10%
controlled samples both in 14 and 28 days. While on the 0% controlled
sample in curing days independent variable showed that there is
68
significance difference on 0% vs. 20% in 14 days and 0% vs. 10%, 0%

vs. 15%, and 0% vs. 20% in 28 days. While there is no significance
difference on the 0% vs. 5%, 0% vs. 10%, and 0% vs. 20% on 14 days
and only in 0% vs. 5% in 28 days.
3. Considering all the tests, it was concluded that MSCFM can be used as
a partial replacement to sand in CHB for load bearing wall but only
with up to 5% weight of MSCFM in 14 days curing and 5% & 10%
weight of MSCFM in 28 days curing.
Recommendation
Based on the findings and conclusions of the study, the researchers come
up with these recommendations for the development of the study.
1. Determine the maximum compressive strength of CHB with additional
level of percentage of MSCFM that can be utilized for 10x15x40 cm
with reference for minimum compressive strength for Non-Load
Bearing Wall under NSCP 2015.
2. Apply the MSCFM to mortars, concrete, asphalt, and other
construction materials as a replacement.
3. Explore producing a shredded face mask as partial replacement instead
of turning it into a sand-like appearance.
4. Test the heat resistance of the CHB with MSCFM as a partial
replacement to sand.
5. Additional samples for percentage of replacement may be performed
for the testing.
6. Compare the weights and water absorption of each of the CHB
samples.
69
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76
Appendix A
ASTM C90
ASTM C90 is the Standard Specification for Loadbearing Concrete
Masonry Units. The compressive strength of the CHB will be determined
using three full blocks. The determination shall be made by applying a load to
the block's bedding surfaces. The gross area of each of the two bedding
surfaces shall be determined from the overall dimensions of the surfaces
measured to the nearest 0.05 in. The smaller of the two areas shall be taken as
the gross area for the purpose of calculating the compressive strength. The
block shall be placed in the testing machine so that the direction of loading
shall be at right angles to the capped surfaces. The load shall be applied axially
at a uniform rate of 1,000 lb. per sq. in. per minute. The maximum load in
pounds supported by each block before failure occurs shall be divided by the
gross area in square inches. The Average Data of the three values shall be
taken as the compressive strength of the blocks. (Lemass 1946).
Each CHB sample will undergo a compressive strength testing using
the Universal Testing Machine (UTM) as per the ASTM C140 (2018) and as
required under the ASTM C90 classification for load bearing walls. The
average minimum compressive strength of a load-bearing concrete hollow
block is 10.3 MPa or 1,493 pounds per square inch (psi) according to the
National Structural Code of the Philippines [NSCP] of the Association of
Structural Engineers of the Philippines (2015).
Figure A.1 Minimum Compressive Strength from NSCP 2015

