l/6

kl/ro
s'g} ljifodf pRr Goflos lgsfoaf6 s'g} sfd ug{ jf gug{ s'g} JolQm jf
lgsfonfO{ lbPsf] cfb]znfO{ l/6 elgG5 .1 l/6sf] ljsf; hd{g sfg'g;Fu} ePsf]
dflgG5 . k|f/Dedf l/6 zfxL OR5fsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ePsf] xf] . kl5 of] pRr txsf
cbfntsf] cjlzi6 clwsf/sf] ¿kdf :yflkt eof] . o;nfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ >]o sdg n k|
0ffnL / a]nfotsf] Gofo Joj:yfnfO{ lbg] ul/G5 . 2 /fhfnfO{ Gofosf] w/f]x/
(Fountain of justice) sf] ¿kdf dfg]/ s'g} klg cGofo, cTofrf/ / xs clwsf/ pNn+3g ePsf]
cj:yfdf /fhf1faf6 pkrf/ lbg] k|aGwaf6 l/6sf] cjwf/0ff ljsl;t x'Fb} cfPsf] xf] 3 /
clxn] ;+ljwfgåf/f g} ;+:yfut k|aGw u/L o;nfO{ pRr Gofofnosf] c;fwf/0f
clwsf/sf] ¿kdf :yflkt ul/Psf] 5 .
k|l;4 sfg'gL plQm Ubi Jus ibi remedium4 cyf{t\ hxfF clwsf/ x'G5 ToxfF pkrf/ klg
x'G5 eGg] dfGotf;Fu} l/6sf] cjwf/0ff ljsf; ePsf] xf] . ;/sf/L lgsfo / ;fj{hlgs
clwsf/Lx¿sf] sfo{If]qdf ePsf] lj:tf/;Fu} tL lgsfo / clwsf/Lx¿sf] clwsf/df ;d]t
lj:tf/ eof] . To;/L lj:tf/ ePsf] clwsf/sf] k|of]udf :j]R5frfl/tf b]lvPdf ;f]sf]
lgoGq0fsf nflu pRr cbfntx¿nfO{ c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]qcGtu{t ljz]if cfb]z hf/L
u/L pkrf/ k|bfg ug{ ;Sg] clVtof/L k|bfg ul/Psf] x'GYof] . To:tf]
clVtof/LnfO{ l/6 elgof] . a]nfotaf6 ljsl;t ePsf] l/6sf] cjwf/0ffn] gful/ssf xs,
clwsf/ / :jtGqtfsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs
clwsf/Lx¿sf] :j]R5frfl/tflj?4 k|efjsf/L pkrf/ k|bfg ug{] dxTjk"0f{ dfWodsf]
¿kdf l/6sf] ljsf; ePsf] xf] . k|f/Desf lbgx¿df ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg clwsf/Lx¿åf/f
hf/L ul/g] l/6sf] dfGotf clxn] ;+:yfut eO;s]sf] 5 . kl5Nnf] ;dodf ag]sf ;
+ljwfgx¿n] t l/6sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;+j}wflgs ¿kdf g} ;+:yfut u/]sf] kfOG5 . 5 pRr
cbfntnfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf ljz]ifflwsf/sf] ¿kdf /x]sf o:tf l/6x¿ d'VotM kfFr
k|sf/sf /x]sf 5g\ M
!_ aGbL k|ToIfLs/0f (Habeas Corpus)
1±g]kfn Gofo ;]jfsf ;x ;lrj >L e§/fO{n] ;+j}wflgs tyf cGt/{fli6«o sfg""gdf :gfQsf]Q/ ug'{ePsf] 5 .
?
dfwj kf}8]n, ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] u7g / clwsf/ If]q, g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs sfg'g, lk|ml8n, @)%$ k[= $@#
2
In England, the high prerogative writs played a very important role in upholding the rights and
liberties of Subjects and in providing effecting safeguards against exercise of power by public
authorites. C.K. Takwani, Lectures on Administrative Law, Eastern Book Company, Lucknow, 2010 P- 340
3
In England, a writ is specially associated with the king. Under the Common Law, the sovereing
was considered as the Fountain of justice. The Crown used to exercise extraordinary and
prerogative powers in the interest of Justice. C. K. Takwani, Lectures on Administrative Law, Eastern
Book Company, Lucknow, 2010 P- 340
4
Where there is a right there is a remedy.
5
ef/tLo ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #@ / @@^ tyf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)& nfO{ o;sf]
pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 .
1
@_ pTk|]if0f (Certiorary)
#_ k/dfb]z (Mandamus)
%_ k|ltif]w (Prohibition)
^_ clwsf/k[R5f (Quo-Warranto)
oL l/6nfO{ sfg'gsf] ;fj{hlgs pkrf/sf] kl/jf/ (Family of Public Law Remedy) cGtu{t /fVg]
ul/G5 .6 l/6 clwsf/If]qsf] k|of]u ubf{ ;f/jfg s'/f geP/ sfo{ljlwut / k|lqmofut s'/f
w]/} x]]g]{ ul/G5 . ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] o;;DaGwdf JofVof ub}{ eg]sf] 5 M
c;fwf/0f clwsf/af6 lgj]bsnfO{ k/]sf] Impact cyjf k|efj jf dsf{ gx]/L
lg0f{ostf{n] lg0f{o ubf{sf] k|lqmofdfq x]l/g] ePsfn] sf/afxLdf k|fs[lts
Gofosf] l;4fGt cGtu{t sf/afxL ug{ nfluPsf] JolQmnfO{ Show Cause u/L
cf/f]ksf] ;kmfOsf] df}sf lbOPsf] 5 5|}g, sf/afxL ug{ clwsf/ kfPsf]
lg0f{ostf{n] sf/jfxL u/]sf] JolQmsf lj?4 s'g} k|sf/sf] Malafide Intention, Bad
Faith /fv]sf] lyof] lyPg, sf/afxL ug{] clwsf/ lyof] lyPg / lg0f{o ubf{ Goflos
dg k|of]u u/]sf] lyof] lyPg;Dd dfq x]/L k'g/fj]bg x]/]sf] h:tf] ljjfbsf]
ljifosf] tYo / tYosf ;DaGwdf k|df0f cflb x]l/Fb}g .7
l/6 clwsf/ If]q cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q cGtu{t kb{5 . 8 cbfntsf] ;fwf/0f
clwsf/If]q / c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qsf aLrsf] leGgtf b;f{pFb} Pp6f d'2fdf elgPsf] 5
M
;fwf/0f If]qflwsf/ / c;fwf/0f If]qflwsf/ ;dfgfGt/ If]qflwsf/ klg xf]Ogg\ / c;fwf/0f
If]qflwsf/n] ;fwf/0f If]qflwsf/nfO{ cgfb/ ug]{, ;Lldt t'Nofpg], lgoGq0f ug]{, k|lt:yfkg
ug]{ jf s'g} lsl;daf6 lg:t]h t'Nofpg];d]t c;fwf/0f If]qflwsf/sf] ds;b x'g g;Sg] .
===;fdfGo If]qflwsf/sf] ljsNk c;fwf/0f If]qflwsf/ xf]Og . c;fwf/0f If]qflwsf/ ;fdfGo
If]qflwsf/sf] k'g/fj]bsLo If]qflwsf/ klg xf]Og . o;/L c;fwf/0f If]qflwsf/nfO{ ;fwf/0f
If]qflwsf/sf] k'g/fjb]sLo If]qflwsf/sf] ¿kdf lng] xf] eg] ;fwf/0f If]qflwsf/ / c;fwf/0f
If]qflwsf/aLrsf] cGt/ g} d]l6g k'Ub5 / ;fwf/0f If]qflwsf/sf] cf}lrTo g} ;dfKt x'g
hfG5 .9

