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CHINESE HISTORICAL SOURCES ON BURMA
A Bibliography of Primary and Secondary Worksi
Sun Laichen
Introduction
Scholars have long recognized the significance of Chinese

historical records for the study of early Southeast Asian history.2
However, these records have heretofore been of only limited use
because specific sources relevant to Southeast Asia lie scattered
among such a great mass and variety of other materials as to be
extremely difficult to locate. To address this problem, Japanese and
Chinese scholars in the early 1900s began compiling Chinese
historical works. For several decades these efforts were tentative
and incomplete; in fact, only with the efforts of Zhao Lingyang et
al. in the 1960s (1968[1I], 1976[II])3did systematic documentation
1 This article is dedicated to Professor Chen Yan of Peking University. I

thank Prof. Michael Aung-Thwin for encouraging me to introduce these
Chinese sources, Dr. John Whitmore and Prof. Victor Lieberman for taking
time to read the draft and give suggestions; Prof. Yu Dingbang and Mr. Chen
Ruxing (Chen Yi-sein) for providing information on their works and for
making suggestions; Mrs. Kazuko Anderson for helping me locate some
Japanese materials and translate some Japanese words, Mr. Wan Weiying,
and Mr. Chen Xiaofei for helping me locate some Chinese sources. Special
thanks go to Prof. Watanabe Yoshinari for checking and correcting my
Japanese romanization and translations, for providing suggestions and
comments, and for supplying information, to Drs. Geoff Wade and Sylvie
Pasquet for reading the draft, giving comments, and supplying materials and
information. The following people also provided sources: Wu Yongping, He
Ping, He Shengda, Michael Charney, John Whitmore, Michael Aung-Thwin, Ji
Lianfang, and Xie Fang. I also thank Edwin Zehner, Bob Vore, and Bonnie
Adamson for their efforts and patience in editing this paper, and Marin
Hanson for inputting the Chinese characters. Alfthis generous help has
dramatically reducedthe number of mistakes in and enriched the content of
this paper. All errors, inaccuracies, and incompleteness, however, remain
mine
2 For a general introduction, see Xu Yunqiao (1967[1I]; see footnote 3 for an
explanation of the parenthetical citation system (especially as regards the use
of Roman numerals) employed in this paper.
3 As this article includes four separate bibliographies, numbered
consecutively I through IV, parenthetical source citations include bracketed
Roman numerals (following the date or page number, if any) to indicate in
The Journal of Burma Studies

Volume 2, Special Issue
© 1997 by the Center for Southeast Asian Studies,
Northern Illinois University
Chinese Historical Sources on Burma
begin in earnest.4 Since the 1980s, however, scholars in mainland

China have made tremendous progress and have produced a number
of comprehensive collections of materials on Southeast Asia, some
covering the region as a whole and others focusing on individual
countries. Some of the most notable of these works are Zhongguo guji
zhong youguan Feilubin ziliao huibian (Zhongshan Daxue
Dongnanya Lishi Yanjiusuo 1980[?]); Gudai Zhong Yue guanxi shi
ziliao xuanbian (Zhongguo Shehui Kexueyuan Lishi Yanjiusuo
1982[1I]); Zhongguo guji zhong youguan Laozoo ziliao huibian (Jing
Zhenguo et al. 1985[1I]); Qing shilu Yuenan, Miandian, Taiguo,
Laowo shiliao zhaichao (Yunnan Sheng Lishi Yanjiusuo 1985[1I]);
Zhongguo guji zhong youguan Jianpuzhai ziliao huibian (Lujunling
and Zhou Shaoquan 1986[1I]); Ming shilu leizuan—shewai shiliao
bian (Wang Yude et al. 1991[1I]); and Zhong Yue bianjie lishi ziliao
xuanbian (Xiao Dehao and Huang Zheng, et al. 1993[1I]). Other
compilations on Burma, Singapore and Malaysia, Thailand, and
Indonesia have been completed and await publication.5 Mention
should be made too of the Gudai Nanhai dinting huishi, by Chen
Jiarong, Xiefang, and Lu Junling (1986[1I]), which, though not a
collection of sources per se, is of great help to anyone seeking
Chinese sources for the study of Southeast Asian history. Japanese
scholars have also produced compilations of sources (Momoki Shiro
1984-1985[1I]; Onishi Kazuhiko 1991[1I]), but not as many as have
Chinese scholars.
Apart from fragmentary translations in academic
publications, little effort has been made to render these valuable
materials into English and other Western languages
(Imbault-Huart, M. Camille 1878[IV]; Parker 1893[H], 1894[1I];
Huber 1904 [III]; W. Warry n.d.[II]; Luce 1961[11I]). As a result,
scholars who do not read Chinese have but a poor understanding of
which specific bibliography the complete citation for any given source can be
found.
4 For general collections of Chinese historical records other than those
compiled by Zhao Lingyang et al, see Fuiita Toyohachi (1913[1I], 1929[H]);
Xiang Da (1930[1I]); Wang Yong (1932IH]); Xu Daoling (1937[1I]); Su
Qianying (1941[H]); Wada Hisanori (1944[1I]); Ishida Mikinosuke (1945[1I]);
Xu Yunqiao (1959[1I]); Zhu Jieqin (1963a[II], 1963b[II]); Yunnan Sheng Lishi
Yanjiusuo (1959[1I], 1984[H]); Luo Huangchao (1979[H]); Fang Guoyu
(1984a[II]); Li Xiaoyuan (1988[?]); Franke 1972[1I]; Zhang Xiumin (1992[1I]).
Though they focus on Yunnan, the books by Fang Guoyu and Li Xiaoyuan
and the collections by the Yunnan Sheng Lishi Yanjiusuo cite many sources
related to Burma and Vietnam; Li Genyuan's Yongchang fu wenzheng
(1941[1I]) contains many sources dealing with the former country.
5 Communication with Professor Yu Dingbang, August 9, 1996; Liu Yongzhuo
(1994: 47[IV]).
2 The Journal of Burma Studies, Volume 2

Introduction
Chinese sources on Burma (Tuchrello 1988:141[IV]). As the number

of bilingual scholars increases, so too will the number of
translations.6 In the meantime, however, a systematic introduction
to the sources in question would be most useful. The present article is
intended to provide such an introduction.7
Most of the materials annotated below are listed in the
Zhongguo guji zhong de Miandian ziliao huibian [A corpus of
Chinese historical sources on Burma] (hereafter as "Huibian"),
compiled by Yu Dingbang 5&5ËH5, Huang Zhongyan UrJtIIi/ and
Jiang Xingdong iXS^ of Zhongshan University.8 I have, however,
made several changes to the system of annotation followed in that
work. First of all, in order to save space, I have annotated only the
primary and not the secondary sources. ("Primary source" here
includes those that record earlier-period texts whose originals are
no longer extant.) For works that contain both primary and
secondary sources, only the primary ones are annotated. Secondly, I
have excluded records that contain Dunxun WkM, Dianxun ftíü,
Diansun îM., Dianyou Ä$?, or Quxun tela!,9 as these toponyms
represent phonetic derivations of the proto-Mon dun sun or sun dun
"five cities" and refer to the region centered not at Tenasserim, the
conventional identification (Chen Ruxing 1979b:7; 1995b:2 [??]), but
in the vicinity of Phong Tuk or Phra Pathom in the far north of the
Siamo-Malayan isthmus (Wheatley 1956:17-30 [IV]; 1961:15-21,
286, 292 [IV]; 1983:213 [III]; Shorto 1963:583 [IV]), or near the
Isthmus of Kra (Luce 1924a:155-156 [IV]), or, more specifically, at
Takuapa.10 Thirdly, although I have followed Professors Yu,
6 Geoffrey Philip Wade (1994[H]) has translated into English all the
materials pertaining to Southeast Asia in the Ming shi Iu. He has also
translated the Baiyi zhuan into English (Wade 1996[11I]).
7 I have access neither to G. H. Luce's unpublished "Chinese Books on
Burma" (Nan Pan HIa 1979[11I]) nor to A Catalogue of Chinese Books in the
Library of the Burma Historical Commission (Anonymous 1961[IV]), but I am
certain that many of the materials included in this paper do not appear in
either of those works.
8 To be published by Zhonghua Shuju, Beijing. I am indebted to these three
professors for compiling this work. Without their efforts, we would still
have to spend more time m gathering these sources.
9 For the works that contain these terms, see Chen Jiarong, Xie Fang, and Lu
Junling (1986:502, 503, 625-626 [H]) and Wheatley (1961:15-19 [IV]).
10Pluvier ignores these studies and still identifies Dunxun with Tenasserim
(1995: map 4 [IV]), though he at least includes Wheatley's work (1961[IV]) in
his bibliography (57). In 1979 Chen Ruxing (1979b) sfili held that the center
region of Dunxun was possibly Tenasserim, but was more likely Takuapa, or
at least Dunxun included the lower part of Tenaserim. In 1995 he modified
The Journal of Burma Studies, Volume 2 3