77
Appendix B
ASTM C150
According to the ASTM Standard Specification for Portland Cement
(ASTM C150), the dry density of a 40 kg bag of cement is equivalent to 1440
kg per cubic meter. there are ten types of Portland cement:
Type I—for general use, when the special properties specified for any other
type are not required.
Type IA—Air-entraining cement for the same uses as Type I, where air-
entrainment is desired.
Type II—for general use, more especially when moderate sulfate resistance is
desired.
Type IIA—Air-entraining cement for the same uses as Type II, where air-
Type II (MH)—for general use, more especially when moderate heat of
hydration and moderate sulfate resistance are desired.
Type II (MH) A—Air-entraining cement for the same uses as Type II(MH),
where air-entrainment is desired.
Type III—for use when high early strength is desired.
Appendix B (continuation)
Type IIIA—Air-entraining cement for the same use as Type III, where air-
Type IV—for use when a low heat of hydration is desired.
Type V—for use when high sulfate resistance is desired.
Appendix C
ASTM C128
Standard Test Method for Relative Density (Specific Gravity) and
Absorption of Fine Aggregate (ASTM C128) is a test method that covers the
determination of relative density (specific gravity) and the absorption of fine
aggregates. The relative density (specific gravity), a dimensionless quality, is
expressed as oven-dry (OD), saturated-surface-dry (SSD), or as apparent
relative density (specific gravity). The OD relative density is determined after
drying the aggregate. The SSD relative density and absorption are determined
after soaking the aggregate in water for a prescribed duration.
Apparatus:
1. Balance
2. Pycnometer Gravimetric (Pycnometer)
78
Appendix C (Continuation)
Test Procedure:
1. Soak an amount of fine aggregate for about 1000 g in water for 24
hours passing the No.4 (4.75mm) sieve.
2. Spread sample on flat non-absorbent surface and stir occasionally until
it reaches a free-flowing condition. Dry the sample to a saturated
surface dry (SSD) condition.
3. Place the sample in the conical mold, tamp the surface 25 times and lift
the mold vertically. If surface moisture is still present, the fine
aggregate will retain its molded shape. When the aggregate achieves an
SSD condition, it will slump slightly. (The sample in the cone should
retain its shape in the presence of free moisture. This will indicate
surface dry condition).
4. Weigh 250 g. of the surface-dry sample and place it in the pycnometer.
5. Fill the pycnometer with water and roll on a flat surface to remove air
bubbles. Then place in a water bath maintained at 20°C for about 1 hr.
6. Fill the pycnometer to 500 ml. mark, and weigh.
7. Remove sample from pycnometer and dry to constant weight.
Appendix D
ASTM C188
ASTM C188 or the Standard Test Method for Density of Hydraulic
Cement is a test method that covers the determination of the density of
hydraulic cement. Its particular usefulness is in connection with the design and
control of concrete mixtures. The density of hydraulic cement is defined as the
mass of a unit volume of the solids. The apparatus to be used is a Le Chatelier
flask, which is circular in cross-section.
Apparatus:
1. Le Chatelier flask
2. Kerosene
3. Weighing scale
4. Funnel
79
Appendix D (Continuation)
Test Procedure:
This flask shall be thoroughly annealed before being graduated. They
shall be of sufficient thickness to ensure reasonable resistance to breakage.
Each
flask shall bear a permanent identification number and the stopper, if
not interchangeably ground, shall bear the same number. Interchangeable
ground-glass parts shall be marked on both members with the standard-taper
symbol, followed by the size designation. The standard temperature shall be
indicated, and the unit of capacity shall be shown by the letters “mL” placed
above the highest graduation mark. Kerosene, free of water, or naphtha shall
be used in the density determination. The flask shall be filled with either of the
liquids mentioned to a point on the stem between the 0 and the 1-mL mark.
The inside of the flask shall be dried above the level of the liquid, if necessary,
after pouring. The first reading shall be recorded after the flask has been
immersed in the water bath. A quantity of cement shall be introduced in small
increments at the same temperature as the liquid. A vibrating apparatus may be
used to accelerate the introduction of the cement into the flask and to prevent
the cement from sticking to the neck. After all the cement has been introduced,
the stopper shall be placed in the flask and the flask shall be rolled in an
inclined position, or gently whirl it in a horizontal circle, so as to free the
cement from air until no further air bubbles rise to the surface of the liquid. If
a proper amount of cement has been added, the level of the liquid will be in its
final position at some point of the upper series of graduations. The final
reading shall be recorded after the flask has been immersed in the water bath.
The difference between the first and the final readings represents the volume
of liquid displaced by the mass of cement used in the test. The cement density
can now be determined.
80
Appendix E
ASTM D792-20
Standard Test Method for Density and Specific Gravity (relative
density) of Plastics by Displacement (ASTM D792-20) is a test method used
to describe the determination of the specific gravity and density of solid
plastics in forms such as sheets, rods, tube, or molded items. The two test
methods are described: Test Method A—For testing solid plastics in water,
and Test Method B—For testing solid plastics in liquids other than water.
Significance:
The specific gravity or density of a solid is a property that is
conveniently measured to identify a material, to follow physical changes in a
sample, to indicate degree of uniformity among different sampling units or
specimens, or to indicate the average density of a large item. Changes in
density of a single material are due to localized differences in crystallinity,
loss of plasticizer, absorption of solvent, or to other causes. It is possible that
portions of a sample differ in density because of their differences in
crystallinity, thermal history, porosity, and composition (types or proportions
of resin, plasticizer, pigment, or filler). Density is useful for calculating
strength-weight and cost-weight ratios
Test Method A: For testing solid plastics in water
This test method involves weighing a one-piece specimen of 1 to 50 g
in water, using a sinker with plastics that are lighter than water. This test
method is suitable for plastics that are wet by, but otherwise not affected by
water. This is to determine the mass of a specimen of the solid plastic in air. It
is then immersed in a liquid, its apparent mass upon immersion is determined,
and its specific gravity (relative density) calculated.
Apparatus:
1. Distilled water
2. Balance
3. Wire
4. Sinker
Test Procedure:
Condition the test specimens at 23 ± 2°C and 50 ± 10 % relative humidity for
not less than 40. The more common being Method A, can be used with sheet,
81
Appendix E (Continuation)
rod, tube and molded articles. For Method A, the specimen is weighed in air
then weighed when immersed in distilled water at 23°C using a
Sinker and wire to hold the specimen completely submerged as required.
Density and Specific Gravity are calculated.
Appendix F
AASHTO T 255
Standard Method of Test for Total Evaporable Moisture Content of
Aggregate by Drying is a test method that covers the determination of the
percentage of evaporable moisture in a sample of aggregate by drying both
surface moisture and moisture in the pores of the aggregate. Some aggregate
may contain water that is chemically combined with the minerals in the
aggregate. Such water is not evaporable and is not included in the percentage
determined by this test method.
Apparatus:
1. Stainless bowl
2. Digital weighing scale
3. Oven
4. Clean paint brush
Appendix G
ASTM D570-98
ASTM D570-98 or the Standard Test Method for Water Absorption
Plastics are used to determine the amount of water absorbed under specified
conditions. Factors affecting water absorption include: type of plastic,
additives used, temperature and length of exposure. The data sheds light on the
performance of the materials in water or humid environments.
Apparatus:
1. Balance
Test Procedure:
For the water absorption test, the specimens are dried in an oven for a
specified time and temperature and then placed in a desiccator to cool.
Immediately upon cooling the specimens are weighed. The material then
emerged in water at agreed upon conditions, often 23°C for 24 hours or until
equilibrium. Specimens are removed, patted dry with a lint free cloth, and
82
weighed. The specimen size should be two-inch diameter disks, 0.125" or