l/6sf ;Ldfx¿
gful/s xs clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f u/L ;+ljwfg / sfg'g adf]lhd zf;g Joj:yf ;~rfngsf nflu
GofofnonfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]q cGtu{t l/6 hf/L ul/G5 . t/ l/6sf]
;'g'jfOsf nflu lglZrt ;Ldfx¿ /x]sf x'G5g\ . h;nfO{ b]xfodf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
!_ j}slNks pkrf/sf] k|efjsf/L dfu{ ePsf] cj:yfdf l/6 hf/L x'Fb}g .
6
eLdfh'{g cfrfo{, l/6sf] cjwf/0ff, Gofo k|zf;gsf cfofdx¿, ;f]kfg dfl;s, @)^! k[= $!
7
g]=sf=k= @)^& c+s * lg=g+= *$#* k[i7 !#%*
8
s'g} kIf c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qsf] dfWodn] Gofo k|flKtsf nflu cbfnt;dIf k|j]z ug'{5 eg] p;n] ;kmf /
z'4 xft lnO{ k|j]z ug'{ cfjZos 5 . jf:tljs tYonfO{ g} n'sfO{ cbfntdf k|j]z ug]{ kIfn] Gofo k|fKt
ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf /xFb}g . 5ljnfn kf}8]n, lj= cb'ccf;d]t, g]=sf=k=, @)^( , c+s #, lg=g= *&(%, k[= $
(&.
9
g]=sf=k= @)^* c+s * k[i7 !@(*
2
@_ cgfjZos ljnDa u/L l/6 bfo/ ul/Psf] kfOPdf l/6 hf/L x'Fb}g .
#_ tYout k|df0f ;+sngsf] ljifo l/6sf] ;'g'jfO k|lqmofdf cfslif{t x'Fb}g .
$_ cbfntdf ljrf/fwLg ljifodf k|efj / c;/ kg]{ u/L l/6 hf/L x'Fb}g .
%_ ;fdfGotofM /fhgLlts k|Zgdf l/6 hf/L ul/Fb}g .
^_ ;+ljwfg ljk/Lt sfo{ u/]sf] cj:yfdf afx]s ljwflosL sfo{df x:tIf]k x'g] u/L
l/6 hf/L ul/Fb}g .
&_ ;+j}wflgs /fi6«k|d'vlj?4df ;fdfGotof l/6 hf/L x'Fb}g .

