UEH UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ECONOMICS, LAW AND GOVERNMENT

DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS

FINAL RESEARCH REPORT

SUBJECT: APPLIED ECONOMETRICS

TOPIC: Factors influencing undergraduates’sleep in Ho Chi

Minh City

Instructor: Nguyễn Quang

Term Code: 22C1ECO50106704
Group: 6 – Classes: IVC03+VAC01

TP Hồ Chí Minh, 11/11/2022

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 MEMBERS

GROUP 6
PERCENT OF
NUMBER FULL NAME STUDENT ID
COMPLETION
1 Nguyễn Huy Hoàng 31211021593 100%
2 Nguyễn Bảo Nhã Phương 31211024620 100%
3 Nguyễn Thị Thảo 31211022646 100%
4 Nguyễn Lê Thi Thi 31211025378 100%
5 Nguyễn Hoàng Phúc Thiện 31211025008 100%
6 Trần Thanh Trúc 31211026391 100%
7 Trịnh Bích Tuyền 31211025881 100%
8 Nguyễn Trần Hoàng Yến 31211026115 100%

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ABSTRACT:

This study estimates and examines the factors affecting the sleep of students in Ho
Chi Minh City, expressed in the number of hours of bedtime per night of students, can
draw conclusions and reinforce the reader's understanding of the importance of sleep.
The results showed that those who had a lot of study time had fewer hours of bedtime.
The time of commuting to work in a student's day or leisure time such as surfing the
web, watching movies also negatively affects the number of hours of bedtime. From the
results, students can arrange their study, part-time and leisure time accordingly to be
able to both complete work and ensure health.

Keywords: sleep, students, health, study, entertainment

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCE......................................................................................4
1. Significance of the Study:....................................................................................4
2. Purpose of research:............................................................................................4
3. Subjects, scope, survey units...............................................................................5
CHAPTER II: THEORY OVERVIEW....................................................................5
1. Related Concepts:.............................................................................................5
2. Body functions and activities during sleep:.....................................................5
3. Factors affecting sleep:........................................................................................6
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODS................................................................6
1.Sampling method:.................................................................................................6
2.Research process:..................................................................................................7
3.Survey questions:..................................................................................................7
4.Analysis results:....................................................................................................8
5.Quantitative and qualitative research results:....................................................8
6.Research scale:......................................................................................................8
7. Suggested model:.................................................................................................9
7.1. Model and variables in the model:...............................................................9
7.2. Comments on the variables in the model:..................................................12
CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH RESULTS................................................................17
1. Variable descriptive statistics:..........................................................................17
2. Regression results:..........................................................................................19
3. Multicollinearity test..........................................................................................23
4. Heteroscedasticity test by the Breusch-Pagan test:.........................................23
5. Testing for autocorrelation by Breusch-Godfrey test:....................................24
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION................................................................................24
1. Conclusion:.........................................................................................................24
2. Limitations of the study:...................................................................................25
3. Some recommendations for future research:...................................................25
REFERENCES...........................................................................................................26

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 CHAPTER I: INTRODUCE
1. Significance of the Study:
Staying up late has almost become a difficult habit for the majority of young people
today in general and students in particular. The question is, what do students "stay up
late" for? And how often? But for whatever reason, staying up is still an unhealthy habit
and causes a lot of damage to our physical and mental health.
According to statistics, each of us needs to spend up to 36% of our lives sleeping.
This means that if you live to be 70 years old, the sleep time will be more than 25 years.
This intangible generally says that sleep is an important norm in our lives. But now
many websites propagate false ideas about sleep, they attribute sleep as a manifestation
of laziness, wasting time, the less sleep will be more successful,... The truth is, if you
understand your body's sleep and sleep correctly and get enough sleep will enhance
long-term memory as well as better academic productivity.
In 1942, less than 8% of the nightly population slept only 6 hours or less. In 2017,
this number accounted for half. According to the statistics of scientists around the world,
insomnia costs the UK economy more than £30 billion in profits each year, or 2% of
GDP. If you drive after sleeping less than 5 hours, you are 4.3 times more likely to have
an accident. If you drive after sleeping for 4 hours, you are 11.5 times more likely to
have an accident. These horrific numbers show us the consequences of people depriving
themselves of sleep, especially in adolescence.
Ho Chi Minh City has more and more 24-hour cafes such as Three O'clock, Thuc
coffee, OFA coffee,... At 11 pm, just go to these cafes, most of the customers are full,
most of the customers are from 17-30 years old. Each individual here has their own job
such as going with friends, surfing the web, watching movies, playing games, the
remaining few study, read books ..., but it can be seen that staying up late is becoming
more and more common among many people, especially young people and especially
students.
Therefore, it is extremely necessary to study the sleep quality of young people.
Youth have a huge advantage in health wear, but if not maintained and preserved, very
quickly negative effects will appear. But if we are aware of and appreciate sleep early,
we can study and work more efficiently, with a clearer, sharper mind. Stemming from
the above reasons, our group chose the topic "The situation of students staying up late in
Ho Chi Minh City and affecting health" to study.
2. Purpose of research:
- Learn about the current state of students staying up late in HCMC.
- The extent, nature, scale of staying up late.
- Recognize the factors that influence students' staying up late.
- Effects of staying up late on human health and giving advice (positive and negative
influences).
- Propose remedies, give the right advice against the effects of staying up late on
students today.
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 3. Subjects, scope, survey units.
- Target audience: All students in HO CHI MINH CITY.
- Scope: Ho Chi Minh City.
- Survey unit: Group of students of Applied Econometric class.