0.250" thick.
Appendix H
AASHTO M 145
AASHTO soil terminology comes from AASHTO M 145, “Standard
specification for Materials for Aggregate and Soil-Aggregate Mixtures for
Highway Construction Purposes”. Aggregate terminology comes from
AASHTO M 147, “Materials for Aggregate and Soil-Aggregate Subbase, Base
and Surface Courses”. Basic terms include:
● Boulders & Cobbles: Material retained on a 75-mm (3-inch) sieve.
● Gravel: Material passing a 75-mm (3-inch) sieve and retained on a
2.00-mm (No. 10) sieve.
● Coarse Sand: Material passing a 2.00-mm sieve (No. 10) and retained
on a 0.475-mm (No. 40) sieve.
● Fine Sand: Material passing a 0.475-mm (No. 40) sieve and retained on
a 0.075-mm (No. 200) sieve.
● Silt-Clay: Material passing a 0.075-mm (No. 200) sieve.
● Silt Fraction: Material passing 0.075 mm and larger than 0.002 mm.
● Clay Fraction: Material smaller than 0.002 mm.
● Silty: Material passing a 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve with a PI ≤ 10
● Clayey: Material passing a 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve with a PI ≥ 11
● Coarse Aggregate: Aggregate retained on the 2.00 mm sieve and
consisting of hard, durable particles or fragments of stone, gravel or
slag. A wear requirement (AASHTO T 96) is normally required.
● Fine Aggregate: Aggregate passing the 2.00 mm (No. 10) sieve and
consisting of natural or crushed sand, and fine material particles
passing the 0.075 mm (No. 200) sieve. The fraction passing the 0.075
mm (No. 200) sieve shall not be greater than two-thirds of the fraction
passing the 0.425 mm (No. 40) sieve. The portion passing the 0.425
mm (No. 40) sieve shall have a LL ≤ 25 and a PI ≤ 6. Fine aggregate
shall be free from vegetable matter and lumps or balls of clay.
83
Appendix H (Continuation)
Figure H.1 Fine Aggregate Particle size classification (ASTM C145).
Appendix I
NSCP 2015
Section 411 Walls
Figure I.1 Minimum Wall thickness