aGbL k|ToIfLs/0f
aGbL k|ToIfLs/0fsf] l/6nfO{ ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] l/6sf] ¿kdf pNn]v ug]{ ul/G5 .
y'gfdf /fVg] clwsf/L jf lgsfosf lj?4df y'gfdf /flvPsf JolQm -aGbL_
nfO{ cbfnt;dIf k]; ug{ / To;/L y'gfdf /flvPsf] sf/0f / cfwf/ kof{Kt eP gePsf]
k/LIf0f u/L s]/Ltk"j{s y'gfdf /flvPsf] b]lvPdf y'gfd'Qm ug]{ cfb]z hf/L
ug'{ of] l/6sf] p2]Zo xf] .10 u}/sfg'gL y'gflj?4 tTsfn l56f] / k|efjsf/L pkrf/ k|bfg
ug{sf nflu of] l/6sf] k|of]u ul/G5 . of] l/6df cf}krfl/stf sd / cf}lrTotf a9L ljrf/
ul/G5 . s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ /flvPsf] y'gf k/LIf0f ubf{ s'g} sfg'gL cfwf/
gb]lvPdf tTsfn y'gfaf6 d'Qm ug{ cfb]z hf/L ul/g] x'Fbf j}olQms :jtGqtfsf]
;+/If0fsf nflu of] l/6nfO{ k|efjsf/L pkrf/sf] dfWodsf] ¿kdf lng] ul/G5 .11
aGbL k|ToIfLs/0fsf] cfb]zsf] k|s[lt b;f{pFb} Pp6f d'2fdf ef/tLo GofofwLz
vGgfn] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ M
The writ of habeas corpus is a process for securing the liberty of the subject by affording an effective
means of immediate relief from unlawful or unjustifiable detention, whether in prision or private
custody. By it the High Court and the judges of that Court, at the instance of a subject aggrieved,
command the production of that subject and enquire into the cause of his imprisonment if there is no
legal justification for that detention, the party is ordered to be released .
12

ljz]iftfx¿
aGbL k|ToIfLs/0fsf] l/6sf cfwf/e"t ljz]iftfx¿nfO{ o;k|sf/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M
– of] l/6n] s]jn aGbL agfPsf] ljifonfO{ dfq x]b{5 .
– of] l/6 ;/sf/L lgsfo Pjd\ JolQmlj?4 klg hf/L x'g ;S5 .
– of] l/6df aGbLnfO{ y'gfdf /fVg'sf] sf/0f;lxt cbfntdf pkl:yt u/fpg] cfb]z
ul/G5 .
10
This is a writ in the nature of an order calling upon the person who has detained or arrested
another to produce the letter before the court, in order to let the court know on what ground
he has been confined and to set him free if there is no legal justification for the imprisonment,
State of Bihar v. Kameshwar, AIR 1965 SC 575 (577) : (1963) 2 SCR 183.
11
Ghulam Sarwar v. Union of Inia AIR 1967 Sc 1335: (1967) 2 SCR 271.
12
A.D.M. Jabalpur v. Shivakant Shukla, (1976) 2 SCC 521 (764): AIR 1976 SC 1207: 1976 Supp.
172
3
 – cGo l/6eGbf of] l/6df 5f]6f] sfo{ljlw ckgfOG5 .
– of] l/6sf] ;'g'jfOnfO{ k|fyldstf jf cu|flwsf/ lbOG5 .
– of] l/6 aGbLsf] tkm{af6 kl/jf/sf ;b:o, gft]bf/ / ;fyLx¿af6 klg bfo/
ug{ kfOG5 . cyf{t\ l/6 btf{df pbf/ xsb}ofsf] cj:yf /xG5 .
– of] l/6df cbfntn] ;r{ jf/]G6 hf/L ug{ ;S5 .
– of] pkrf/fTds l/6 xf] b08fTds xf]Og . (Habeas Corpus is remedial not punitive)
– of] l/6 ;+s6sfnLg cj:yfdf ;d]t hf/L x'g ;S5 .
– aGbL k|ToIfLs/0fsf] cfb]z hf/L ePkl5 ;f] pk/ k'g/fj]bg ug'{sf] s'g}
cf}lrTo /xFb}g . ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] Pp6f l/6df JofVof ub}{ eg]sf] 5–
– aGbL k|ToIfLs/0fsf] d'Vo p2]Zo u}/sfg'gL y'gfdf /x]sf] aGbLnfO{ ;f]
u}/sfg'gL y'gfaf6 d'Qm ug'{ xf] . aGbL y'gfdf g/x]sf] jf y'gfaf6
5'l6;s]sf]df cbfntaf6 aGbL k|ToIfLs/0fsf] cfb]z hf/L xF'b}g . cyf{t\
aGbLnfO{ y'gfaf6 d'Qm ug'{kg]{ cj:yf g} kb}{g . aGbLnfO{ y'gfdf
/fVg'sf] sfg'g;+ut cfwf/ / cj:yf gb]lvPsf] cj:yfdf aGbLnfO{ y'gfaf6 d'Qm
ug]{ cfb]z ug'{ g} aGbL k|ToIfLs/0fsf] p2]Zo xf] . ==== aGbL k|
ToIfLs/0fsf] d'2f h;df aGbLnfO{ lghsf] y'gf u}/sfg'gLb]lv l/xfO ul/lbg]
u/]sf] lg0f{o / ;f]sf] sfof{Gjog;d]t eO;s]sf] cj:yfdf k'g/fj]bg txaf6
5'l6;s]sf] aGbLnfO{ k'gM y'gfdf /fVg" egL eGg ldNg] cj:yf kb}{g .13
;fdfGotof aGbL k|ToIfLs/0fdf k|fªGofosf] l;4fGt cfslif{t x'Fb}g . of] l/6sf]
dfWodaf6 cbfntn] ;d'bfosf] ;'/Iff / JolQmsf] :jtGqtfsf aLr ;Gt'ng sfod
/fVg'kb{5 . (The duty of the Court is to strike a balance between the need to protect community on
the one hand and the necessity to preserve the liberty of a citizen on the other.) 14 u}/ sfg'gL
y'gfnfO{ r'gf}tL lbg ljnDasf] l;4fGt cfslif{t x'Fb}g . s;}n] s'g}
JolQmnfO{ u}/sfg'gL ¿kdf y'gfdf /flvPsf] 5 egL lhls/ lnPdf To:tf] y'gfsf]
sfg'gL cfwf/ b]vfpg] lhDdf y'gfdf /fVg] lgsfo jf clwsf/Lsf] x'G5 . of] l/6df
aGbLsf] ck/fw / lg/k/fw lgZro ul/+Fb}g, s]jn aGbLnfO{ sfg'gsf] /Lt
k'¥ofO{ sfg'g adf]lhd y'gfdf /flvPsf] 5 jf 5}g eGg] s'/fsf] dfq lgSof}{n
ul/G5 .15 of] l/6sf] ;+j]bgzLntfnfO{ b[li6ut u/L pbf/ xsb}ofsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
x'G5 eg] ;fdfGotofM aGbLk|ToIfLs/0fsf] lgj]bg lbFbf s'g} z'Ns, b:t'/ a'emfpg'
kb}{g .