CHAPTER II: THEORY OVERVIEW

1. Related Concepts:
- Student concept:
Students are those between the ages of 18-25, have graduated from high school and
are enrolled in a program at one (or more) University or College.
- The concept of staying up late:
According to recommendations from the National Organization for Sleep Support
and Self-Assessment, people aged 18-25 (students) require 7-9 hours of sleep per day.
Clinically, 23 hours is the time when the body begins to enter the detoxification and
recovery phase. Therefore, from a biological point of view, if you stay up past 22:30,
you will be considered as staying up late.
Under normal circumstances, 22:30 pm to 6:30 am is the best time to sleep, by
sleeping at the right time, you can ensure that the organs are working at their most stable
state, then the body is in. a healthy biological clock.
2. Body functions and activities during sleep:
"Sleep must serve a very important function, which has led to its persistence
throughout evolution," said Dr David Raizen, an associate professor of neurology at the
University of Pennsylvania in the US. "Sleep time is when the brain and body work a
lot, bringing good effects to health. The body works during sleep through two stages:
+ NREM - non-rapid eye movement stage (accounting for 75-80% of sleep): the
stage when the brain is less responsive to external stimuli. At this stage, the body
enters the process of deep sleep, thinking and functions inside the body show
signs of slowing down, so the process of regeneration and repair of cells inside
the body is carried out at this stage. this.
+ REM - Rapid eye movement (accounting for 20-25% of our sleep) at this stage,
your eyes will move back and forth at the back of the eyelids. The body will fall
into a state of stillness, but your pulse system, internal body temperature,
breathing rate and blood pressure will rise above daytime levels. At this stage,
dreams are somewhat more vivid and more emotional.
Brain Activity: As we fall asleep, our brains experience a pattern of brain waves
known as "spinal rotation," which, according to the Sleep Foundation, we don't fully
understand yet, but are thought to be. “plays a role in learning and integrating new
memories.” The axes of the spine may also play a role in ensuring we stay asleep even
when our brains are exposed to external stimuli. According to a 2019 study in the
journal Science, when we sleep, our brains even wash themselves in a mixture of

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cerebrospinal fluid and blood. As the body enters the NREM phase, brain cells also
begin to enter a phase of more regular and rhythmic activity. However, when you begin
to enter REM dreams, brain activity will return to normal, roughly the same as when the
body is in the waking state.
The process of metabolism and detoxification of the body:
+ From 21 to 23h: Is the time when the immune system (lymphocytes) detoxifies
(eliminates toxins), this time is quiet or listening to relaxing music.
+ From 23h to 3h: This is the time when Gallbladder and Liver detox and dispose
of waste, which should be carried out while asleep; During this time, you should
sleep well to avoid kidney diseases. In addition, this is also the time to help
smooth skin.
+ From 3 am to 5 pm: It is the time to detoxify the lungs. It is also the reason why
people who are suffering from Lung disease are often coughing violently at this
time, because the antidote has run to the Lungs.
+ From 5am to 7am: It is the time when the large intestine detoxifies.
- Heart Rate: During the NREM stage, your heart rate and blood pressure will
drop, which in turn gives your heart and blood vessels a period of light work,
suitable for rest and recovery. Until the body enters the REM phase, the ratio of
heart rate to blood pressure will increase again
3. Factors affecting sleep:
The act of staying up late is constantly impacted by two factors: objective conditions
and subjective conditions, claims Dr. Tran Thi Kim Xuyen's social theory of lifestyle.
The amount of homework children have is one of the crucial elements in objective
circumstances. Students must put in three hours of study time outside of class for every
hour they spend in class. Because there are so many tasks, students must stay up later to
complete them. Additionally, there is a big impact of financial issues on students staying
up late. The majority of students work part-time to supplement their family's income,
which is typical among students. The impact of the environment around you is another
factor.
A subjective component can also have an impact. This includes pre-existing habits,
learning in a dynamic atmosphere, the urge to complete tasks, and external pressure to
find time. The amount of time spent relaxing after a long day of work and study (surfing
the internet, watching movies, listening to music, etc.) and the regular use of stimulants
like tea and coffee in the evenings impair sleep.