84
Appendix I (Continuation)
Figure I.2 Effective Length Factor for Walls
Figure I.3 Strength Reduction Factor
Figure I.4 Strength Reduction Factor for Moment, Axial Force or Combined
Moment and Axial Moment
85
Appendix J
COMPUTATION OF PROPERTIES OF MSCFM
For Specific Gravity
Specific Gravity =
a= 16g g
b=173.6g
w=172.2g
Specific gravity =
Sp. Gr. = 1.095
For Water Absorption
Absorption, % =
Trial 1:
Absorption, % = = 2.60%
Trial 2:
Absorption, % = =1.543%
Trial 3:
Absorption, % = = 2.249%
Absorption, %= 2.13%
For Unit weight:
γ=ρxg
= 994.5 x 9.81
= 9.76 KN/m3
86
Appendix J (Continuation)
Table J.1 shows the result of the properties of MSCFM.
Specific Unit Weight Water Absorption Density

Gravity (KN/m3) (%) (kg/m3)
1.095 9.76 2.13 994.5
Appendix K
COMPUTATION OF PROPERTIES OF SAND
Bulk SSD Specific Gravity =
Trial 1:
Bulk SSD Sp.gr. = = 2.519
Trial 2:
Trial 3:
Sp.gr. = 2.369
For Water Absorption
Absorption, % =
Appendix K (Continuation)
87
Trial 1:
Absorption, % = 17.206%
Trial 2:
Absorption, %= = 9.745%
Trial 3:
Absorption, %= = 12.724%
Absorption, %= 13.225%
For Unit weight:

γ=ρxg
= 1501.73 x 9.81
= 21.09 KN/m3
Table K.1 shows the result of the properties of sands of Simuay River sand.
Sand Specific Unit Weight Water Density

Gravity (KN/m3) Absorption (%) (kg/m3)
Simuay 2.369 21.09 13.225 2150.34

River Sand
88
Appendix L
COMPUTATION OF PROPERTIES OF CEMENT
Bulk SSD Specific Gravity =
Appendix M (Continuation)
Trial 1:
Bulk SSD Sp.gr.= = 4.762
Trial 2:
Trial 2:
Bulk SSD Specific Gravity = 3.985
Appendix M
MASS COMPUTATION OF CHB MIXTURE

Determination of Density:

For MSCFM (trials):

89

For Sand (trials):

Ratio of CHB mixture (0.5 Water: 1 Cement: 7 Sand)
Volume of 40 kg sack = 40 kg/ 1440 kg per cu.m = 0.0227 cu. m

Conversion of volume of the materials used in mass per mixture (½:1:7)
m= ratio x 0.0227 x
Mass of water= (½) (0.0227) (1000) = 11.35 kg

Mass of cement= (1) (40) = 40 kg
Mass of sand= (7) (0.0227) (2150.34) =341.68 kg

Calculation of the Volume of Sand to be partially replaced in the CHB
mixture:
For 5%
(7) (0.0227) (0.05) = 7.945x10^-3 cu. m
For 10%
(7) (0.0227) (0.10) = 0.01589 cu. m
For 15%
(7) (0.0227) (0.15) = 0.02384 cu. m
For 20%
(7) (0.0227) (0.20) = 0.03178 cu. m
90
Calculation of the mass of Sand to be removed in the CHB mixture:
For 5%
(7.945x10^-3) (2150.279) = 17.08 kg
For 10%
(0.01589) (2150.279) = 34.17 kg
For 15%
(0.02384) (2150.279) =51.26 kg
For 10%
(0.03178) (2150.279) =68.33 kg