Huang, and Jiang in arranging the Chinese sources according to

dynastic periods, I have with but few exceptions reordered the
citations within each period according either to the time a work
was completed or to the time of the events it describes. And lastly,
for each work I have provided all available information regarding
the author's life span and the time the work was completed or
published.
Although the Huibian contains citations for most Chinese
materials on Burma, there still remain many primary and
secondary sources not included there. Therefore, I have added all
the primary works I have collected through my own research and
that are not listed in the Huibian. These are marked with
asterisks. Still, the resulting composite bibliography is not
complete. Some potentially important omissions I know of are Dian
shi zouyi Wt^^Wi, held at Zhejiang Tushuguan and at Yunnan
Tushuguan and cited in Fang Guoyu (1984a, vol. 2:526 [H]),
Zhaozhong ci liezhuan xuji tfi&fàFiWJÊM, held at Beijing
Tushuguan and cited in Beijing Tushuguan (n.d.:424 [IV]), "Mian
dang" MWi, held at the Guoli Gugong Bowuyuan in Taiwan and
cited in Guoli Gugong Bowuyuan (1982:549 [IV])," and Shi gui fëM,
held at Guoli Zhongyang Tushuguan and cited in Guoli Zhongyang
Tushuguan (1986:382 [IV]).12
To minimize inaccuracies in the annotations, I have checked
most of the original sources included in the Huibian. However,
because some of the Chinese texts, especially those of the Ming and
Qing periods, are either extremely voluminous or were copied
several or even many times, it is often difficult to determine
whether a given work should be considered a primary or a
secondary souce.13 In addition, since little detailed research has
been done on many of these texts, my information about them may
not always be entirely accurate.
this view, saying that Dunxun was "absolutely" not Tenasserim (Chen
Ruxing 1995b).
11Altogether 6 volumes, and the numbers of pages of them are 195, 253, 310,
238, 209, and 231 respectivley. I thank Wu Yongping ZE7^3P of Leiden
University for providing this information.
12It is wrong to say this work is lost already (Jiang Yinglian 1980:24[III];
Wu Yongzhang 1991:76 [IV]).
13For the categorization of Chinese sources on Southeast Asia of the Ming
period, see Franke (1972[H]). Franke remarks on the problems involved in
this work as follows: "This question of classification is, indeed, a very
difficult one; it requires a detailed investigation of a huge amount of
literature which cannot be carried out by a single scholar in a short period,
but only through a major research project" (156).

Introduction
Considering the great number of sources at hand, I would like

to offer a few suggestions for future research. First of all, to avoid
repeating what has already been done, researchers should consult
all previous bibliographic studies before undertaking their own
work. Starting with E. H. Parker, modern scholars have produced a
great deal of research and have solved many important problems in
the history of Burma and of Sino-Burmese relations.14 These
studies have been done in several languages, including English,
Burmese, Chinese, Japanese, and French, and are listed in Section
III of this paper under the title "List of Research Works Concerning
Burma That Use Chinese Sources." Secondly, attention should be
directed to sources from the Ming and Qing dynasties, which,
despite the efforts of Ogiwara Hiroaki and Suzuki Chusei, have
been relatively understudied compared to sources from the earlier
Tang through Yuan periods. Among the problems meriting concerted
research are the economic connections (notably trade) between
China and Burma. While I agree in principle with Watanabe
Yoshinari (1991:117 [IV]) that such research should address both
the trade itself as well as its impact on state-formation and
statecraft, I believe the scope of analysis should include not only
those principalities located between China and Burma, as
Wanatabe says, but also the regions of southwestern China and
Burma. Thirdly, Chinese sources should be compared to
contemporaneous Burmese sources. G. H. Luce and Chen Ruxing have
made great use of both Chinese and Burmese sources to study the
history of the Pyu and of Sino-Burmese relations up to the early
Ming. In China, scholars have by and large relied on Chinese
sources alone to study the Sino-Burmese relationship.15 Japanese
scholars, especially Ogiwara Hiroaki, have used some Burmese
sources but not as many as might be wished.16
The rationale for using a mix of Chinese and Burmese sources
is that the unscrupulous use of Chinese sources alone has resulted in
14See sections II and III. Assessing these works, however, requires another
separate paper.
15He Shengda's Miandian shi, which makes use of Burmese sources in
English and Chinese translation, is a welcome exception.
16Japanese scholars from the 1950s to 1970s regularly used a large number
of Chinese sources to study Burmese history and Sino-Burmese relations,
now only Watanabe Yoshinari (1987[11I]) and Kida Mikio (1981[IH],
1986[HI]) carry on this practice.

a number of Sinocentric perspectives of dubious merit. For example,

the traditional Chinese view of Sino-Burmese historical relations
is as the relations between suzerain and vassal. The Burmese,
however, see their traditional relationship with China as one of
"younger brother" to "elder brother" or, as equal to equal (Sun
1996[III]).17 Another example of a mistaken conclusion is the ethnic
identity of the "Gwei" Go8. people (also spelled "Kwe," "Gwe," and
many other ways in Western languages; the Chinese is "Gui" H ,
$Ê, or %), who were so prominent in 18th-century Burmese history.
Chinese and Japanese scholars who depend only on Chinese sources
have long been convinced that the Gwei were descended from the
followers of Yongli jjcM, the last emperor of the Southern Ming
dynasty (Suzuki and Orgiwara 1977[HI]; Wang Hongdao 1981[HI];
Ning Chao 1982[IH]). However, by looking carefully at Burmese
and other non-Chinese records, we can prove that the Gwei were
not of Chinese descent.18
One final recommendation, put forth by Watanabe Yoshinari
(1990:20 [IV]; 1991:117 [IV]) and seconded here, is that greater
advantage should be taken of Dai (Tai) language sources.
Fortunately, ever since the 1940s Chinese scholars in Yunnan ffj^
(and Li Fuyi &$l·— in Taiwan) have been researching and
translating into Chinese a great many Dai records that shed light
on the historical relations both among the Dai/Shan kingdoms and
principalities of Southern and Southwestern Yunnan, Northern
Burma, Northern Thailand, and Northern Laos and between those
groups and China and Burma, respectively. To introduce the Dai
sources and the Chinese translations in detail is beyond the scope of
this paper; however, several articles that employ these sources
(either solely or in conjuction with Chinese ones) are listed in
Sections II and III (Tao Yunkui 1944[HI]; Dao Yongming 1989[11I];
Zhu Depu 1988[IH], 1990[HI]).
I have used the pinyin romanization system for Chinese works;
variant spellings of Chinese names are given in parentheses. For
the Burmese, I have employed the "conventional transcription"
17 Pasquet (1995a [III]), judging by the title, seems also to deal with this
problem.
*8 In 1994 (Sun 1994[IH]) I still followed the conventional view, but more
and more evidence has shown that it is wrong. See "Dehyphenation and
Desinicization of the Ethnicity of the Gwei m Burmese History" (Sun
1998[HI]).