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODS

1. Sampling method:
- Number of samples: 183
- Sample list:

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 + Spatial scope: all students at universities in Ho Chi Minh City are between the ages
of 18-28.
+ Time range: from October 15, 2022 to October 23, 2022
+ Scope of content: factors affecting the number of bedtimes of students in HCMC
area
+ Random sampling method: this is considered the best method for us to choose a
sample that is likely to represent the population because the error due to sampling
can be calculated. Therefore, it is possible to apply statistical estimation and
hypothesis testing methods in data processing to generalize the results on the sample
to the general population.
- Data processing: After the survey is completed, the data will be put into Excel for
checking and screening. Next comes data entry, encryption and data cleaning.
Finally, regression analysis was performed using R software.
2. Research process:
The research process includes:
Step 1: Identify research topic.
Step 2: Objectives of the research topic.
Step 3: Theoretical basis: Based on sleep, health and cognitive behavioral studies
Step 4: Determine the research model and the scales.
- Qualitative research:
+ Survey
+ Discussion
+ Model and scale calibration
- Quantitative research:
+ Design the questionnaire
+ Collect data
Step 5: Data processing
- Reliability analysis
- Factor analysis
- Regression analysis
- Model setting
Step 6: Research results
Step 7: Conclusion and comments
3. Survey questions:
In order to serve the purpose of surveying factors affecting BMI and information on
students' sleep hours, the group has developed a questionnaire including: Full name?,
Gender?, Age?, You currently Are you a student?, What year are you currently a
student? Weight, height? At what time do you start going to bed?, how many hours do
you sleep each night?

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 Next is a set of questions to collect independent variables that affect the number of
students' bedtime :

4. Analysis results:
For descriptive statistics and regression analysis, use R and Excel.
5. Quantitative and qualitative research results:
Based on previous studies and majority consensus, 122 factors influence the number
of hours students sleep per night.
Dependent variable: Number of hours students sleep in each night
Independent variables (quantitative): Body mass index, age of students, number of
hours students study in a day, hours of entertainment students in a day
Independent boundary (qualitative): gender, sleep start time , health-related
problems, environment changes, late sleeping habits, social relationships, part-time work
6. Research scale:
The scale in this study was developed based on the theory and proposed model of
factors affecting the number of hours of sleep per night of students, there are 11 groups
of factors studied as the group of factors affecting the number of sleep hours per night
the student's sleep hours per night is (BMI) body mass index, (AGE) age of the student,
(STUDY) number of hours of study in a day, (ENTERTAINMENT) number of
entertainment hours of student in a day, (GENDER) gender, (START) sleep start time,
(HEALTH) health-related problems, (EVR_CHANGES) environmental changes,
(HABIT) late sleeping habits, (RELATIONSHIP) social relationships, (PATI) part-time
work
Building a scale:

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 - Use a binary scale
=1 if female, =0 nếu là male for variable GENDER
=1 if from 22-2h, =0 if from 20-22h for variable START
=1 if “YES”, =0 if “NO” for 5 variables HEALTH, EVR_CHANGES,
HABIT, RELATIONSHIP, PATI
-Use the interval scale
17 < AGE < 24 for variable AGE
0 < STUDY < 24 for variable STUDY
0 < ENTERTAINMENT < 24 for variable ENTERTAINMENT
-Use formula =WEIGHT/(HEIGHT/100)^2 for variable BMI
7. Suggested model:
7.1. Model and variables in the model:
HOURS = 𝜷1 + 𝜷2BMI + 𝜷3AGE + 𝜷4GENDER + 𝜷5START +𝜷6STUDY +
𝜷7ENTERTAINMENT + 𝜷8HEALTH + 𝜷9EVR_CHANGES + 𝜷10HABIT +
𝜷11RELATIONSHIP + 𝜷12PATI + 𝜷13STIMULANT + u
Include:

VARIABLE DEFINITION OF
STT MEASURE EXPECTATIONS
NAME VARIABLE

DEPENDENT VARIABLE

Number of hours
1 HOURS students sleep per - -
night (hours)

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE (QUANTITATIVE)

=WEIGHT/
The higher the BMI, the
2 BMI Body mass index ((HEIGHT/
less hours of sleep
100)^2)

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 Integer The older you get, the
3 AGE Student's age
(17 < AGE < 24) less hours you sleep

Number of hours Integer The more hours you

4 STUDY students study in a (0 < STUDY < study, the less hours you
day 24) sleep

Integer The more hours of

Number of hours
entertainment (playing
ENTERTAIN of student (0 <
5 games, surfing social
MENT entertainment in a ENTERTAINME media, ...) the less hours
day NT < 24) of sleep

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE (QUALIFICATE)

=1 if it's female Women sleep more than

6 GENDER Student's gender
=0 if it's male men

=1 if it's between If you start going to bed

22-2pm between 10 pm and 2
Time to start going
7 START pm, you will reduce the
to bed =0 if it's between number of hours you
20-22h sleep

=1 if it is “YES” If there are health

Health related
8 HEALTH problems, the number of
problems =0 if it is “NO” hours of sleep will be
reduced

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 If there is a change in
EVR_CHAN Change the living =1 if it is “YES” the living environment,
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GES environment =0 if it is “NO” the number of hours of
sleep will be reduced

=1 if it is “YES” If you have a habit of

Habit of sleeping going to bed late, it will
10 HABIT =0 if it is “NO”
late reduce the number of
hours of sleep

=1 if it is “YES” If there are relationships

RELATIONS Relationships in (love, work, ...) then the
11 =0 if it is “NO”
HIP society number of hours of
sleep will be reduced

=1 if it is “YES” If you work part-time,

12 PATI Working part-time the number of hours of
=0 if it is “NO” sleep will be reduced

=1 if it is “YES”
If you use stimulants,
Stimulants (coffee,
13 STIMULANT =0 if it is “NO” the number of hours of
tea, ...)
sleep will decrease

7.2. Comments on the variables in the model:

Body mass index (BMI)
Is it unhealthy to stay up late? was a question that the University of California,
Berkeley (USA) set out to investigate. They looked into the connection between obesity