Calculation of the mass of MSCFM to be replaced in the sand to the CHB
mixture:
For 5%
(7.945x10^-3) (994.4) = 7.90 kg
For 10%
(0.01589) (994.4) =15.801 kg
For 15%
(0.02384) (994.4) =23.71 kg
For 20%
(0.03178) (994.4) =31.60 kg
Finally,
Mass of Sand per percentage = Mass of Sand - Mass of Sand to be removed
Mass of Sand at 5% = 341.68 - 17.08 = 324.6 kg

Mass of Sand at 10% = 341.68 - 34.17 = 307.51 kg
Mass of Sand at 15% = 341.68 - 51.26 = 290.42 kg
Mass of Sand at 20% = 341.68 - 68.33 = 273.35 kg
91
Table M.1 shows the result of the Mass computation of Mixture of the CHB.
Weight Percentage (%) of Wate Cement Sand MSCFM
MSCM r (kg) (kg) (kg)
(kg)
0% 11.35 40 341.68 0
5% 11.35 40 324.51 7.90
10% 11.35 40 307.51 15.80
15% 11.35 40 290.42 23.71
20% 11.35 40 273.35 31.60
Appendix N
F-VALUE TABULAR
Figure N.1 F-value Tabular
Appendix O
92
TWO-WAY ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA)
Problem 1: Is there a significant difference between the strength of the

concrete samples in terms of the percentage replacement?
Hypotheses 1:
H01: There is no significant difference between the compressive

strength of CHB samples in terms of the percentage partial
replacement.
H11: There is a significant difference between the compressive
strength of Concrete Hollow Blocks samples in terms of the
percentage partial replacement.
Level of Significance:
α= 0.05
k= 5; m=2
n= 10 (mean compressive strength)
Degrees of Freedom:
Total Sum of Squares: n-1= 10-1= 9
Varying percentage replacement of MSCFM Sum of Squares:
k-1= 5-1= 4
Days of Curing Sum of Squares: m-1= 2-1= 1
Error of Sum Squares: (m-1) (k-1) = 4(1) = 4

93
Calculations:
Using the data on the following page, solving for the equations in Chapter 3.7
a.) Correction Factor:
b.) Total Sum of Squares:
c.) Sum of Squares between varying percentage replacement of MSFM
d.) Sum of Squares between Days of Curing
P.1 Analysis of Variance on Compressive Strength of CHB

Where:
x3 = Compressive Strength of CHB with10% MSCFM
94
Appendix O (Continuation)
% Days of Curing
Replacement (D14)2 (D28)2 T2
14 28 Total
Days Days
(D14) (D28)
X1 14.17 16.97 31.14 200.79 287.98 969.70
X2 11.15 13.31 24.46 124.32 177.16 598.29
X3 9.92 11.61 21.53 98.41 134.49 463.54
X4 8.91 9.50 18.41 79.39 90.25 338.93
X5 8.54 9.23 17.72 72.93 85.19 315.77
Total 52.69 60.62 G=113.31 575.84 775.37 2686.23

Table O.1 shows the Analysis of Variance on Compressive Strength of CHB
Computation:
e) Sum of Squares due to Error: SSE = TSS-SST-SSB

95
f.) F-Test or Two-way ANOVA Table for Laboratory Test Solution

Between
varying
percentage K-1 SST MSB= F= See
replacement SST/k-1 MSB/SW Appendix
of MSCFM O
(K-1)
Between F=
Days of MSB= MSB/SW
Curing K-1 SSB SSB/k-1
Within Error
(N-1) -(K-1)
n-k WSS SW=
WSS/n-k
Total n-1 TSS
(N-1)
Table O.2 shows the table used for F-Test or Two-way ANOVA Table for
Laboratory Test Solution

Between Significant
percentage
replacement 4 59.20 14.80 32.89 6.39
of MSCFM
(K-1)
Between
Days of 1 6.28 6.28 13.96 7.71 Significant
Curing
96
Table O.2 shows the table used for F-Test or Two-way ANOVA Table for
Laboratory Test Solution (Continuation)
Within Error
(N-1) -(K-1) 4 1.81 0.45
Total 9 67.29
(N-1)
Table O.2 shows the result for F-Test or Two-way ANOVA Table for
Laboratory Test Solution
Appendix P
SCHEFFE’S TEST
14 Days