Introduction
provided in John Okell's A Guide to the Romanization of Burmese

(1971[IV]). I follow the conventional system for the romanization of
Japanese works. No diacritical marks are used in either the
Chinese or the Burmese or the Japanese romanization system.
The Journal of Burma Studies, Volume 2

,%LEOLRJUDSK\RI&KLQHVH+LVWRULFDO6RXUFHVRQ%XUPD
'2,MEV
I. Bibliography of Chinese Historical
Sources on Burma
A. Chinese historical sources on Burma

before the Tang ^ dynasty
(from the 2nd century B.C. to 618)
Title: Shi ji £13 (Records of the grand historian)
Author: Sima Qian ^JIJg (145-86? B.C.)
Summary: Volumes 116 and 123 contain two passages that
relate how Zhang Qian 3SfI, the famous
diplomat-cum-explorer of the Former Han dynasty (206
B.C-220 A.D.), visited Daxia ^cg(Bactria) and saw
there Sichuan H jl| goods that he speculated must have
come via Yunnan MW and Yuandu Mi$ (India). x Volume
123 also mentions "Dianyue" ÌAI3 , which according to
Chen Ruxing is a mistranscription of "Piaoyue" MM and
should be identified with "Pu-vastu," i.e., the Pyu
kingdom (199Id[HI]).
Comment: Completed before 91 B.C., these accounts indicate
that the Sichuan-Yunnan-Burma-India overland trade
route was already in use as early as (and probably before)
the 2nd century B.C.
Title: Han shu M§ (History of the [former] Han dynasty
[206 B.C.-25 A.D.])
Author Ban Gu gE@ (32-92)
Summary: Volumes 28 and 61 contain two passages relevant to
Burma. One records how during the reigns of Emperor Wu
Ä3F (140-96 B.C.) and Wang Mang 5Ef? (9-23), Han
envoys sailed from modern Guangdong MM province to
India with the aim of buying luxury goods, such as pearl
1 Many scholars outside China mistakenly pronounce and spell the first
character M as "shen" in English (Wang Gungwu 1958:23, note 25 [IV];
Watson 1962:269, 275, and 294 [IV]; Wolters 1967:257 [IV]; Yu Yingshi
1967: maps on the front and back end sheets, 112, 115 [III]) or as "chen in
French (Chavannes 1967:LXXIII [IV]). The ancient pronunciation of Jp as in
MM is in fact "ivan" (Ji Xianlin et al. 1985:162, note 1 [IV]).

and opaque glass. Several place names are mentioned,

including Duyuan Ult, Yilumo êHfë, Chenli jjggt,
Fugandulu ^"0"IPEL, Huangzhi ^3t, Pizong ^g?, and
Yichengbu S ?!-^· The other passage describes briefly
the Han court's failed attempt to open the overland route
leading to Daxia by pacifying the "Xinanyi" ffi^H
meaning "southwestern barbarians".
Comment: The first passage is the earliest written evidence
of the maritime trade between China and South and
Southeast Asia. While the precise locations of most
places have been debated for years, it should be certain
that some of them have some bearing on Pyu history.
Chen Ruxing postulates that Fugandulu
("Pugramadvara" in Sanskrit and "Pugamadvara in Pali,
meaning "doorway to the land of the Pyu") was located
at or around Takuapa on the west coast of the Malay
peninsula (199Ig[III]; 1994b:17 [III]). Chen speculates
further that Pizong might have been located in
present-day Burma; that its name was later changed to
"Bisong" .tfcüS , as recorded in the Tong dian 3ÜÄ and
Taiping yulan ^^PHlÊ; and that it should be identified
with the "Piqian" WiM mentioned in the Liang shu ^H,
Nan shi (^£, and Taiping yulan, as well as with the
"Michen" UiE that appears in Tang and Song records
(1994b: 13-15 [HI]).
*3. Title: Sanguo zhi ELM& (History of the three kindoms)
Author: Chen Shou fàB (233-297)
Summary: Volume 30 cites the Wei lue Ü B§, by Yu Huan
M^, in which are mentioned the terms Panyue M.M and
Hany u e MM- The former is the Sanskrit name
(Brahma-vatthu) for the Pyu people, while the latter
might be a mistranscription of Piaoyue MM (Chen
Ruxing 1991d:194 [III]). In addition, the Sanguo zhi
mentions the maritime route from Daqin ;*C=SI (the
Roman empire) to Yongchang ^kH (present-day Baoshan
ííc |1|), in southwestern Yunnan, thus alluding to the
overland route between Yunnan and the Pyu kindom.
Comment: Completed around 290.
4. Title: Hou Han shu fêHft (History of the Later Han
dynasty [25-220])

J. A. Before the Tang Dynasty (1st century B.C. to 618)
Author: Fan Ye %$ (398-445)
Summary: Volumes 4, 5, 6, 51, and 86 contain accounts of
missions to China from the Shan kingdom WM, Dunrenyi
UtSZ. , and Lulei gtjp. Volume 88 mentions "Panqi"
If $§, which name is a mistranscription of Panyue (Chen
Ruxing 1991d: 195 [IH]).
Comment: Written between 424 (or 432) and 445. Scholars
speculate that Dunrenyi and Lulei were located in the
present-day Sino-Burmese border region, but their exact
locations are not known. The location of the "Shan"
kingdom mentioned in the chronicle has been a subject of
considerable controversy: Most scholars in mainland
China and Taiwan maintain that the kingdom was
established by the Shan people, some holding that its
territory included not only northern Burma but also parts
of Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam (Fang Guoyu 1958: 7-10
[III]); Paul J. Bennet, on the other hand, argues for a
location in north-central Arakan (1984[11I]); and still
others, including E. H. Parker, G. H. Luce, and Chen
Ruxing, suggest locations in West Asia. Chen convincingly
identifies it with modern Syria, called "Sham" by the
Arabs (Chen Ruxing 1991b [IH]).
Title: Huayang guo zhi WVêMfc (The records of the region in
the south of the Hua Mountain)
Author: Chang Qu %M
Summary: Volume 4 contains a brief passage describing how
during the reign of Emperor Ming $3F (58-76) of the
Later Han dynasty, the Yongchang prefecture in
southwestern Yunnan was established by peoples coming
from PiaoyuetHJS (the Pyu kingdom) and Yuandu MM
(India).
Comment: This short but very important record indicates that
in the 1st century, China, Burma, and India maintained a
very active intercourse, most likely of a commercial kind.
Title: Shui jing zhu t???? (Annotations of the Shui jing T^M)
Author: Li Daoyuan J$jtjc (446? or 472?-527)
Summary: Volume 1 contains two citations from the Funan ji
íkWtñ and the Funan zhuan ikffîfë which mention a
Buddhist kingdom named Linyang# % (M) or Danyang

Comment: Completed between 515 and 524 and very

important for the study of Pyu history. The Shui jing
(The book of waterways) was written in the 3rd century.
Li Daoyuan made an extensive and important
commentary on this text. Linyang (or Danyang) is
thought to be the Vishnu city of the Pyu (Chen Ruxing,
1995b [III]).
*7. Title: Liang shu ^H (History of the Liang dynasty

[502-557])
Author: Yao Silian WiBB (557-637)
Summary: Volume 54 contains a brief record concerning
"Piqian guo" íít^S (the Piqian kingdom).
Comment: Completed in 636.
8. Title: Sui shu ß^ß (History of the Sui dynasty [581-618])

Author: Wei Zheng g&fiE (580-643)
Summary: Contains brief descriptions of the locations of and
relations among several kingdoms in mainland Southeast
Asia, including "Zhujiang guo" ÂCS (the Pyu kingdom)
and Bisong J±¡{g.

B. Chinese historical sources on Burma
during the Tang dynasty (618-907)
9. Title: Da Tang Xiyu ji ^r^S^gg (A journey to the West
Region during the great Tang)
Author. Xuanzang X^ (602-664) and Bianji MW,
Summary: Volume 10 mentions the name Shilichadaluo EE^lJ
HSH (Sri Ksetra), the then capital of the Pyu
kingdom.
»10. Title: Da Tang Xiyu qiufa gaoseng zhuan X.fêïïi&ik&MiËfë-
(Biographies of the eminent monks who sought the law
in the West Region during the great Tang)
Author: Yijing MW (635-713)
Summary: Volume 1 contains a brief account of twenty monks
who went on pilgrimage to Nalanda (Nalantuo ÉPfêiPB in
Chinese) in India from Sichuan.
Comment: Completed in 691. Contains valuable information
on the travel route from southwestern China to India via
northern Burma.
11. Title: Nanhai jigui neifa zhuan WM^fÊfàfèfë (On the

esoteric doctrine remitted from the South Seas)
Author: Yijing $$ (635-713)
Summary: Volume 1 mentions the name Shilichadaluo JËfIJ
H RIIl and the route from Nalanda in India to Sichuan.
Comment: Written in 691.
*12. Title: Yiqie jing yinyi — WM^M (Pronunciation and

meaning of the terms in Buddhist scriptures)
Author: Huilin SU* (737-820)
Summary: Volume 81 gives a relatively detailed account of
the Sichuan-Yunnan-Burma-India overland trade route
from southwestern China to northeastern India,
emphasizing the difficulties likely to be encountered
along the way.
Comment Completed in 807 or 810. Also called Huilin yinyi
MMm-M or Dazang yinyi JzWgQ.
13. Title: Baishi changqing ji SRMfEM (Collected works of
Bai Juyi)
T7ie Journal of Burma Studies, Volume 2 13