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and staying up late. According to the findings, adults and adolescents who consistently
slept late had a higher risk of gaining weight than their corresponding age group who
went to bed early. The body mass index (BMI*) and sleep have been linked in studies.
When teenagers reached the beginning of puberty, college age, and adulthood, the
Berkeley research monitored their influences and behaviors at each step. Teenagers'
bedtimes and BMI were compared by researchers between 1994 and 2009. According to
the study's findings, adolescents who went to bed earlier had a better weight as adults.
Another study found that children aged 4 to 5 who slept less at night experienced
sleep deprivation. Over time, this raises the risk of becoming obese. Children who slept
around 9.5 hours less per night than those who went to bed at 9 p.m. and got enough
sleep had greater rates of obesity.
Student's age (AGE)
The 2011 sleep survey by the American group, "Technology and Sleep," produced
the following findings
Table 1: Descript how Americans sleep by age
the Z the Y the X the baby-boom
generation generation generation generation
(13–18 years (19-29 years of (30-45 years (46-64 years of
of age) age) of age) age)
Sleeping habits

Waking up on
6:17 am 6:58 am 5:59 am 5:57 am
average at

On average
11:02 pm 11:58 pm 11:12 pm 10:58 pm
go to bed at

Average sleep 7h26’ 7h1’ 6h48’ 6h49’

Result

Rarely/Never
got a good
night's sleep 46% 51% 43% 38%
during the
week
Dealing with Nap (53%) Nap(52%) Nap(38%) Nap (41%)
the days of Caffeine Caffeine Caffeine Caffeine
the week (medium 3.1) (medium 2.7) (medium 3.5) (medium 3.0)

Sleepy 22% 16% 11% 9%

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 Based on the above results, we can see that, from generation Z to Y, the average
number of hours of sleep per night tends to decrease from (7h26' to 7h1') and the
response rate "Rarely/Never ever." a good night's sleep during the week” tends to
increase (from 46% to 51%). Many other studies also show that, for adolescents, at
different ages, there are huge differences in sleep habits and sleep disorders. Compared
with older adolescents, young adults go to bed later and sleep less. Sleep disruption,
daytime sleepiness, and sleep dissatisfaction are more common in young adults than
adolescents. Thus, it can be assumed that, in adolescence, those with older age have poor
sleep quality as well as fewer hours of sleep. Therefore, this study expected that the
older the students, the less hours of sleep
Number of hours students study in a day (STUDY)
Since the majority of pupils are recent graduates, they will spend their time
studying. Dr. Robert from the University of Florida believes that students should spend
at least 4-5 hours a day studying. Less sleep will be required because students will be
scheduling their study time around their coursework, independent study at the library,
study sessions with classmates, and final project work. since studying took up the most
of the time. As a result, this study predicts that as study time increases, sleep time
decreases
Number of hours of leisure students in a day (ENTERTAINMENT)
The entertainment options available to young people today are far more varied than
reading books or playing sports games because they use so many electronic gadgets. We
also have many entertainment options that are directly tied to sports. using electronic
gadgets to watch movies, play games, listen to music, and browse social networks
(facebook, tiktok, instagram,...). The outcomes are excellent when only a small amount
of time is dedicated to amusement. However, a recent study found that Vietnamese
teenagers spend an average of 7 hours per day on social media, which is quite long when
compared to the rest of the world and the area.Following are some explanations for the
phenomenon of excessive recreational usage reducing the amount of sleep at night and
resulting in daytime sleepiness in adolescents:
- Excessive use of electronics will take the place of sleep. Teenagers stay up late
because their smartphone is showing them something interesting.
- By inhibiting the hormone melatonin, which makes people sleepy, light from
electronic devices can change the circadian rhythm of the body and make it
difficult to fall asleep.
- Electronic devices cause sleep disruption since they psychologically, emotionally,
and biologically awaken.
The American Sleep Foundation provides three additional ways in which technology
may disrupt sleep:
- One is melatonin suppression. Melatonin, the hormone that regulates sleep/wake
cycles and the human circadian clock, is inhibited by the blue light emitted by the