pTk|]if0f

13
lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no afFs] lj= afa'nfn af/L, dfgjclwsf/ ;DaGwL km};nfx¿sf] k|sfzg, @)%( k[=
@%* -@^)_
14
ADM Jabalpur V. Shivakant shukla, (1976) 2 SCC 521 (612): AIR 1976 SC 1207
15
eLdfh'g cfrfo{, l/6sf] cjwf/0ff, Gofo k|zf;gsf cfofdx¿, ;f]kfg dfl;s, @)^! k[= $#
4
pTk|]if0fsf] l/6nfO{ sdg naf6 cjnDag ul/Psf] Pp6f cToGt dxTjk"0f{ / k|efjsf/L
pkrf/ (one of the most valuable and efficient remedies) sf] ¿kdf lnOG5 .16 of] l/6n] tNnf]
txsf Goflos tyf cw{Goflos / cGo k|zf;sLo lg0f{ox¿ sfg'gn] tf]s]sf] ;Ldfdf /xL
ul/Psf] 5 5}g egL hfFr÷k/LIf0f ub{5 . To;}n] of] l/6nfO{ great corrective writ
klg eGg] ul/G5 . pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zn] unt lg0f{osf] 7fpFdf ;xL lg0f{o ub}{g .
t/, pQm unt lg0f{o ab/ u/L lg0f{o gePsf] h:t} cj:yfdf k'¥ofOlbG5 . cyf{t\
lg0f{osf] x}l;otnfO{ z"Go cj:yfdf k'¥ofOlbG5 .17
Certiorary in this sense is a 'great corrective writ' by which superior courts exercise supervisory
jurisdiction over inferior courts, tribunals, boards, authorities and officers exercising judicial and
quasi judicial powers and by which their records and proceedings are brought under review with
the sole object that all abuses of powers may be corrected and they may be prevented from
transcending powers conferred upon them.18

pTk|]if0fsf ljz]iftfx¿
!= of] l/6n] lg0f{osf] j}wtf k/LIf0f ub{5 (It is corrective in nature) .
@= of] pkrf/fTds l/6 xf] .
#= of] Goflos, cw{Goflos Pjd\ k|zf;sLo lg0f{osf] lj?4df hf/L ul/G5 .
$= of] s'g} klg lg0f{o ;Rofpg] c;fwf/0f k|lqmof xf] .
%= of] Jojxfl/s 1fg, Goflos cg'ej / Goflos ;b\ljj]ssf cfwf/df :jljj]sLo ¿kdf hf/L
ul/g] l/6 xf] .
^= of] l/6 JolQm tyf lghL sDkgL / lghL If]qsf] lj?4 hf/L ul/F+b}g . 19
&= o;df ljnDasf] l;4fGt cfslif{t x'G5 .
*= j}slNks pkrf/sf] dfu{ ePdf of] l/6 hf/L x'Fb}g .

pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] cfwf/x¿

;fdfGotof b]xfosf] cfwf/df pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]z hf/L ul/G5 M20
!= clwsf/ If]qsf] q'l6 (Error of Jurisdiction or lack of jurisdiction)
@= clwsf/ If]qsf] cefj jf clwsf/ If]q gf3L lg0f{o u/]sf] cj:yfdf (Jurisdictional facts or
excess of jurisdiction)
#= sfg'gL q'l6 (Error of Law is apparent on the face of the record)
16
C.K. Takwani, Lectures on Administrative Law, Eastern Book Company, Lucknow, 2010 P. 375
17
s]zj/fh kf08], k|zf;sLo sfg'g -bf];|f] ;+:s/0f_, /d]z l;njfn, lrtjg, @)^% .
18
P]hg k[–376
19
The requirement that certiorari can be issued only when the action is judicial or quasi-judicial
is no more valid. Certiorari can be issued to quash actions which are administrative in nature.
I.P. Massey, Ibid, P. 404.
20
C.K. Takwani, Lectures on Administrative Law, Eastern Book Company, Lucknow, 2010 p. 382 I.P. Massey,
Administrative Law (7th ed.), Eastern Book Company, Lucknow, 2008, P. 404-408 / eLdfh'{g
cfrfo{, l/6sf] cjwf/0ff, Gofo k|zf;gsf cfofdx¿, ;f]kfg dfl;s, @)^! k[= $&÷$*
5
$= k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGtsf] pNn+3g u/]sf] cj:yfdf (Violation of the principle of natural
justice)
%= clwsf/If]qsf] b'?kof]u u/L lg0f{o u/]sf] cj:yfdf (Abuse of jurisdiction),
^= sfg'gn] tf]s]sf] k|lqmof / sfo{ljlwsf] kfngf gu/L lg0f{o u/]df (Breach of due
process),
&= unt dg;fo jf sk6k"0f{ tl/sfn] lg0f{o u/]sf] cj:yfdf (Malafied intention or fraud) .