Appendix P (Continuation)
SCHEFFE’S TEST
97
14 Days

28 days

0% vs. 10% 40.66 25.56 Significant
SCHEFFE’S TEST
28 days


98

Table P.1 shows the comparison of average compressive strength of the
complete ratios in terms of weight percentage partial replacement to sand
using Scheffe’s Test.
14 Days


30.84
28 days


99

30.84

Table P.2 shows the comparison of average compressive strength of the
complete ratios in terms of curing days using Scheffe’s test.
Computation:
For 14 Days Curing:

Scheffe’s Test:
100
For 28 Days Curing

Scheff’s Test:
101
102
Appendix Q
DOCUMENTATION
Preparation of MSCFM:
103
Appendix Q (Continuation)
Laboratory for physical properties of Sand, Cement, and MSCFM:
Preparation of the Concrete Hollow Block Samples:

104
Testing of the compressive strength of each of the CHB Samples at MPW–

MQCH Area Equipment Services Simuay, Sultan Mastura, Maguindanao:
105
Compressive Strength Test Result (14 days curing):
Compressive Strength Test Result (28 days curing):

106
CURRICULUM VITAE
FAHIMA KALI LACOTO

Address: M.Jarabelo St. San Isidro Avenue
RH-10, Cotabato City
Email Address: fahimaklacoto@gmail.com
Cellphone Number: 09670259038
PERSONAL INFORMATION
Gender: Female
Civil Status: Single
Birthday: August 17,2000
Birthplace: Cotabato City
Religion: Islam
Nationality: Filipino
SKILLS
Technical Skills
 Microsoft Office Programs (MS Word, MS PowerPoint, MS
Excel)
 AutoCAD Lay-outing
 SketchUp
EDUCATION
2018 - Present NOTRE DAME UNIVERSITY
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
2016 - 2018 CCSPC-LABORATORY HIGH

SCHOOL
Senior High School
2012-2016 CCSPC-LABORATORY HIGH

SCHOOL
Junior High School
2006 - 2012 SERO CENTRAL SCHOOL

Elementary
107
CURRICULUM VITAE
ROHANA A. MAMAD
Address: Tapayan, Sultan Mastura, Maguindanao
Email Address: rohanamamad15@gmail.com
Gender: Female
Birthday: July 13, 1999
Religion: Islam
SKILLS
Technical Skills
Excel)
 SketchUp
 Estimates
EDUCATION
2016 - 2018 NOTRE DAME UNIVERSITY

Senior High School
2012-2016 ARMM REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH

SCHOOL
Junior High School
2006 - 2012 TAPAYAN CENTRAL

ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
Elementary
108
CURRICULUM VITAE
UMAIR DECA RADIAMODA

Address: 003 Purok Sibuyan-B, Sta. Barbara
St. MBRH, Cotabato City
Email Address: badboyisonfire@gmail.com
Gender: Male
Birthday: September 21,1999
Religion: Islam
SKILLS
Technical Skills
Excel)
 SketchUp
EDUCATION
2016 - 2018 NOTRE DAME UNIVERSITY
Senior High School
2012-2016 ALBERT EINSTEIN SCHOOL

Junior High School
2006 - 2012 ALBERT EINSTEIN SCHOOL

Elementary
109
CURRICULUM VITAE
ASHIA PATADON SAWIL

Address: 3rd street, Don E. Sero,
RH-5, Cotabato City
Email Address: ashiaswl9@gmail.com
Gender: Female
Birthday: December 2, 1999
Religion: Islam
SKILLS
Technical Skills
Excel)
 SketchUp
EDUCATION
2016 - 2018 CCSPC-LABORATORY HIGH

SCHOOL
Senior High School
2012-2016 CCSPC-LABORATORY HIGH

SCHOOL
Junior High School
2006 - 2012 DR. P. OCAMPO COLLEGES, INC.