Author: Bai Juyi Ö&i (772-846)

Summary: Volume 3 contains a poem describing briefly but
vividly the performance of the Pyu troupe that visited
Chang'an M% (modem Xi'an MU), the then capital of
the Tang. Volume 40 contains an imperial missive from
Emperor Dezong ÍItk to Yongqiang M%, the king of the
Pyu kingdom.
Comment: Valuable for the study of Pyu music and,
especially, Tang-Pyu relations. Bai Juyi mentions two
Pyu musical instruments, the yuluo 3£l!| and the tonggu
MH&, whose names mean literally "jade shell" and
"bronze drum." "Jade" and "bronze," however, refer
simply to the colors of these instruments and not to the
material from which they were made. This had misled
Liu Xun §lJtêj of the Tang dynasty, who says in his
Lingbiao luyi SSiSii^ (Records of the exotic things
beyond the mountain ranges) that the Pyu troupe used
jade shells and bronze drums as musical instruments. One
modern scholar has noted this error (Li Genyuan 1941:
"Jizai" %0M, book 1, volume 1, 10 recto [H]), but others
still follow the early misreading (Chen Ruxing 1961[IH];
Jiang Yingliang 1980:77[III]; Li Weiqing 1986:652 [IV];
Long Jianmin and Tang Chuchen 1988:252 [HI]; Gu Hai
1990:63 [H]).
14.Title: Yuanshi changqing ji 7ü!fcM:B.M (Collected works of

Yuan Zhen)
Author: Yuan Zhen p^ (779-831)
Summary: Volume 24 contains a poem that briefly but
vividly describes the performance style and techniques of
Pyu music.
15.Title: Quan Tang shi èlft# (Complete collection of Tang
poems)
Author: Hu Zhijun $iM& (783 jinshi Ji±)
Summary: Volume 464 contains a brief poem describing a
musical performance by a Pyu troupe.
16.Title: Piaoguo yue song MWMif&ffi. (Praising Pyu music)
Author: Tang Ci MX
Summary: A poem describing a Pyu musical performance at
the Tang court.

I. B. Tang Dynasty (618-907)
*17. Title: Tong dian 2§Ä (Encyclopedic history of institutions)

Author Du You tfcfö (735-821)
Summary: Volume 188 mentions "Bisong" JrbìtìS-
18.Title: Man shu HiS (Book of the southern barbarians)
Author: Fan Chuo $&f&
Summary: Volumes 2, 4, 7, and 10 contain accounts of the
Minuo 3ffg, Michen 3fg, "Piao guo" Jggg (the Pyu
kingdom), and Kunlun ufà peoples, including their
geographical locations, customs, architecture, religions,
and trade.
Comment: Completed in 863. This text exists under many
other titles, one being Yunnan zhi MWM (The record of
Yunnan). Fan Chuo supplemented his own observations
with information from earlier records of Nanzhao
^nS officials. The accounts of Minuo and Michen are
especially revealing. The Jiu Tang shu and Xin Tang shu
(see below) took information on the Pyu kingdom from the
Man shu . In addition to describing various aspects of the
three kingdoms themselves, the Man shu includes
valuble information on contemporary trade routes
between Yunnan, Burma, and India, and on the migrations
of the Burmans and Shans (Chen Ruxing 1967; 1995a [HI]).
19.Title: Jiu Tang shu ïfJÉÏIÏ (Old history of the Tang dynasty)
Author Uu Xu UlBeJ (887-946) et al.
Summary: Volumes 13, 14, 29, and 197 contain accounts of the
visit of Pyu envoys and musicians to Chang'an, of their
musical performances there, and of the Pyu and Michen
kingdoms.
Comment: Completed in 944 or 945. Very important for the
study of the Pyu kingdom, including matters of territorial
control, foreign relations, political structure,
architecture, religion, customary law, and social customs.
20.Title: Tang huiyao ?????? (Important documents of the Tang)
Author: Wang Pu 3EU (922-982)
Summary: Volume 33 contains a brief description of a visit to
the Tang of a Pyu entourage, including an account of their
musical and dance performance. The Michen kingdom is

mentioned as well. Volume 100 mentions the Pyu kingdom

in two quotations from the Xinan yifang zhi MW^^M
and Nanzhong bajun zhi W^ AWM, respectively, which
were written between the 3rd and 5th centuries.
Comment: Completed in 961. An important record in that it
contains information not available in standard histories
like the Jiu Tang shu and Xin Tang shu.
21. Title: Xin Tang shu ffHH (New history of the Tang
dynasty)
Author: Ouyang Xiu WMfê (1007-1072) and Song Qi ^^|5
(998-1061) et al.
Summary: Volumes 22, 43, and 221 contain brief accounts of
the visit of a Pyu envoy to the Tang and of the routes from
Yunnan to India via Pyu. Volume 222 contains an
extremely detailed description of the Pyu kingdom,
including its geography, political structure, architecture,
religion, customary laws, customs, agriculture, coinage,
trade, musical instruments, songs (specific names are
given), and musicians' costumes. Also dealt with are the
Pyu's relations with the towns and settlements ("buluo"
êJ5$| in Chinese)2 under its rule as well as those with the
eighteen other kingdoms with which it had diplomatic
or commercial ties. Brief mention is made of the maritime
trade of Southeast Asia.
Comment: Completed in 1060. The most important single
source for information on the Pyu kingdom.
2 1 agree with Chen Ruxing that "buluo" should be translated as "settlement"

instead of "tribe" (1991e: chapter 5 [??]).

C. Chinese historical sources on Burma
during the Song ^ dynasty (960-1279)
22.Title: Taiping yulan ^5PPfS (Imperially reviewed
encyclopedia of the Taiping era [976-983])
Author: Li Fang $fô (925-996) et al.
Summary: Volumes 353, 787, 888, 956, 971, 981, and 982 contain
quotations from various older works, such as the Nanzhou
bajun zhi WWAWM, Funan tusu ÎkWi.fêt, Nanzhou
yiwu zhi W'iM^ûM, Guang zhi MM, and Yunnan ji
MWW· , which describe the products and customs of the
"Piao guo" PJS, Linyang, Michen, and Piqian (Bisong).
Comment: Completed in 983. Very valuable source in that all
the cited works are no longer extant.
23.Title: Lingwai daida SS^f-fî^F (Instead of replies to
enquiries about things beyond the mountain ranges)
Author Zhou Qufei Jfj£# (1163 jinshi)
Summary: Volume 2 contains a brief record of the stages
between DaIi JKM and Pugan Uf "B* (Pagan), together
with descriptions of the royal palace at Pagan, official
and monastic attire, and Buddhism.
Comment: Completed in 1178. This is the earliest Chinese
record containing the word Pugan.
24.Title: Zhu fan zhi WiWM (Description of foreign peoples)
Author: Zhao Rukuo mUtfê (1165?-after 1225)
Summary: Volume 1 contains a brief account of Pagan, its two
missions (in 1004 and 1102) to the Song, and its relations
with Zhenla HM (in modern Cambodia).
Comment: Prefaced in 1225. The description of Pagan is
similar to that in the Lingwai daida, but the account of
the missions from Pagan to the Song is unique.
25.Title: Ke shu pJ#3
Author: Zhang Zhifu §g$33ït
3 Li Genyuan (1941[1I]), in his Yongchangfu wenzheng ("ji zai" book 1,

volume 1, verso 14) and Fang Guoyu (1984a: volume 1, 142-143 [II]) both say
this account comes from Gong Dingchen's SiBfE Dongyuan Iu SKÍ&. Rao
Zongyi (1974b:4 [III]) points out the source of this item is the Ke shu. Gu Hai
(1990:123 [H]) also says the mission of Pagan is recorded in the Ke shu.