k/dfb]z
k/dfb]zsf] l/6 a]nfotL k/Dk/faf6 ljsf; ePsf] Pp6f To:tf] cfb]z xf] hf] /fhf jf /fgL
(Crown) sf] gfdaf6 Kings Bench n] dftxtsf cbfnt, Gofoflws/0f, ;+3 ;+:yf,
af]8{nufotsf ;fj{hlgs st{Jo tf]lsPsf lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Lx¿nfO{ ;+ljwfg, sfg'g jf
sdg nn] lgb]{lzt u/]adf]lhdsf] sfd sf/jfxL ug{sf nflu hf/L ul/GYof] . k/dfb]zsf]
cy{ ;jf]{Rr cfb]z xf] . of] ;fj{hlgs lgsfo jf kbflwsf/LnfO{ sfg'gn] lgb]{lzt u/]
adf]lhd sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ hf/L ul/g] Goflos cfb]zsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . (It is an order
issued by a court to a public authority asking it to perform a public duty imposed upon it
by the constitution or by any other law.)21
/fHosf lgsfox¿nfO{ sfg'gn] tf]s]sf] st{Jo kfng ug{ nufO{ gful/s xs clwsf/sf] ;
+/If0f ug]{ lbzfdf k/dfb]zsf] l/6 s]lGb|t /x]sf] x'G5 . To;}n] o;n] Gofosf] k|
j4{g ub{5 . hxfF ;fj{hlgs lgsfo jf clwsf/LnfO{ sfg'gn] st{Jo lgwf{/0f u/]sf]
x'G5 :jefj}n] ToxfF gful/snfO{ clwsf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] x'G5 . To:tf] cj:yfdf pkrf/
lbgsf nflu of] l/6sf] k|of]u ug]{ ul/G5 . To;}n] of] l/6 ;fj{hlgs st{Jo axg ug]
{ s'g} JolQm jf lgsfon] To:tf] st{Jo k"/f gu/]sf] cj:yfdf pgLx¿sf] gfpFdf sfg'g
adf]lhd ug'{kg{] st{Jo k"/f ug"{ egL dflyNnf] cbfntaf6 hf/L x'g] ub{5 . of] l/6
hf/L ug{ lgj]bs;Fu sfg'gL clwsf/ / ljkIfL;Fu sfg'gL bfloTj /x]sf] x'g'kb{5 . 22

k/dfb]zsf ljz]iftfx¿
!= sfg'gn] tf]s]sf] bfloTj k"/f gug]{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfo jf clwsf/Lsf lj?4df hf/L
ul/G5 .
@= sfg'gn] :yflkt u/]sf] xs clwsf/ k|rngsf nflu hf/L ul/G5 .
#= o;n] sfg'g adf]lhd kfngf ug'{kg]{ st{Jo k"/f ug{ lgb]{lzt ub{5 .
$= of] pRr cbfntnfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ xf] .
%= of] :jljj]sLo ¿kdf k|of]u ul/g] clwsf/ xf] . 23 t/ o:tf] :jljj]s :jR5 / ljj]s;Ddt
¿kdf k|of]u ul/g'kb{5 .

21
State of Mysore v. Chandrasekhara, AIR 1965 SC 532:
22
eLdfh'{g cfrfo{, l/6sf] cjwf/0ff, Gofo k|zf;gsf cfofdx¿, ;f]kfg dfl;s, @)^! k[– $^
23
It is not a writ of right. It is intended to supply deficiency in law and is thus a discretionary
remady. C.K. Takwani, Lectures on Administrative Law, Eastern Book Company, Lucknow, 2010 P. 363.
6
^= o;df lgj]bs;Fu sfg'gL clwsf/ / ljkIfL;Fu sfg'gL bfloTj /x]sf] x'g'kb{5 . 24
&= ;+j}wflgs /fi6« k|d'vsf gfddf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ul/+Fb}g .
To;}u/L ;fj{hlgs st{Jo tf]lsPsf lgsfo jf clwsf/Lafx]s cGo JolQm jf lghL
If]qsf gfddf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L x'Fb}g .
*= pkrf/sf] j}slNks dfu{ ePsf] cj:yfdf k/dfb]z hf/L x'Fb}g .
(= b'is[lt / s/f/Lo bfloTjdf klg k/dfb]z hf/L x'Fb}g .
!)= of] ;fj{hlgs clwsf/Lx¿nfO{ sfg'gsf] ;Ldf / kl/lwleq /xL sfd ug{ lgb]{zg
ug]{ c:q klg xf] .