Elementary
110
CURRICULUM VITAE
BAI SHARMIN ZAINAL SINSUAT

Address: 1st Street, Purok Kapatagan,
RH-7, Cotabato City
Email Address: sharminsinsuat1@gmail.com
Gender: Female
Birthday: September 12, 1999
Religion: Islam
SKILLS
Technical Skills
Excel)
 SketchUp
 Estimates
EDUCATION
2016 - 2018 NOTRE DAME OF COTABATO

Senior High School
2012-2016 NOTRE DAME OF COTABATO

Junior High School
2006 - 2012 SERO CENTRAL SCHOOL.

Elementary
111
CERTIFICATE OF AUTHENTIC AUTHORSHIP
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and, to the best
of my knowledge, it contains no materials previously published or written by
another person, nor material which, to a substantial extent, has been accepted
for the award of any other degree or diploma at NDU or any other educational
institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the manuscript.
Any contribution made to the research by others, with whom I have worked at
NDU or elsewhere, is explicitly acknowledged in the manuscript.
I also declare that the intellectual content of this manuscript is the
product of my own work, except to the extent that assistance from others in the
project's design and conception in style, presentation and linguistic expression
is acknowledged.
_____________________
Lacoto, Fahima K.
_____________________
Mamad, Rohana A.
_____________________
Radiamoda, Umair D.
_____________________
Sawil, Ashia P.
_____________________
Sinsuat, Bai Sharmin Z.

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1

1.1 Background of the Study

Due to the worldwide crisis which is the pandemic that is currently

Load-bearing wall functions primarily to support the loads carried by a

1.2 Statement of the Problem

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The following specific objectives are as follows:

To achieve these objectives, the following hypotheses are to be

1.4 Significance of the Study

To emphasize the characteristics of MSCFM as well as its properties

Thus, it can help us to determine the compressive strength for load-

If this study is successful, it will benefit future investors and

1.5 Scope and Limitation

1.6 Conceptual Framework

Figure 1.1 Conceptual Framework

1.7 Definition of Terms

Polypropylene (PP) -is a flexible resin polymer and is often referred to

2.1 Face Mask

2.2 Concrete Hollow Blocks

Concrete Block is used for building of interior and exterior walls.

2.2.1 CHB Components

strength, or workability. Pigments may be added to the mixture to give the

2.2.2.1 Manufacturing Process

box with an inner cavity of 300mm (length) x 200mm (width) x 150mm

businesses such as agriculture, gardening, architecture, and infrastructure.

2.2.4.1 Physical Properties of Cement

2.2.4.2 Portland Cement

(Standard Specification for Portland Cement). And the dry density of a 40 kg

2.3 Compressive Strength

2.4 Load Bearing Wall

2.4.1 Design of Load Bearing Structure

2.4.2 Load Bearing Components of a Building

Load Bearing Walls

The primary segments are one of the significant components in a

2.5 Related Studies

2.5.1 Possible Use for Recycled Disposable Face Masks in Concrete

2.5.2 Engineering Properties of Concrete with Waste Recycled Plastic

water of concrete mix and decomposed in the high pH environment of the

2.5.3 Medical Surgical Mask Material Characteristics

2.5.4 Repurposing of COVID-19 single-use face masks for pavements

The inclusion of 1% SFM to RCA resulted in the highest values of unconfined

2.5.5 Evaluation of plastic aggregates used as hollow blocks

2.5.6 Residual Compressive strength of 24 hour-cured CHB with varying

2.5.7 Investigation on the compressive strength and bulk density of CHB

3.1 Research Design

3.2 Research Procedure

3.2.2 Research Settings

3.2.3 Preliminary Preparation of Face Mask

3.2.3.1 Collection of Face Mask

1. Prepare an aluminum pan and a griller as a material to be used to melt

3.2.4 Properties of Sand, Cement, and MSCFM

Sp. Gr. = (eq.

Calculation of specific gravity:

3.2.4.2 Water Absorption of Cement, Sand and MSCFM

Absorption, % = (eq. 3.5)

1. The samples are to be dried in an oven for specified time and

3.2.5 Mass computation of MSCF M and Sand

Table 3.1 Concrete Hollow Block Mixture

Weight Percentage (%) of MSCM Water Cement Sand MSCF

3.2.6 Sieve Analysis

Table 3.2 Sieve Analysis Data Table for Sand Used

US Opening Mass Mass Mass % Cumula %