Summary: Contains a brief record of how Pagan and DaIi sent

missions with a large number of gifts, including Buddhist
scriptures, to the Southern Song (1127-1279) in 1136.
Comment: Also called the Zhangshi ke shu 3U^nJiS. An
extremely valuable source for the study of contemporary
Buddhist practices, the commercial products of Pagan,
and the relations between Pagan and the Southern Song.
26.Title: Yunlu manchao MWêkfâ (Copied at random at the
cloudy foot of the mountain)
Author: Zhao Yanwei BBfà (?-after 1206)
Summary: Volume 5 mentions briefly that ships from Zhenla,
Luohu jüj$4 (Lopbury, in southern Siam), and Pugan
(Pagan) frequently called at the ports of Fujian ÍSJÉ·
27.Title: Song shi 3?£ (History of the Song dynasty)
Author Tuotuo Jftjft (1313-1355) et al.
Summary: Volumes 20 and 89 contain brief accounts of the
mission from Pugan (Pagan) in 1106.
28.Title: Song huiyao jigao ^#Í?ÜÍI (Recollection of the
important documents of the Song dynasty)
Author: Zhang Dexiang $#^ (978-1048), Li Xinzhuan
&ÙM (1166-1243) et al.; re-collected by Xu Song ?&}&
(1781-1848)
Summary: Contains a brief record of the mission sent by Pagan
to the Song court in 1136.
Comment: The Song huiyao was originally compiled during
the Song dynasty by various people and at different
times (1044-1236). Lost in the mid-Ming period, the Song
huiyao was re-collected from the Yongle dadian àc^^CA
by Xu Song in 1808.

D. Chinese historical sources on Burma
during the Yuan % dynasty (1279-1368)
*29. Title: Saipingzhang dezheng bei OT$í§jgííf (Inscription

praising Saidianchi's achievements)
Author: Zhao Ziyuan ??7C
Summary: Contains information regarding the incursion into
southwestern Yunnan by the Pagan army led by General
Shiduoluobo U^MiU in 1277.
Comment: The text consists of a stone inscription inscribed
around 1278.
30.Title: Yuan wen lei jt'XM. (Collection of the literary works

of the Yuan)
Author: Su Tianjue M^M (1294-1352)
Summary: The item "Mian" $S is an extremely detailed
account of the Yuan-Burmese wars between 1271 and 1301
and is an invaluable record of Yuan-Burmese relations
and contemporaneous political developments in Burma. It
was later included in several collections and renamed
either the Huang Yuan zheng Mian Iu jETCÍEÜSÜ
(Account of Great Yuan's expedition to Burma), the
Yuanchao zheng Mian Iu 7rM'tiiM$k , or the Zhiyuan
zheng Mian Iu 1Í7CÍEÜI&. The "Mianguo zhuan" 33IHfë
(Biography of Burma) in the Yuan shi is based on this
account. The item "Zhaobu" #3$! was included in later
works under the title Zhaobu zonglu ÍSÜ^ÍfS (A
complete record of the pacification of rebels). All the
above-mentioned records might have derived originally
from the Yuan jingshi dadian %M1&^CÄ (also entitled
Huangchao jingshi dadian MMW&'X^), which was
completed in 1331 and is no longer extant.
Comment: Completed in 1334. Also called the Guochao
wenlei Wi^nJcM-
31.Title: Daoyi zhilue M^MM (Sketchy descriptions of the

island barbarians)
Author: Wang Dayuan 2^:^(1311-?)
Summary: Contains four brief items, three of which record
the products, customs, and trade of "Baduma" /\tftS
TTie Journal of Burma Studies, Volume 2 19

(Martaban), "Danmiao" $£ M (Tavoy or Tenassarim4),

and "Wudie" J^ # (Ussa in Mon, referring to the old
Pegu area). The fourth says that pilgrims can reach
Mecca via Yunnan, an allusion to the overland route from
Yunnan to Burma.
Comment: Completed in 1349. Valuable for the study of the
maritime trade between China and Lower Burma, the
general conditions obtaining in Lower Burma in the 14th
century, and the route between Yunnan and Burma. A
highly reliable account based on the author's two trips to
Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean in 1330-1334 and
1337-1339.
32. Title: Yuan shi 7GJÍÍ (History of the Yuan dynasty)

Author: Song Lian %B (1310-1381) et al.
Summary: Volumes 6-22, 24-27, 29-30, 34, 36, 39, 61, 125, 133,
149, 165, 166, 168, and 210 contain relatively detailed
records of Yuan-Burmese relations, including the
Yuan-Burmese war and the exchanging of missions by the
two countries.
4 Chen Ruxing (1992c:54[ffl]) argues for Tenassarim.

E. Chinese historical sources on Burma
during the Ming BjJ dynasty (1368-1644)
33.Title: Baiyi zhuan WHfê (Account of the Baiyi)5
Author Qian Guxun ÜÄnM
Summary: Qian Guxun and Li Sicong ^MM were sent to
Burma by the Ming court in 1396 to mediate existing
conflicts between the Ava dynasty and Luchuan. Qian's
book describes many ethnic minorities in present-day
southwestern Yunnan and northern Burma, including their
geographical locations, customs, commercial products,
and music. Also included is a preface by Yang Zhi ^§1Ë,
who describes the cause and successful completion of
Qian's mission to Burma.
Comment: Written in 1397. Qian's book is based on personal
observations and is considered highly reliable.
34.Title: Zeng xingren Li Sicong shi Miandian xu HffrA

^??-?.???? (Words dedicated to envoy Li Sicong for
his mission to Burma)
Author Liu Sanwu §!|?^ (1312-1399?)
Summary: A brief record that gives the reason for Li Sicong's
mission to Burma as being that of meditating the conflicts
between Ava and Luchuan.
*35. Title: Mubang xuanwei shisi yin -fc$$M.Mi$Lnifti (The seal of

the Mubang pacification office)
Author: Officially inscribed
Summary: Nine Chinese characters, Mubang junmin xuanwei
shisi yin 'fcffîW&'ÊLMilÊmfii, meaning "the seal of the
Mubang military and civilian pacification office."
Comment: The seal is that conferred on the Mubang 7fc#|5
(Hsenwi) tusi by the Ming government in 1401. Now the
seal is in Suzhou, Zhejiang province, China (Fang Guoyu
1984a.3:1142 [H]).
36. Title: Shi Mian Iu $LM%k (An account of the mission to

Burma)
Author: Zhang Hong 3g$ (1364-1447)
5 1 follow Wade (1996[ffl]) in translating this term.

Summary: Zhang Hong was sent to Burma to mediate the

conflicts between Ava and Mohnyin (Mengyang ÜÉ§I in
Chinese) in 1406. The Shi Mian Iu records the whole
course of Zhang Hong's mission, including six letters to
the Ava king Mingaung (Naluota ffîMfë in Chinese) in
which he upbraids the monarch for invading Mohnyin
and instructs him to greet the Ming envoys with proper
protocol.
Comment: Highly reliable and informative. Several versions
of Shi Mian Iu lack Zhang Hong's six letters.
37. Title: Nan yi shu WMWt (The book on the southern
barbarians)
Author: Zhang Hong
Summary: A brief description of the conflicts between Ava
and Mohnyin, and of Zhang Hong's mission to Burma.
*38. Title: Shi jiang bei ÛM (Stele of the oath taken by the
Irrawaddy river)
Author: Wang Ji 3EÜ (1378-1460)
Summary: Eight Chinese characters, shi Ian jiang ku, er nai
de du fîffltlJÉffîTbfâiË., meaning "you cannot cross the
river until rocks break and the river dries."
Comment: A stele erected in 1448 by the Ming general Wang
Ji, who drove the Maw Shans to the west bank of the
Irrawaddy. The stele was found near Myitkyina and
according to Chinese accounts was broken and dropped
into the Irrawaddy by the British in 1900.
*39. Title: Jingtai Yunnan tujing zhishu j¡k%£MW\
(Gazetteer of Yunnan compiled during the reign of Jingtai
[1450-1456])
Author: Chen Wen WX (1405-1468) et al.
Summary: Contains brief descriptions of the territory,
history, customs, mountains and rivers, and native
products of the fwsis iff] (pacification office) in
present-day Burma, including Mubang, Mengyang
(Mohnyin), Miandian Mî (Ava), and Menggen ÌÉJ5I
(Kengtung).
Comment: Compiled in 1454 or 1455. Jingtai Yunnan tujing
zhishu is based on earlier gazetteers of Yunnan that are
no longer extant, making it the earliest one of its kind.