k/dfb]z hf/L x'g] cj:yf

b]xfosf] cj:yfdf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ul/G5 M25
!= ;+ljwfg k|bQ df}lns xs clwsf/sf] k|rngsf nflu .
@= sfg'gn] :ki6 ¿kdf clwsf/ :yfkgf u/]sf] t/ pkrf/sf] cGo pkfo g/x]sf] cj:yfdf .
#= ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs lgsfo jf clwsf/Låf/f sfg'gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] st{Jo kfng
u/fpgsf nflu .
$= ;fj{hlgs lgsfo jf clwsf/LnfO{ lqmofzLn agfpgsf nflu .
%= Goflos tyf cw{Goflos lgsfox¿nfO{ tf]lsPsf] If]qflwsf/df /xL sfo{ ;Dkfbg
u/fpgsf nflu .
^= ;fj{hlgs clwsf/Lsf] :j]R5frfl/tf lgoGq0fsf nflu .

k|ltif]w
k|ltif]w sdg n;Fu} ljsf; ePsf] ;j{k|frLg l/6 xf] . of] lg/f]wfTds k|s[ltsf]
ljz]ifflwsf/o'Qm l/6 xf] .26 cbfnt, Goflos lgsfo, cw{Goflos lgsfo Pjd\
Gofoflws/0fnfO{ sfg'g ljk/Ltsf] sfo{ ug{ /f]s nufpg of] l/6 hf/L ul/G5 . clwsf/
If]q gf3L sfd ug{ nfu]sf] jf cfk"mnfO{ clwsf/} gePsf] ljifodf sfd ug{ nfu]sf]
cj:yfdf To:tf] sfo{ ug{ /f]s nufpg] u/L of] l/6 hf/L ul/g] ePsf]n] of]
l/6nfO{ lgif]wfTds k|s[ltsf] l/6 klg elgG5 . ljjfb lg?k0f ug]{ clVtof/L kfPsf
Goflos tyf cw{Goflos lgsfox¿nfO{ sfg'gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] kl/lw / If]qflwsf/leq
/xL sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ nufpg' / ;+ljwfg k|bQ df}lns xs clwsf/sf] k|rng u/fpg' g}
of] l/6sf] p2]Zo xf] . tNnf cbfnt tyf cGo Goflos tyf cw{Goflos lgsfox¿sf sfd

24
No one can ask for mandamus without a legal right and opposite party must have a legal duty
to be performed.
25
Conditions for the grant of Mandamus.
a) There must be public or common law duty. b) Theere must be a specific demand and refusal
c) There must be a clear right to enfrece the duty.
d) The right must be subsisting on the date of the petition. I.P. Massey Ibid, P. 411-414.
26
It is a unit of right and court cannot refuse it in cases of excess of jurisdiction or when jurisdiction is being
exercised in violation of the law of the land. I.P. Massey, Ibid.P. 409 .

7
sf/afxLx¿ sfg'gn] k|bfg u/]sf] clwsf/ If]q / tf]s]sf] ;Ldfleq /xL ePsf 5g\ 5}gg\
egL k/LIf0f ug{ kfpg] dflyNnf] cbfntsf] ;'kl/j]IfsLo clwsf/sf] ¿kdf klg of]
l/6nfO{ lng] ul/G5 .

k|ltif]wsf ljz]iftfx¿
!= of] l/6 cbfnt, Goflos lgsfo Pjd\ cw{Goflos lgsfosf] lj?4df dfq hf/L ul/G5 .
@= of] l/6 lg/f]wfTds Pjd\ lgif]wfTds k|j[lQsf] x'G5 . pkrf/fTds xf]Og . 27
#= clwsf/If]qsf] cefj ePdf jf clwsf/If]q gf3L s'g} sfd ug{ nfu]sf] b]lvPdf
(absence or excess of jurisdiction) To:tf] sfo{ ug{ /f]s nufpg] u/L of] l/6 hf/L
ul/G5 .
$= Goflos Pjd\ cw{Goflos lgsfon] k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGt ljk/Lt uO{ s'g}
lg0f{o ug{ nfu]df klg of] l/6 hf/L x'g ;S5 .28
%= c;+j}wflgs 3f]lift sfg'gsf] cfwf/df Goflos sfo{ ug{ nfu]sf] cj:yfdf klg k|
ltif]wsf] cfb]z hf/L ul/G5 . 29
^= ;+j}wfg k|bQ df}lns xssf] k|rngsf nflu of] l/6 hf/L ul/G5 .
&= k|f/lDes ¿k g} sfg'gL q'l6 b]lvPsf] cj:yf (error of law apparent on the face of the
record) df klg of] l/6 hf/L ul/G5 .
*= k|zf;sLo lgsfo jf clwsf/Lsf lj?4df of] l/6 hf/L x'Fb}g .
(= of] lg0f{o x'g'k"j{ hf/L x'g ;Sg] l/6 xf] . lg0f{o eO;s]kl5 of] l/6 hf/L
ug{ ;lsF+b}g . 30

lgif]wf1f / k|ltif]wdf leGgtf

lgif]wf1f gful/s xs clwsf/ xgg\ x'g] cfz+sfsf] cj:yfdf hf/L ul/g] cfb]z xf] . of]
JolQm, ;+3 ;+:yf tyf ;fj{hlgs lgsfo hf] sf]xLsf lj?4 klg hf/L x'g ;S5 t/ k|ltif]w
Goflos Pjd\ cw{Goflos lgsfodf ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] s'g} ljjfbsf] lg?k0fsf] qmddf
clwsf/If]qsf] cefj ePdf jf clwsf/If]q gf3L s'g} sfd ug{ nfu]sf] cj:yfdf hf/L
ul/G5 . lgif]wf1f c:yfoL k|s[ltsf] klg x'g ;S5 t/ k|ltif]w :yfoL k|s[ltsf] x'G5 . 31