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 displays of cell phones, computers, tablets, and TVs. Melatonin deficiency makes
it harder to fall asleep and disturbs sleep.
- Second, maintain mental alertness. While it may seem harmless to check a few
emails before going to sleep or unwind with a favorite movie, technological
devices can fool the brain into thinking it needs to stay awake by keeping it busy.
A person may find it challenging to unwind and go off to sleep if they browse the
web, see something intriguing on Facebook, or read a depressing email.
- Third, get up. Even if you don't use any technology before bed, it might still have
an impact on your sleep: Having a device around keeps you awake since it can
remind you to check your messages, emails, phone, or schedule.
As a result, it is reasonable to predict that entertainment in general or entertainment
involving electronic gadgets in particular will essentially result in less sleep. This study
therefore anticipates the number of entertainment hours. Less sleep is necessary for
people who are intelligent.
Student's Gender (GENDER)
Women often sleep 30 minutes longer each night than men, according to Professor
Daniel Forger's research. Worldwide statistics also support this. This study therefore
anticipates that female students will sleep more than male students.
Sleep Start Time (START)
The quality of your sleep is mostly dependent on when you start going to bed. The
amount of sleep you get if you stay up late and wake up early is the same as for early
risers, but the quality of your sleep will suffer. You'll feel exhausted, achy all over,
sluggish, lethargic, and stressed when you first wake up. The body's organs begin to
slow down their work and need rest after 22 hours, according to the British Sleep
Council. Accordingly, this study anticipates that students who begin sleeping between
10 p.m. and 2 p.m. will get fewer hours of sleep per night.
Health-related problems (HEALTH)
The risk of sleeplessness is approximately twice as high for people who eat
sporadically or skip one of their three daily meals. An unbalanced dinner increased the
risk of sleeplessness by 1.4 times compared to a balanced meal. Dr. Deirdre Barrett's
research demonstrates that foods and spices must be consumed with vitamins that
regulate sleep. Foods that restrict the digestive system, such as fried, fried, greasy, or
spicy foods, will often have an impact on sleep. Anything that can upset your stomach,
such as cheese, spicy food, or a heavy meal, makes you agitated and makes it more
likely that you won't sleep well or experience more nightmares. .
Never-active individuals had a 1.3-fold higher risk of sleeplessness than often active
individuals. People who exercise sleep better, according to the 2013 US Sleep Poll's
"Exercise and Sleep" theme by NSF:
- Exercisers have improved sleep quality. The likelihood of saying "I had a nice
night's sleep" every night or almost every night is higher among people who

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 exercise frequently and less frequently (67%-56% vs. 39%). Additionally,
compared to more than half of those who did not exercise (56%), more than
three-quarters of those who exercised (76%–83%) indicated their sleep quality
was very good or pretty good in the previous two weeks.
- Those who exercise frequently claim to have the best sleep. Nearly twice as many
persons who exercise frequently report having a good night's sleep every night or
almost every night as those who do not. Additionally, they were less likely to
mention sleep issues. More than two-thirds of persons who regularly exercised
claimed that they rarely or never experienced symptoms of insomnia in the
previous two weeks, such as waking up too early and being unable to go back to
sleep (72%), and having trouble falling asleep (69%). In comparison, almost a
quarter (24%) of those who don't exercise report having problems falling asleep
every night or almost every night, and half (50%) say they wake up during the
night.
Numerous studies have demonstrated that stress significantly affects the quality of
sleep. 5.25 times more frequently than the average group of students, the group of
students with high levels of stress experienced poor sleep quality. The students claimed
that academic pressure and psychological pressure both had a very negative impact on
sleep. Stress and pressure were regarded as the most significant factors at the college
age, having the greatest impact on sleep quality and accounting for 24% of the variation
in PSQI scores.In this demographic, stress is thought to be the primary initiator,
contributor, and long-term cause of sleep issues. First, there are several difficulties
associated with college life (such as unpredictable schedules and times of intense stress,
like final examinations), which might cause stress. Second, students still experience
some physiological changes as they become older. Third, college students could lack the
appropriate coping mechanisms, which causes them to think back, consider, and worry.
The health variable is comprised of the studies and polls mentioned above. Through
this study, it is anticipated that students with health issues may sleep less hours.
Changing the living environment (EVE_CHANGES)
To study and work, the majority of students today must live away from home.
Therefore, leaving your home to live in an unfamiliar environment is mostly to blame
for the phenomena of poor sleep quality. Students might relocate from the North to the
South or vice versa, live in a dorm, or move from one place to another, in addition to the
environment in which they reside altering. The amount of sleep you receive is
influenced by a variety of circumstances, including light, temperature, and noise.
Harvard Medical School researchers have found that factors like temperature, light, and
noise in the bedroom can have a big impact on how well a person sleeps.The "light-
sensitive" cells in the retina of the eye have an impact on the circadian rhythm of people.
These cells inform the body whether it is day or night, which causes the circadian clock
to be adjusted appropriately. Too much light at night might mess with your circadian

15
rhythm and make it hard to get to sleep. Although background music can be soothing,
there shouldn't be too much of it. On the other hand, frequent awakenings can keep
people from falling asleep deeply.There is no one perfect room temperature that works
for everyone, according to research; instead, people should sleep at the temperature that
makes them feel most comfortable. Extreme weather, however—whether it's too hot or
too cold—usually disturbs sleep. The bed's surface (blankets, sheets, pillows, mattresses)
is also an influence in how well one sleeps. According to the American Bedroom Poll,
85% of Americans believe that comfortable sheets and a comfortable bed are essential
for a good night's sleep, while 90% of Americans believe that a comfortable mattress or
pillows are necessary. According to a survey of Americans, 73% said they sleep better if
their bedding have a pleasant aroma. Smell is also regarded to have an impact on sleep.
Therefore, it is reasonable to predict that the living environment, which includes
elements like light, noise, temperature, and sleeping quality, will have an impact on how
well pupils sleep. Therefore, it is anticipated that this study will alter living conditions to
lower the amount of sleep required.
Habit of Sleeping Late (HABIT)
We unintentionally develop the habit of staying up late since students today
frequently have to work late and stay up late to accomplish their assignments. Once they
are finished, you will need to "compensate" for the long day of work with amusement.
Or perhaps people tend to stay up later at night more frequently because they enjoy the
silence at night. As a result, this study anticipates that a habit of staying up late will
result in less hours of sleep.
Relationships in society (RELATIONSHIP)
Spending time on social ties around work and education also takes up some time that
impacts the number of hours of sleep. For instance, after a long day of studying and
working, students will confide in their parents, friends, and family, as well as spend time
with them and show them affection. After a period of taxing study and work, you will
frequently prefer to confide and chat more to relieve yourself when spending time with
parents, friends, or relatives; therefore, a long confiding will cause each individual to
remain up later and get less sleep. As a result, this study anticipates that having
relationships (such as love, job, or others) will result in less hours of sleep.
Part-time work (PATI)
Working the night shift is another potential external influence that may affect sleep,
according to researchers from the Institute of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School.
Thus, it is not unusual for students to work part-time jobs in their spare time to
supplement their income, particularly late at night. Working a part-time job requires a
specific amount of time and does so frequently, which will cut into how much sleep you
get. As a result, this study anticipates that working part-time will result in less hours of
sleep.
Stimulants (STIMULANT)

