Physics - Is generally defined as the science of matter and energy.

>It is essential to everyone since it explains the different things that we experiernced or do everyday.
When we walk, open the door or sit on a chair, Physics is always there to explain this phenomenon.

>Mathematic is the language of Physics.

>In the study of Physics, it deals with measurements that we always experienced everyday.

Measurement - When measurement is made, we compare a known value which are commonly called
standard or acceptable measurement against an unknown measurement.

Significant figure - Significant figure or significant digit is one way to write or show the precise
measurement. These are numbers that can be exact or good estimate in measurement.

Physical quantities - is the measurable property of an object like its length, mass and time.

Fundamental quantity

➢ Quantities that do not depend on any of the other quantity.

➢ One can easily understand the measurement using only one of the above quantity. (basic units)

Derived quantity

➢ >these are combination of two or more fundamental quantity to understand measurement.

The two systems of measurement

1. British or English system - The English units of measure or sometimes called the FPS system since it
use the foot for the length, pound for the mass and second for the time. It is also defined in terms of the
SI system.

2. Metric system - The metric units of measure, also called SI system or the international system of
measurement. It consists of standard units and prefixes that are multiple of ten.

> It includes the MKS system (meter kilogram seconds) and the CGS system (centimeter - gram seconds)
for the length, mass, and time.

Effect of instrument in measurement

➢ In the study of Physics, laboratory activities are perform that requires the use of measuring
instrument to produce important data.
➢ The objective in using measuring instrument is to make an exact measurement but all
measurement made has some degree of uncertainty.

Calibration - is one source of uncertainty in measuring instrument like caliberor the triple beam balance.

Instrument resolution - is the instrument ability to measure very small measurement accurately.

Instrument drift can also cause inaccuracy in measurement.

In Physics measurement, uncertainty can also mean the absolute error. It is the limit or boundaries
between two points where the true value of what to be measured will exist or fall.
Types of error:

1. Personal error - the error committed is normally done by the student or person making the
measurement.

> Carelessness in reading the measuring instrument, recording using rounding off, mathematical
computation.

>position of the eye while making measurement reading may cause variation in the measurement.

>There is a bias in doing the first measurement for a series of measurement.

>Ignore the use of significant figure correctly.

2. Systematic error - the error committed is normally in the measuring instrument that is being use by
the student or person.

>Improper location or marking of zero in the measuring instrument being use.

>There is bias in reading multiple measurement.

>The time is sometimes not considered in taking measurement.

3. Random error - It is sometimes called accidental error in making measurement. Normally beyond the
control of the student or person doing the measurement.

> The error occurs from the unpredictable or unknown variation while making the measurement or in
experimental situation.

Variance - is use to get the exactness of multiple measurement.

ACCURACY VS PRECISION

We need to differentiate precision and accuracy to better understand more the correctness of our
measurement.

Accuracy - is the nearness or exactness of the actual measurement done or the experimental value to
the true value being measured.

Precision - is the closeness of agreement among the different measurement result when measuring
same quantity.

In Physics, physical quantities can be describe by their measures and is classified as scalar quantity or
vector quantity.

Scalar quantity

o are quantities that are described by their magnitude.

o are quantities that has magnitude only.
o When a student walks a distance of 25 meters, the quantity is describe as to how long is the
distance. The magnitude is the how much to describe the distance.
o examples: distance, area, speed, mass, volume, density
Vector quantity

o are quantities that described by their magnitude and direction.

o are used to represent things that we cannot see like a force exerts or velocity of a moving car.
o Vectors can represented by an arrow. It also use a scale In graphical solution.
o is the symbol to represent a vector.

Vector Addition

o Resultant - is the vector sum of more than one vector.

o Although addition is the word use but it is combining vectors having different magnitude and
direction.
o It is replaced or represent by one single vector called resultant.
o Equilibrant is the same magnitude as the resultant but in the opposite direction.

Kinematics: Motion on a straight line.

Kinematics - deals with the study of the description of motion. Describing the motion in terms of its
velocity, distance, time, acceleration.

Motion - on a straight line is sometimes called rectilinear motion. ( one dimension)

>motion can be along x - axis, y -axis or slanted as long its on a straight line.

example:

o 1. Vehicles on the road

o 2. an object dropped from
o a height
o 3. student walking
o 4. LRT train

Different terminologies use in the study of motion.

Motion – ls a continuous change of position with regards to known point of reference.

Position - is to represent the object in motion to some point of reference or starting point.

- Usually the origin of the x- axis serves as the reference point for motion on a straight line.

Object - The word object in the discussion is referred to as the Particle in motion that is being studied or
analyze.

Distance - Is the total length covered for a certain motion on a straight line.