I. E. Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)
*40. Title: Huanyu tongzhi g^üi? (Geography of the Ming)

Author Chen XxmWM (1385-1461)
Summary: Volume 118 mentions a mission from Dahui fl[ë]
(Tavoy) in 1405.
*41. Title: Nanzhao tongji WaB JSIE (General account of
Nanzhao)
Author: Yang Nai ^M (1489 juren F?)
Summary: Contains a brief record of the Nanzhao army that
helped Burma repel an invasion by Sri Lankan forces in
the mid-9th century.
Comment Written before 1532 and printed between 1532 and
the 1570s or 1580s. The passage in question appears in the
Wanli Yunnan tongzhi (H M) MWMM, volume 11). The
invasion is also recorded in the NanzL·o yeshi WaBWÍL,
volume 1 (completed in or shortly after 1585 by Ni Lu
ffiMt [1522 juren]), in the Baigu tongji qianshu a AMbB^
£? (completed after 1675), in the Tengyue zhouzhi ÜÍ8
WM, volume 11, and in the Dian lue ïXB§, volume 8,
though details vary. The most extensive of these accounts
is that in the Baigu tongji qianshu. The ultimate source
might be either the Baigu tongji ÉiiÊfÎËBB or the Bogu
tongji $$"È"JSs3, the latter of which was written in the
Bai language, perhaps during the early Yuan period, and
later translated into Chinese. The Chinese version has
been replicated numerous times under differing
titles—Baigu tong ????, Baigu ji EJ-A-IH, and so on. No
corroborating evidence of a Sri Lankan invasion of Burma
in the mid-9th century exists, although one certainly
took place in the 12th century' (see Aung-Thwin
1976[rV]).6
42. Title: Nanyuan manlu WWi^kfsk (notes by Zhang Zhichun)

Author: Zhang Zhichun ^.MW-
Summary: Volumes 2 and 7 describe the Ming army attack on
Luchuan, conflicts among the fwsis, and the role of the
Ming eunuchs (who prized the precious stones from the
6 Charles Backus (1981:129-130 [Dl]) believes that this account was written
in the Southern Song but misplaced in the 9th century.

Ming-Burma border region) in Ming-Burmese border

politics in the 15th century. These volumes also record
briefly the manner in which the Ming envoys were
greeted by the Ava king and how the Ava king and the
Dai/Tai chieftains addressed themselves and the Ming
emperor.
Comment: Prefaced in 1515 and printed in 1526.
43. Title: Tuguan dibu ±1iÊ?S (Archives of the native
officials)
Author Anonymous
Summary: Volume 1 contains brief mention of a Yunnan offical
ordering an interpreter to escort Burmese envoys to
Burma, and of officials in Menggen, Mengyang, Mubang,
and Luchuan.
Comment: Compiled around 1540.
»44. Title: Huang Ming jingji wenlu n*MMfâJCfâ (Collection of
Ming political writings)
Author: Wan Biao MM (1498-1556)
Summary: Volume 30 contains three "memorials" from the
Ava government, a fourth memorial opposing the war
against Luchuan in the 15th century, and an epitaph of
Wang Ji, leader of the Ming army in the wars with
Luchuan. In one memorial, Ava requests the Ming court to
repatriate Burmese translators then serving in the siyi
guan E^tI (Translators Institute).
Comment: Prefaced in 1554. The information about Burmese
native translators serving in the Chinese capital is
especially important.
45. Title: Yanjiao jiwen ifèiiSi&ElHJ (Record of things heard in the
remote hot south)
Author: Tian Rucheng rH$tj£ (circa 1503-after 1563)
Summary: Volume 4 contains an account of Mengmi ïÉ§?
(Mong Mit) and Mengyang that describes the conflicts
among the fwsis (especially the rebellion of Luchuan and
the Ming efforts to suppress it) and the effect the Ming
eunuchs' demand for precious stones had on border region
affairs.
Comment: Prefaced in 1560. Also called the Xingbian jiwen
ÎÏJâlBW · Based on the Nanyuan manlu.

?. E. Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)
46.Title: Shuyu zhouzi Iu ffl^MretVk (A comprehensive record

of foreign countries)
Author: Yan Congjian ÉííÉfSí (1559 jinshi)
Summary: Volume 9 contains detailed accounts of the
conflicts among the íhsís in present-day southwestern
Yunnan and northern Burma in the 15th and (especially)
early-16th centuries, and of the Ming regime's efforts to
mediate those conflicts.
Comment: Completed in 1574 and printed in 1583. Based on
Ming archival records.
47.Title: (Wanli) Yunnan tongzhi (MM) MWMM (Gazetteer of
Yunnan compiled during the reign of Wanli [1573-1619])
Author Li Yuanyang &5ÍM (1496-1580)
Summary: Volume 16 contains a brief record of the duties of
Mubang, Mengyang, and Menggen as stipulated by the
central Ming government, and of the routes by which the
íhsís sent delegations to the Ming capital.
*48. Title: Huayi yiyu: Miandian guan yiyu WMWWìMîlfèWWì
(Foreign-Chinese vocabulary: Burmese-Chinese
vocabulary)
Author: Officially compiled
Summary: Includes the "Miandian guan zazi" Üf^álH^
(Burmese-Chinese vocabulary) and the "Miandian guan
laiwen" UglEgtg?^ (Credentials from the Translators
Institute of Burmese). The latter of these includes in its
turn various 15th- and 16th-century Ming imperial edicts
together with state letters from Mubang, Mongmi 3Ê&,
Manlajia $¡¡$1JÍJP (Malacca), and Ava.
49.Title: Siyi guan kao EHHtl# (Study of the Siyi guan)
Author: Wang Zongzai ï^tê (1562 jinshi)
Summary: Volume 2 contains a short record of native Burmese
translators serving in the Siyi guan.
Comment: Preface dates to 1580.
50.Title: Xinanyi fengtu ji MWMMiíñ (Account of the customs

and geography of the southwestern barbarians)
Author Anonymous

Summary: A detailed description of the natural history,

agricultural products, trade, ethnography, military
preparedness, etc. in southwestern Yunnan and Burma in
the 16th century.
Comment: Written in 1583. The text consists of the author's
own observations during a journey to the Ming-Burmese
border region, probably as a secretary in the Ming army.
»51. Title: Weiyuanying shizhong bei ËfâtfÊt&!&W (Stele of the
oath taken at the Weiyuanying)
Author: Liu Ting §?? (circa 1552-1619)
Summary: Oath of allegiance to the Ming government taken
by the Mengyang, Mubang, Mengmi, and Longchuan íhsís.
Comment: The stele was erected in 1584 and unearthed in
Manmaw (Manmo HH in Chinese) in Burma in 1929.
52.Title: Ming huidian 9EHA (Collected statutes of the Ming

dynasty)
Author: Shen Shixing $?$?t (1535-1614) et al.
Summary: Volumes 108, 109, and 113 contain regulations
concerning grants and gifts made to envoys from such fusis
as Mubang, Miandian, Mengyang, Mengmi, Menggen.
Comment: Based on the Ming archives and completed in 1587.
Also called Da Ming huidian A^Hft.
53.Title: Xuzhongci ji /^^^bB (Notes on the Xuzhongci)
Author: Li Shida ^±jÉ
Summary: Records of battles between the Ming and Burmese
armies from 1583 to 1586, including eulogies to the
soldiers who died in those conflicts.
Comment: This is a stele erected in 1587 inside the Xuzhongci
(temple for celebrating the loyals) in the Shidian M^
region of southwestern Yunnan.
54.Title: Guang zhiyi J0tM$$ (Wide collections)
Author: Wang Shixing ?±14 (1546-1598)
Summary: Volume 5 contains accounts of the Burmese
invasions into Yunnan in the late 16th century and of
Wang's advice for mobilizing troops and provisions to
counter the invasion. Mention is also made of amber and
gems in Mongmi and of a Ming delegation to the capital
of the Toungoo dynasty (old Pegu).

Comment: Prefaced in 1597. Wang Shixing was a military

general whose troops were stationed in Lancang MÌE in
southwesternYunnan, near the Burmese border. His record
is considered very reliable.
55.Title: Miandian shimo HHU#â5fc (A general history of
Burma)
Author: Bao Jianjie & MM (?-1621)
Summary: A short history of Sino-Burmese relations from the
Han through the Ming dynasties, with a very detailed
account of the Ming-Burmese wars in the late 16th
century.
Comment: Completed in 1603. First included in Dian zhi ^M
(Volume 30). Also called Mian lue M&t (A brief record of
Burma). Based on Ming archival records. Though Bao
Jianjie might be wrong in identifying the "Shan" kingdom
with Burma, he was the first to write on Sino-Burmese
relations from a historical perspective. Contains
valuable information on the rise and expansion of the
Toungoo dynasty.
56.Title: Wanli yehuo Man MM^WM (Collection of unofficial
materials during the reign of Wanli)
Author: Shen Defu ttWM (1578-1642)
Summary: Volume 30 and the supplemental volume 4 contain
brief accounts of the ìhsi's in Burma and the rise and
decline of the Toungoo dynasty during the late 16th and
early 17th centuries.
Comment: The main text was finished in 1606, the
supplement in 1619. The complete work (main text and
supplement) was rearranged in 1700 by a Qing scholar; an
addendum was added in 1713 by one of Shen's
descendents. Based on other sources, including the Mian
lue.
57.Title: Quxiao xinwen {&$|$?t?? (Report on contemporary

scenes)
Author: Fan Shouji IE^B (1542-circa 1611)
Summary: Contains a brief record describing how a group of
Chinese nationals defected to the Toungoo dynasty and
later helped the Toungoo invade of Yunnan.