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 Our team aims to draw attention to the stimulant in this case, which is caffeine use.
Caffeine helps to activate the brain and central nervous system, keeps individuals awake,
and avoids depression. Late-day caffeine use might make it difficult to fall asleep. If
coffee isn't consumed at least six hours before bed, most people won't have any trouble
sleeping. Depending on your metabolism and how much caffeine you typically consume,
everyone's sensitivity will differ. Caffeine's negative side effects, which include stress
and digestive disturbance, may cause sleeplessness in people who are more susceptible
to it. Thus, based on the evidence provided above, we anticipate that those who use
stimulants in general and caffeine in particular may experience shorter sleep duration.
CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH RESULTS
1. Variable descriptive statistics:
The descriptive statistics of the variables are as follows:
Table 4.1: Descriptive Statistics Table of Model

The
The Stand
Number Mini great
averag ard est
of mum Standard
Variable e Devia Range
observat value value( error (se)
value( tion
ions (n) (min) max)
mean) (sd)

GENDER 183 0.6 0.49 0 1 1 0.04

AGE 183 19.54 0.97 18 22 4 0.07

START 183 0.41 0.49 0 1 1 0.04

HOURS 183 6.08 1.26 2 12 10 0.09

STUDY 183 4.21 1.35 1 9 8 0.1

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 ENTERTAIN
183 5.15 1.32 1 9 8 0.1
MENT

PATI 183 0.44 0.5 0 1 1 0.04

HEALTH 183 0.19 0.39 0 1 1 0.03

EVR_CHANG
183 0.31 0.46 0 1 1 0.03
ES

HABIT 183 0.8 0.4 0 1 1 0.03

RELATIONSH
183 0.29 0.45 0 1 1 0.03
IP

BMI 183 22.94 33.7 14.69 475 460.31 2.49

STIMULANT 183 0.28 0.45 0 1 1 0.03

Descriptive statistics were compiled on 183 observations and showed that the
majority of students taking this survey were between the ages of 19 and 20, that is, in
their 2nd and 3rd years of university. The average sleep hours of these students fell to
about 6.08 hours per night, less than the standard sleeping hours of the average person of
7-9 hours. Thus, the number of sleep hours of students is too small and unsatisfactory
and shows that the number of sleep hours of students in this age group is affected by
more factors than the average person. About 41% of the total number of students
participating in the survey started going to bed between 10pm and 2pm. This is defined
as a later bedtime than usual. The average time spent studying is 4.21 besides the
average time spent on leisure activities is 5.15 hours. These two variables account for a
large total time of the day (9.36 hours) which are predicted to be the two big causes. has

18
a direct effect on the number of hours of sleep and the quality of sleep. Finally, the
quantitative variables affect with relatively low loss.
2. Regression results:
From the above research model, we obtain the following table of regression results:
Table 4.2. Table of regression results

Variable OLS model

Regression coefficient Standard error

(𝜷) Pr (>|t|)

Intercept Factor 10.365 (<2e-16)***

   
Independent variable
(quantitative)

BMI -0.001 (0.166)

AGE -0.0008 (0.985)

STUDY -0.314 (7.59e-14) ***

ENTERTAINMENT -0.508 (< 2.2e-16) ***

   
Independent variable
(qualitative)

GENDER -0.162 (0.056) .

START -0.174 (0.065) .

HEALTH -0.189 (0.059) .

EVR_CHANGES -0.107 (0.206)

HABIT 0.108 (0.28)

RELATIONSHIP -0.104 (0.234)

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 -0.334
PATI (0.001)***
0.123
STIMULANT 0.152

R-Squared 0.8496

Adjusted R-Squared 0.8389

F-Stat 79.4

Số quan sát 183

(Observations)