Displacement - Is the actual change in position of the object in motion.

•It indicates the initial and final position of the object and it is also a vector quantity.

Speed - Is a scalar quantity that gives the magnitude of how fast an object is moving.

•Is the ratio of the distance covered and the time to cover that distance. Common unit use is the m/s.
Velocity - Is a scalar quantity that gives the magnitude of how fast an object is moving.

• Is the ratio of the displacement of the object and the time pass in that displacement. Common unit use
is the m/s.

Average velocity - Is the ratio of the complete distance covered by the object and the total time to
complete that distance .

• The changes in the speed in between the complete distance is not mentioned.

Instantaneous velocity - The velocity commonly read in the odometer while driving or the velocity at
that moment or situation.

• Velocity where the position of the object changes with time.

Uniform Accelerated motion (UAM)

- When the velocity of the object in motion changes at constant rate when acceleration is the
same as time pass by.

Free fall motion

➢ A type of uniform accelerated motion wherein the Acceleration is constant.

➢ Free falling bodies move under the action of its own weight Or due to the pull of earth's gravity.
➢ The formula is same with uniform accelerated motion but instead of
- acceleration, a change to g ( gravitational acc.)

Position vector

➢ To identify the location of an object, P in space: position vector is use.

➢ It is a vector that usually starts from the origin as its

Displacement

➢ The change in position of an object in space

Average velocity

➢ ls the ratio of the change in displacement of each

➢ component in space and the time interval in each component.

PROJECTILE MOTION - is a curvilinear motion and special type of a two dimensional motion since it is on
a plane.

• The object moves in space with initial velocity under the influence of the earth's gravity.

Motion - is a combination two simultaneous motion.

The horizontal motion of the object is due to the initial velocity.

The vertical motion is due to the influence of gravity.

Trajectory is the path followed by the projectile usually parabolic in shape.

The vetical and horizontal motion are independent so that it is a two dimensional motion.

CIRCULAR MOTION - object moves in a circular path wherein the magnitude of its velocity is constant .

• Object velocity is constant in magnitude but its direction changes at every point along the path , then
it is accelerated .

• The centripetal acceleration is perpendicular to the velocity directed towards the center of the circle.

Speed in uniform circular motion is constant . Velocity change as the object continuously move in
circular path . A word to remember is the word centripetal ( either force or acceleration ) which implies
towards the center . It is the centripetal acceleration that holds the object to move and stay in circular
path and is directed towards the center .

Comparison: uniform circular motion and non - uniform circular motion

- uniform circular motion as explained has a constant speed.

- When this constant speed changes as the object move in circular path then we have a non
uniform circular motion.

Newton's laws of motion

1. Newton's First law of motion - States " that a body at rest will remain at rest , and a body in motion
will remain in motion at constant velocity in a straight line if no force acts on it . "

• It is also called " law of Inertia "

• The statement also indicates two situations .
1. Body at rest and
2. body in motion

Inertia is the ability of an object that needs application of force to change the object's motion.

• For a body at rest means the body will stay to be at rest unless a force is applied to move it.
• For a body in motion means the body will move continuously unless a force is applied to stop it.

Examples :

I. Bodies at rest

lI. Bodies in motion

1. building

2. The planetary system

3. bridges

4. Satellite

5. AC units

6. Rolling ball
2. Newton's second law of motion - States that "the acceleration of a body is directly proportional to
the force acting on it and inversely proportional with the mass of the body. "

• It is also called "law of acceleration"

• When a body is at rest, some other body has to apply a push to make it start moving.
• When a body is in motion, some other body has to apply a pull to make it come to stop.
• In both cases, all the situation given has acceleration.

3. Newton's third law of motion - State "for every action force, there is an equal and Opposite reaction
force".

• It is also called "law of interaction"

Examples:

1.picture frame hanging on the wall.

2. rowing of a boat

3. writing a lecture

4. elevator cable

5. every foot step

Power (P) - speed or rate of work

Work (Wk) - is the product of the force and the displacement resulting from the application of force.

• work is a scalar quantity.

Note:

1.) No work is done if the force exerted on the object causes no displacement.

2.) No work is done if the force applied has a zero component in the direction of motion.

ENERGY - the ability to do a work, that is any object capable of doing a work possess energy,

• Energy is a scalar quantity,

• The amount of energy transferred to an object is equal to the work done in that object

The units of energy are the same with the units of work.

1.) Potential Energy (PE) - energy possessed by an object because of its position
Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE) - energy possessed by an object because of its position
relative to earth.
2.) Kinetic Energy (KE) - enerey possessed by an object at motion.

Work-energy Theorem (Source: Hewitt, P)

- The work done on an object equal the change in kinetic energy of the object.