58. Title: Wanli wugong Iu HS3£#JÜfc (Military achievements

during the reign of Wanli)
Author Qu Jiusi g7L© (1546-1617)
Summary: Volume 6 contains the most detailed and reliable
extant record of the Burmese invasions of southwestern
Yunnan, and of the Ming counterattack, in the late 16th
and early 17th centuries.
Comment First printed in 1612. Qu Jiusi based his account on
Ming official archives.
»59. Title: Guochao xianzheng Iu ÜHJj&íiEH: (Collection of
documents of the Ming dynasty)
Author: Jiao Hong Mfà (1540-1620)
Summary: Volumes 1, 2, and 8 contain seven biographies and
epitaphs of Zhang Hong (see item 36) and of the Ming
generals involved in Ming-Burma border warfare in the
15th century.
Comment Printed in 1616.
60. Title: Dien lue ^BS (A sketchy record of Yunnan).

Author: Xie Zhaozhe MBM (1567-1624).
Summary: Volumes 3, 4, and 9 contain brief discussions of the
commercial products of Burma.
Comment: Compiled around 1621.
»61. Title: Xiyuan wenjian Iu HUPH Mie- (Account by Zhang
Xuan)
Author: Zhang Xuan jjgig (1558-1641)
Summary: Volumes 66, 79, and 80 contain accounts of
Ming-Luchuan warfare and Burmese envoys in the
mid-15th century and of Ming-Burmese warfare in the
late 16th century.
Comment Prefaced in 1627 and again in 1632. Not published
in its entirety until 1940 (by the Harvard-Yenching
Institute of Beiping Jb3F in Beijing). Contains some
information found nowhere else.
*62. Title: Wh bei zhi 3&MM (Treatise on armaments and

military affairs)
Author: Mao Yuanyi ^7CU (1594-1640)

Summary: Volume 240 contains a map with many Burmese

place names, including "Danasili" ^MPSS
(Tenasserim), "Dawai" fTM (Tavoy), "Dawai Shan"
frUlJj (Tavoy mountain), "Dawai Yu" ÍTSIfl (Tavoy
island), "Baduma" AfflM, (Martaban), "Zhupai Jiao"
ftmm (Zhupai reef), "Kediemi" ¿LÌÈÌE, "Machuan
Jiao" ifUfil (Machuan reef), "Mawang Shan" JÏBEUJ
(Mawang mountain), "Da Mo Shan" AMUi (the big Mo
mountain), "Xiao Mo Shan" /J^lJj (the small Mo
mountain), "Luokeng" $£i5l· (Arakan or Rakhain), and
"Luokeng Shan" ÎiJt ill (Arakan mountain).
Comment Completed in 1621. The complete title of the map
is "Zi Baochuanchang kaichuan cong Longjiangguan
chushui zhidi waiguo zhufan tu" EM&ifMííÉitM
Ä^Äfifl-HSSÄHI. The shortened title, "Zheng He
hanhaitu" MftlflnMM, reflects Zheng He's last
expedition in 1430. Names like Zhupai, Kediemi,
Machuan, Mawang, and Mo are yet to be identified.
63.Title: Huang Ming xiangxu Iu JEIEsîfH: (Account of foreign
countries recorded by the imperial Ming interpreter)
Author: Mao Ruizheng ^ïfêSfc (circa 1597-1636)
Summary: Volume 4 contains a brief record of the conflicts
between Dongmanniu MM ^r (Burma) and Siam during
the late 16th and early 17th centuries.
Comment Prefaced in 1629.
64.Title: Siyiguan zengding guanze ES^álitUtlIU (Additional

regulations of the Siyi guan)
Author: Lu Weiqi gj|$ (1587-1641)
Summary: Volumes 1, 7, 12, 13, and 20 contain lists of the
instructors and students, both Chinese and Burmese, who
served in the Miandian guan. Entries include personal
names and places of origin. Also included are two
memorials, written in 1566 and 1584, respectively, about
recruiting new translators.
65.Title: Dion zhi ÌMM (Gazetteer of Yunnan)
Author Liu Wenzheng 3Ö£ft 1633
Summary: Volume 1 includes a map of the "southwestern
barbarians" in which some Burmese place names are

shown; volumes 18, 21, 22, 24, 25, and 30 contain poems,
memorials, and essays regarding Ming-Burmese relations
and wars.
Comment Completed in 1632. A very important work in that
various of its parts were reproduced in numerous later
works.
*66. Title: Nanzhong jiwen ?^F^?? (Accounts of South China)

Author: Bao Yuji liïfécfê
Summary: Contains two brief descriptions of "Mian ling" M&
(Burmese penis bells).
»67. Title: Huang Ming jingshi wenbian Ü^Miä XH (Collection

of Ming political writings)
Author: Chen Zilong BMMfi (1608-1647), Xu Fuyuan #¥jt
(1599-1665) et al.
Summary: Volumes 15, 28, 30, and 31 contain several
memorials concerning the wars between Ming China and
Luchuan in the mid-15th century; volumes 182 and 381
make brief mention of Burma.
Comment: Compiled in 1638.
68.Title: Ming shilu BJIÏH (Veritable records of the Ming

dynasty)
Author: Dong Lun Wa, Wen Tiren flaut (?-1638; 1598
jinshi) et al.
Summary: Contains very detailed accounts of Ming-Burmese
political, economic, and military relations from 1374 to
1627.
Comment: The Ming shilu was compiled during the reign of
the emperor immediately succeeding the one to whose
reign the records pertain. The compilers thus had access
to very rich primary materials, and the shilu is
consequently a highly valuable source.
69.Title: Yeshi Iu ·&!!& (Record written by Yeshi)
Author: Deng Kai TO
Summary: A detailed account of the refuge of Yongli ^cM
(1647-1662), the last emperor of the Southern Ming
dynasty, and his retinue, in Burma.

Comment: "Yeshi" is Deng Kai's Buddhist name. Deng Kai

followed Yongli to Burma and became a monk after
Yongli was executed by the Qing in Kunming. As a
first-hand account, the Yeshi Iu is the most reliable and
valuable among the various accounts of Yongli's refuge in
Burma.
70.Title: Qih ye lu 3<ÏF§i (Unofficial records)

Author: Ke Xi Qiao Yin $$#&|?
Summary: Almost the same record as that of the Yeshi Iu, but
with added details.
Comment: The Qiu ye Iu was based on the Yeshi Iu. The
compiler's assumed name is Ke Xi Qiao Yin, but his real
name has been lost. The Qih ye Iu includes some details
not found in the Yeshi Iu.
71.Title: Shou Mian jishi ffîMfàM (Account of the Emperor's

stay in Burma)
Author: Liu Chai §?!||§
Summary: A detailed record of Yongli's refuge in Burma.
Comment Liu Chai was a member of the Hanlin Academy of
the Southern Ming court. He did not enter Burma with
Yongli but remained in the border region. His account of
Yongli's refuge inside Burma seems to be drawn from the
Yeshi Iu, but his discussion of how Yongli and his retinue
entered Burma and of how he (Liu Chai) and others tried
to rescue Yongli is original.
»72. Title: Xu Xiake youji t&Kg^lB (Travel notes of Xu Xiake)
Author: Xu Xiake fàM& (1586-1641)
Summary: Volumes 8-10 contain miscellaneous notes about
Burmese gems and gem processing in Tengyue HM
(present-day Tengchong WW), travel routes leading from
the Yunnan border to Burma, a Chinese Buddhist monk's
trip to Burma, and people from Yunnan going to Burma for
trade.
Comment: Xu Xiake traveled in southwestern Yunnan in 1639.
This work consists of his personal observations.
73. Title: Ming shi HÂ (History of the Ming dynasty)
Author Zhang Tingyu §g@ï (1672-1755) et al.