(The regression coefficients are tested by t-test, the symbols *, **, *** indicate that the
regression coefficients are statistically significant at the 5%, 1%, and 1% significance
levels, respectively. 0.1% )
The above regression results from RStudio software gave the estimated results of the
factors affecting the number of hours of sleep per night of students according to the OLS
regression method.
The model estimation results in Table 4.2 show that many variables have signs as
expected.
The variable body index (BMI) has a negative beta coefficient as expected of the
group, but it is not statistically significant when there is a standard error of 0.166>0.05.
Thus, it can be understood that while we expect that for every 1 unit increase in BMI,
the number of sleep hours of students will decrease, but in reality, there are many factors
that cause BMI to increase and sleep is poor. one of all.
The variable age of students (AGE) has a negative coefficient like the expectation
that we have set, but it is not statistically significant (0.985 > 0.05). This means that, one
would expect that, in adolescence, people with older age will also decrease the quality of
sleep and the number of hours of sleep, but the reality is complicated.
The variable number of hours students study in a day (STUDY) has negative
coefficients as expected and has high statistical significance (1%). This means that the
more hours students study a day, the fewer hours they sleep. And the fact has also
proved that, because they are students, most of them often spend their time studying.
Their lives revolve around fixed daily schedules and assignment deadlines. So most of

20
the time spent studying and going to bed does not differ much between days. So when
they spend more time studying, they sleep less and vice versa.
The variable of leisure hours of students in a day (ENTERTAINMENT) has a
negative coefficient as we expected and has a high level of statistical significance (1%).
This means that if students spend more time on leisure, their sleep hours will decrease.
In fact, recent surveys also show that the time spent using social networks (Facebook,
Tiktok, Instagram, Twitter, etc.) in a day of Vietnamese youth is on average 7 hours per
day, a rather high number. . This number is even higher than the average student sleep
time of about 60 minutes. The phenomenon of unscientific use of social networks and
excessive abuse has reduced students' sleep hours and caused a lack of alertness and
distraction during the day.
The gender dummy variable of students (GENDER) has a negative sign contrary to
expectations and is not statistically significant. This is not true with previous studies and
reality. Because according to research by Professor Daniel Forger, male students often
sleep less than female students. And in fact, women tend to be more concerned about
their health and beauty than men, and as a result, women tend to live longer than men
according to annual demographic statistics.
Student's bedtime variable (START) has negative coefficient as expected but not
statistically significant. This means that when students go to bed between 10pm and
2pm, there will be a decrease in the number of hours of sleep. But in fact, there are many
students who go to bed late, but their daily sleep hours are still guaranteed 7-8 hours a
day, still not reduced even though after waking up they feel tired, mentally exhausted.
not alert and easily distracted.
The health problems dummy variable (HEALTH) has a negative sign as expected but
is not statistically significant. This means that, when students have health problems, the
number of sleep hours will be reduced. Our expectation is that a healthy body, without
psychological pressure, will operate in accordance with the biological cycle, sleep on
time, wake up on time, increase the number of hours of sleep each night. A person who
cares about his health cannot ignore the importance of getting enough sleep. This sounds
reasonable, but in reality, psychological pressure is not a fixed state, it always fluctuates
a lot when students are about to have tests, exams, internships, ... .but not at other times.
Human mood is an unpredictable, always abnormal, so there are many influencing
factors that make the problem complicated, it is difficult to assess the impact of health-
related problems such as stress. , psychological pressure, ... on the number of hours of
sleep per night of students.
Habitat dummy variable (EVR_CHANGES) has negative coefficient as expected but
not statistically significant. This means, we expect that living away from home, moving
into dormitories, motel rooms, etc. will make it difficult for students to sleep, thereby
reducing the number of hours of sleep, but the reality is very complicated. Living away

21
from home, hours, comfortable life, having many new friends also makes the spirit much
better. Thereby making sleep deeper, alertness and concentration are also higher.
Dummy variable sleep habits late (HABIT) has a positive coefficient contrary to
expectations but not statistically significant. This is not true to reality. Because today,
due to the pressure of study and work, students often have to stay up all night to
complete assignments and work on time. During that process, most students feel
stressed, so they tend to want to relieve themselves after completing assignments by
surfing the web, Tiktok, watching movies, .... and day by day, that inadvertently forms a
habit of staying up late for students.
The surrounding relationships dummy variable (RELATIONSHIP) has negative
coefficients as expected but is not significant statistics. This means that we would expect
that spending time on social networks would reduce the number of hours a student slept
each day, but the reality is sometimes different. This means that, for students living
away from home, it is a pleasure to spend time with family. Being relieved of nostalgia
and life pressure, their spirits will become much better after each conversation. And for
students, friends are also a place to vent, comfort and share with each other, help each
other overcome psychological barriers, thanks to those conversations, life pressure is
also reduced. so many. We think that spending time on social relationships will reduce
the number of hours of sleep, but in fact sometimes thanks to those conversations, it is
easier and deeper to fall asleep, mentally excited. much more shocking. If students are
under academic pressure, need a place to talk but don't spend time for social
relationships, just keep quiet despite the growing pressure, it will create stress, for harder
sleep, fewer hours of sleep, and less deep sleep.
The part-time dummy variable (PATI) has a negative coefficient as expected and has
high statistical significance (5%). This means that, when students work part-time, their
sleep hours will also decrease. Part-time jobs now seem to be quite familiar to students,
earning extra income for themselves. Most students choose to work the evening shift and
the morning is for studying. Thus, exactly as the view of scientists at the Institute of
Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School have shown.
The stimulant dummy variable (STIMULANT) has a positive coefficient that is not
as expected and is also not statistically significant (0.152>0.05). Thus, although there is
no statistical significance, the positive number in the regression coefficient tells us to
pay attention to some studies in the world when the results say that: " Despite the well-
known acute effects of caffeine on sleep, habitual use of up to 7 cups of coffee (or
600 mg of caffeine equivalent) per day was not associated with decreased duration of
sleep.”
The fit of the model is 83.9% (based on Adjusted R2), i.e. 83.9% of the variation of
HOURS can be explained by the above 11 independent variables, and 16.1% of the
variation of HOURS can be explained. is thanks to other variables that the study has not
mentioned such as sleeping position, living with parents, etc. Thus, there are a number