27
It is preventive rather than corrective remedy.
28
A writ of prohibition can also be issued when there is violation of the principle of natural
justice.
29
STO v. Budh Prakash, AIR 1954 SC 459: 1955 SCR 1133
30
pTk|]if0f / k|ltif]w hf/L x'g] w]/} cfwf/x? ;dfg /x]sf 5g\ . t/ oL b'O{ l/6sf]
d"ne"t leGgtf eg]sf] pTk|]if0f lg0f{o eO;s]kl5 To:tf] lg0f{o ab/ ug{ hf/L
ul/G5 . k|ltif]w lg0f{o x'gaf6 /f]Sg hf/L ul/G5 . Prohibition is issued at a stage when the
procedings are in progress to forbid the authority from continuing the proceding. Certiorari is issued at a stage
when the proceedings have terminated and the authority has given a final decision to quash the decision. I.P.
Massey, Ibid. P. 408)

8
lgif]wf1f hf/L x'gsf nflu h'g ;DklQ;DaGwL xsdf cf3ft kg]{ elgPsf]
xf] ;f] ;DklQdf lgj]bssf] k"0f{ xs -absolute right_ cyjf ljjfb/lxt xs -undisputed
right_ x'gkg]{ x'G5 . ;DklQsf] cfkm\gf] xs lglxt /x]sf] tYok"0f{ Pj+ ;f/e"t k|
df0f b]vfpg g;s]sf] cj:yfdf lgif]wf1f hf/L x'g g;Sg] x'G5 . P]gåf/f k|Tofe"t xsdf
cf3ft kg]{ cfz+sf JoQm ug]{n] ;j{k|yd cfkm\gf] xsnfO{ cfwf/e"t / ;f/e"t ¿kdf -
Substantially_ :yflkt ug{ ;Sg' k5{ . ===lgif]wf1fsf] /f]xdf s'g} ;DklQdf xs :jfldTj
sfod ug{ jf u/fpg g;lsg] x'G5 .32

clwsf/k[R5f
clwsf/k[R5f c;fwf/0f pkrf/sf] k'/fgf] tl/sf xf] . s'g} Goflos cw{Goflos k|zf;lgs
jf s'g} ;fj{hlgs clwsf/ kfPsf] JolQmn] clwsf/ If]qsf] cefjdf s'g} sfd sf/afxL jf
lg0f{o u/]df To:tf] sfo{ ug]{ clwsf/ s;/L k|fKt eof] / s'g sfg'g cGtu{t To:tf]
sfo{ ul/Psf] xf] eGg] hjfkm dfu u/L hf/L ul/g] clwsf/nfO{ clwsf/k[R5f
elgG5 .33 of] l/6sf] ;Dk"0f{ p2]Zo s'g} clwsf/ gePsf] JolQmn] s'g} kbdf
clwsf/df cflwkTo u/]df ;Ifd cbfntn] cgflwsf/ cflwkTo hgfpg]nfO{ ;f] kbaf6
x6fpg] cfb]z lbg' xf] .34 e"lddf ank"j{s cfkm\gf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug]
{ e"ldkltnfO{ s'g} x}l;otn] zfxL clwsf/ k|of]u u/]sf] xf] egL ;g\ !@&$ df
hfFra'em ug{ a]nfotdf /fh P8jf8{ k|ydn] cfkm\gf] Ps cfof]u k7fPsf lyP / oxL
cfwf/df ;g\ !@() b]lv clwsf/k[R5fsf] l/6 :yflkt ePsf] xf] .35
;fj{hlgs lgsfon] sfg'g adf]lhd k|fKt u/]sf] clVtof/Lsf] b'?kof]u lgoGq0fsf nflu
of] l/6 hf/L ul/G5– o;n] ;fj{hlgs kbdf cfl;g JolQmsf] cflwsfl/stf / j}wtf k/LIf0f
ub{5 .36 Psflt/ of] ;fj{hlgs clwsf/Lsf] cflwsfl/s x}l;ot k/LIf0f u/L lghsf]
clVtof/Lsf] ;xL k|of]u u/fpg] pkfo xf] eg] csf]{tkm{ of] j}wflgs / cflwsfl/s
¿kdf kbdf /x]sf JolQmnfO{ ;+/If0f ug]{ pkfo klg xf] .
The procedune of quo warranto confers jurisdiction and authority on the judiciary to control
executive action in the matter of making appointments to public offices against the relevant
statutory provisions: it also protects a citizen being deprived of public office to which he may
have a right.37
31
dfwj kf}8]n, ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] u7g / clwsf/ If]q, g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs sfg'g, lk|ml8n, @)%$ k[=
$@^
32
g]=sf=k= @)^* c+s !! lg=g+= *&!@ k[i7 !*)*
33
The fundamental basis of the proceeding of quo warranto is that the public has an interest to see that an
unlawful claimant does not usurp a public office. Bhimarjun Acharya, Comparative System of Judicial Review,
A.K.Books and Educational Enterprises, 2069 p. 68
34
eLdfh'{g cfrfo{, l/6sf] cjwf/0ff, Gofo k|zf;gsf cfofdx¿, ;f]kfg dfl;s, @)^! k[= $(
35
dfwj kf}8]n, ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] u7g / clwsf/ If]q, g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs sfg'g, lk|ml8n, @)%$ k[=
$@^
36
Quo warranto is a proceeding by which a person is asked to state by what authority he
supports his claim to a particular office.
37
University of Mysore V. Govinda Rao, AIR 1965 SC 491 (494): (1964) 4 SCR (576)
9
ljz]iftfx¿
!= of] l/6 ;fj{hlgs lgsfo jf sfof{nosf clwsf/Lsf lj?4df dfq hf/L x'g ;S5 . 38 lghL
JolQm jf sDkgLsf lj?4df hf/L x'Fb}g .
@= To:tf] clwsf/L u}/sfg'gL ¿kdf axfn /x]sf] cj:yf b]lvPdf of] l/6åf/f kbaf6
x6fpg] cfb]z hf/L ul/G5 .
#= ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf lhDd]jf/ clwsf/Lsf] ¿kdf axfn /x]sf JolQmsf lj?4 dfq of] l/6
hf/L ul/G5 . ;fdfGotof dftxtsf ;xfos sd{rf/Lx¿sf] lj?4df of] l/6 hf/L x'Fb}g .
$_ ;+ljwfg / sfg'g adf]lhd :yflkt ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf clwsf/Llj?4 dfq o:tf] l/6 hf/L
ul/g] ePsf]n] o:tf] l/6nfO{ remedy against public authority klg eGg ;lsG5 .
%= ljjfbdf bfaL ul/Psf kbdf ljkIfLn] ;fFRr} g} axfnL u/]sf] cj:yf
clwsf/k[R5fsf nflu k"j{zt{sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] x'G5 .
^= clwsf/k[R5fnfO{ cbfntsf] :jljj]sdf hf/L ul/g] l/6 elgG5 To;}n]
o;nfO{ lgj]bsn] clwsf/sf] ¿kdf bfaL ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf x'Fb}g . (Quo warranto is a
discretionary remedy and the petitioner cannot claim this writ as of right.)39
clwsf/k[R5fsf] cfb]z hf/L x'gsf nflu b]xfosf] cj:yf x'g'kb{5 M
!_ To:tf] sfof{no ;fj{hlgs clVtof/L k|of]u ug]{ x'g'k5{ (Office must be a pulic office) .
@_ To:tf] sfof{no ;fvfg k|s[ltsf] x'g'k5{ Public office must be substantive an nature.
#_ljjflbt JolQmn] To:tf] sfof{nodf To:tf sfof{nodf jf:tljs ?kdf sfd u/]sf] x'g'k5{ . (The
person must be in actual possession of the office) .
$_k|rlnt sfg'gsf] :ki6 pNn+3g ePsf] x'g'k5{ (The office most be held in contravention of law.)
g]kfndf cEof; ul/Psf l/6x¿ dWo] ;a}eGbf sd ;+Vofdf cEof; ul/Psf] l/6
clwsf/k[R5f xf] .