22
of other factors affecting the number of hours of sleep per night of students that the
model model This is not mentioned.
3. Multicollinearity test
The coefficient of variance (Variance Inflation Factors) has the function of
measuring the correlation and the strength of the correlation between the predictor
variables in the regression model.
Therefore, to test the phenomenon of multicollinearity, we will rely on the variance
exaggeration factor VIF. About the financial industry; personnel; economy; science;
social… : then the VIF coefficient will be compared with 2. Specifically: If VIF < 2,
there is no multicollinearity, and if VIF > 2, multicollinearity occurs.

From the above regression results, we see that the VIF of all variables is less than 2.
Thus, the above regression model has absolutely no multicollinearity phenomenon.
4. Heteroscedasticity test by the Breusch-Pagan test:
The success of the Goldfeld-Quandt test depends not only on the value of c (the
number of observations in the middle that are discarded) but also on the correct
identification of the variable X with which to order the observations. This limitation of
the test can be overcome if we consider the Breusch-Pagan-Godfrey (BPG) test.
With the above test, if p-value >5%, the hypothesis Ho is accepted: The model has
uniform variance or constant variance; if p-value <5%, then reject hypothesis Ho, accept
hypothesis H1: The model has heterogeneous variance, that is, variance changes.
Accreditation:
Ho: model has constant variance
H1: the model has variable variance

From the results of Breusch-Pagan test, we have p-value=0.3474 > 0.05. From there,
we accept the hypothesis Ho, uniform variance or in other words, the model has constant
variance.
5. Testing for autocorrelation by Breusch-Godfrey test:
The autocorrelation of higher orders and applicable whether the regressors include
the lag of the dependent variable or not is called the Breusch-Godfrey test.
With the above test, if p-value >5%, the hypothesis Ho is accepted: The model has
no autocorrelation phenomenon; if p-value <5%, then reject hypothesis Ho, accept
hypothesis H1: The model has autocorrelation phenomenon.
Accreditation:

23
 Ho: the model does not have autocorrelation
H1: the model has autocorrelation

From the results of the Breusch-Godfrey test, we have: p-value=0.071>0.05. From

there, we accept the hypothesis Ho, that is, the above model does not have
autocorrelation.

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION
1. Conclusion:
After performing the regression and the model's tests, we can conclude that the
factors of learning, entertainment, and part-time work are the main factors that directly
affect the model, which is consistent with the current situation. Currently, when factors
such as schoolwork, the direct influence of the light of the phone or TV screen or the
attractiveness of entertainment programs on social networks, the time spent at work is
directly affecting on sleep and sleep time of the sample of 183 students participating in
the survey, this influence on sleep quality is one of the major causes affecting the results
of operational productivity and the productivity of the economy. .
Recognizing the harmful effects of the above situation on sleep quality in general and
health in particular, our team would like to propose some measures to improve the sleep
quality of students as follows:
- Arrange a reasonable study schedule according to each individual's schedule
- Do not use TVs, phones, devices that emit blue light before sleeping at least 30
minutes to avoid your brain perceiving that light source as sunlight, tricking it to
delay sleep.
- Turn your bedroom into a dark, quiet and cool oasis. Set your thermostat
somewhere between low to medium and use blackout curtains or a white noise
machine to further relax your senses.
- Go to bed and wake up at the same times every day. Following a consistent sleep
schedule helps your brain know when to sleep and when to wake up. Adults usually
sleep from 7-9 hours every night
Make a habit of relaxing before going to bed. Choose activities that help you relax
and calm down, like taking a warm bath, listening to an audiobook, or journaling.
Doing these activities in the same order each night creates a pattern for your brain to
recognize them as a prelude to sleep.
- Limit caffeine and alcohol intake. Both of these substances can stay in your system
for a while and disrupt the quality of your sleep. Avoid alcohol within three hours of
bedtime and caffeine within five hours.

24
 2. Limitations of the study:
The first limitation of the study is that sampling is related to HCM Cityity area and
the large number of survey participants are 2nd and 3rd year students and the survey
sample is not really large. generalization is not high.
The second limitation is related to the reliability of the data, this survey data cannot
avoid errors in the process of answering questions, in some cases, incorrect information
may be declared. The truth leads to data errors, deviations from reality partly because
this survey is conducted in an online form, leading to misunderstanding of survey
participants compared to the author's intention to ask.
The third limitation and also the biggest limitation, this survey was conducted by a
group of students from UEH due to lack of experience in surveying and questioning, so
the group's research has not been rigorous. and there are many shortcomings in the
implementation process.
3. Some recommendations for future research:
This study can be the basis for other studies in the future, encouraging further studies
to select a more accurate survey sample.

25
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