lgisif{
;fdfGotof l/6 clwsf/If]q pRr cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qcGtu{t kb{5 . df}lns
xssf] k|rngsf nflu l/6 hf/L ul/G5 . Gofosf dfGo l;4fGtx¿sf] kl/kfngfsf nflu l/6
hf/L ul/G5 . s'g} cGo pkfo gePsf jf eP klg k|efjsf/L gePsf] cj:yfdf dsf{ k/]sf
JolQm jf lgsfonfO{ pkrf/ k|bfg ug{sf nflu l/6 hf/L ul/G5 . s'g} l/6 ;fj{hlgs
lgsfosf lj?4 hf/L ul/G5 . s'g} l/6 JolQmsf lj?4 klg hf/L ul/G5 . of] sfg'gL
zf;gsf] :yfkgf ug{sf nflu, zlQmsf] :j]R5frf/L k|of]udf lgoGq0f nufpgsf nflu
Pjd\ k"0f{ Gofosf] k|Tofe"ltsf nflu ljsl;t ePsf] cjwf/0ff xf] . To;}n]
l/6nfO{ gful/s s]lGb|t cjwf/0ffsf] ¿kdf lng] ul/G5 . ;a} l/6sf cfcfkm\g}
cjwf/0ff / ljz]iftf /x]sf x'G5g\ . k[ys\ k[ys\ p2]Zosf nflu lEfGg leGg l/6sf]
cEof; ul/Psf] xf] . t/ ;a} l/6sf] p2]Zo sfg'gsf] zf;gsf] :yfkgf ug'{ g} /x]sf] 5 .
38
A writ of quo warranto lies against a person claiming or usurping public office, franchise or
liberty.
39
Rameshwar V. State, AIR 1961 SC 816: (1961) 2 SCR 874
10
g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs ljsf;;Fu l/6sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ Jojxf/df cjnDag ug{ yflnPsf]
xf] . ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg'gL clVtof/Lsf cfwf/df l/6 If]qflwsf/sf] k|of]u ug]{
ul/Psf] 5 . klxn] ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] dfq c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qcGtu{t l/6 If]qflwsf/sf]
cEof; u/]sf] lyof] . t/ clxn] lhNnf cbfntnfO{ aGbLk|ToIfLs/0f /
lgif]wf1fsf] ;'g'jfO{ ug]{ clVtof/L k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 eg] k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] ;a}
l/6sf] ;'g'jfO{ ug]{ clwsf/ kfPsf 5g\ . l/6 If]qflwsf/sf] lj:tf/n] ;/sf/L lg0f{opk/
gful/s lgu/fgL / Goflos lgoGq0fsf] bfo/f km/flsnf] ePsf] 5 . o;n] Gofodf
hgtfsf] ;xh kx'FrnfO{ klg la:tf/ u/]sf] 5 .

11