Summary: Contains records of the political and economic

intercourse and, especially, military conflicts between
Ming China and Burma.
Comment: Compiled in 1739. The Ming shi is much less
detailed than the Ming shilu.

F. Chinese historical records on Burma
during the Qing ?# dynasty (1644-1911)
»74. Title: Qingdai dang'an shiliao congbian ifftfêM&fâW. M
(Collection of Qing historical archives), volume 6
Author: Compiled by Zhongguo Diyi Lishi Dang'an Guan
*mm-M&mmm
Summary: Contains a memorial to the Qing emperor (item
105), a proclamation to the Burmese government (item
106), and an edict to the Mengding HíM chieftain (item
107)—all written in 1659 in the name of Hong Chengchou
&&1$ (1593-1665) and all regarding the pursuit of Li
Dingguo $fë EU (1620-1662) and the extradition of
Yongli—together with a memorial (item 111) by Wu
Sangui ^? Ü (1612-1678) in 1661 about Li Dingguo's
flight from Menggen to Burma.
Comment: Published in 1980 by the Zhonghua Shuju.
75.Title: Tianfu guangji ^Jfrlf!3 (Record of the royal granary)
Author Sun Chengze fóft$ (1593-1675)
Summary: Volume 27 contains two items, one an account of
how teachers were chosen for the siyi guan VBWfE and
the other a memorial written around 1567 by a scholar
stating the need to recruit more Burmese language
instructors.
Comment: Sun Chengze was appointed superintendent of the
siyi guan in 1644.
76.Title: Dian kao We (Study of Yunnan)
Author Feng Su $§@ (1658 jinshi)
Summary: Volume 2 contains two items which record how the
late Ming government sent eunuchs to Yunnan to buy gems,
some of which were imported from Burma.
Comment: Prefaced in 1665.
77.Title: Nanzhong zashuo ?^F??ß& (Miscellanies of the

Nanzhong region)
Author Liu KunflJM (1659 Jingshi)
Summary: Contains two items, one a hearsay account of how
the Burmese used poisonous insects to kill people
(including Chinese), and the second consisting of detailed
descriptions of the precious stones produced in Burma, the
monopolistic policy of the Burmese king with respect to
the gem trade, the classification of precious stones, and

Chinese gem merchants and the manner in which they

organized themselves on their way to Burma.
Comment: Written around 1680 and possibly revised later.
Probably the earliest evidence on the organization of
Chinese trade caravans to Burma. Liu Kun held office in
Yunnan for more than ten years.
*78. Title: Shi Dian Zaji fêlAHeB (Miscellaneous notes on the
trip to Yunnan)
Author. Xu Jiong föM
Summary: Contains a brief comment on gems produced in
Burma.
Comment: Xu Jiong was sent by the Qing emperor to Yunnan in
1687-1688. The Shi Dian Zaji is a compilation of his
travel notes.
79.Title: Yeshi wuwen W$.M& (Collection of unofficial

histories)
Author: Zheng Da MM
Summary: Contents are similar to those of the Yeshi Iu and
the Qih ye Iu.
Comment: Prefaced in 1692. Zheng Da claims that his work
was based on his talks with a general under Li Dingguo in
1684 and with Deng Kai in 1690. That Zheng Da's work is
very similar to that by Deng Kai is therefore not
surprising. However, the Yeshi wuwen provides some
valuable details not found in the Yeshi Iu, the Qih ye Iu,
or in any other source. Written in vernacular language.
80.Title: Ting wen lu Mffîfâ (Record of things heard at home)
Author: Liu Jiang!)tí
Summary: Describes how the armies loyal to Yongli tried to
rescue him from the Burmese between 1659 and 1661.
Comment: Prefaced in 1719. Based on two books by the
author's father, Liu Kun. We do not know Liu Kun's
source(s), but they are likely reliable since Liu Kun was
living in Yongchang in southwestern Yunnan when Yongli
and his followers fled to Burma. While the Yeshi Iu and
Qih ye Iu provide us with valuable information on
Yongli's refuge in northern Burma, the Ting wen Iu sheds
much light on Ming military activity in Burma as far
south as Toungoo.

I. F. Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)
*81. Title: Dian xiao ji 8Ï/MB (A short account of Yunnan)

Author: Ni Tui U$L (1668-after 1742)
Summary: Contains relatively detailed descriptions of the
precious stones from Mengmi, amber from Mengyang, and
the travel routes from Yunnan to Burma.
Comment: Written after 1719.
82.Title: Dian Yun Union zhuan MSM^-W- (A general history

of Yunnan)
Author: Ni Tui (1668-after 1742)
Summary: Contains two accounts dealing with Qing-Burmese
border affairs during the reigns of Kangxi Mf&
(1662-1722) and Yongzheng UlE (1723-1735).
Comment: Prefaced in 1737. Also entitled Yunnan shilue
Hfëï|ïB§ (A sketchy record of Yunnan). The second
account contains the earliest reference in Chinese to
Burma's exportation of cotton to Yunnan.
83.Title: Dian nan xinyu fêWffiîË (New treatise on southern
Yunnan)
Author: Zhang Hong $!}§/»
Summary: Contains two brief items, one an account of how
Chinese traders traveled to Burma to buy precious stones,
including a description of the mining and marketing of
the stones by the indigenous people, and the other about
the export of tea from Mubang to Yunnan and the interior
of China.
Comment: Since Zhang Hong served in various official
capacities in Yunnan between 1741 and 1753, this work
must have been written during or after this time.
»84. Title: Miandian zhuyi kaolue ÜiÜBil^B& (Study of the

various barbarians in Burma) and Mubang xianghua song
Jf.%M\YM (Extoling Mubang's allegiance)7
Author: Zhu Fengying ^MM
Summary: The first record begins with a brief description of
13 regions and cities in Burma and the íhsís in the
Sino-Burmese border region, then recounts how Mubang
7 1 thank Wu Yongping ZEaC3F for locating and sending me these two items
from Taiwan.

was attacked by a force of militant Chinese; the second

record provides additional details about Mubang and the
"submission" of Burma to the Qing.
Comment: Probably written in the 1750s. The author, was the
official in charge of Western Yunnan and is mentioned in
the document. He must have received the envoys from
Mubang and been responsible for drafting these two
records. We should not be misled by Zhu's mention of the
so-called "submission" of Burma, for it was hardly that.
»85. Title: Huang Qing zhigong tu JËrffêftRB (Illustration of
tributary peoples of the Qing)
Author: Yongxuan %M (1746-1832), Dong Gao MWi
(1740-1818) et al.
Summary: Volumes 1 and 7 contain five drawings and
illustrations of Burmese and "Piao" H (Pyu) peoples in
Burma and Yunnan.
Comment Completed in 1758 and supplemented in 1763. Also
called the Qing zhigong tu fêWÀllU.
86.Title: Congzheng Miandian riji ÍÍÉÍíEÜÍ^JBbB (Diary of the
punitive expedition to Burma)
Author Zhou Yu Jifè
Summary: Records the author's observations while
accompanying the Qing army into Burma as a secretary in
1767-1768.
Comment Written in 1769. A valuable source for the study of
the Qing-Burmese War and of Qing-Burmese trade.
87.Title: Zheng Mian jilue ÍEHÜEB& (A sketchy record of the
punitive expedition to Burma)
Author: Wu Kai ^fê (1769 jinshi) and Wang Chang îfà
(1725-1806)
Summary: A very detailed account of the Qing-Burmese War
between 1765 and 1769, including discussion of the two
missions from Burma in 1787 and 1789 that signaled the
restoration of Qing-Burmese official relations.
Comment Wu Kai followed the Qing army's last expedition
into Burma in 1769. He drew on other sources to cover the
entire course of the Qing-Burmese War. Wu Kai's
original work is no longer extant; the edition we have is
that edited by Wang Chang.

88.Title: Miandian suoji IS4f^|3 (Miscellaneous notes on

Burma)
Author: Fuxian fëM (7-1769)
Summary: A brief record of the military system, customs,
products, and major cities of Burma.
Comment: Fuxian served in and died during the Qing army's
1769 expedition to Burma.
89.Title: Dian xing rilu gtfTBH (Dairy of the journey in
Yunnan)
Author: Wang Chang
Summary: Contains news about the Qing-Burmese War that
Wang Chang heard on his journey to Burma from
November 1768 to April 1769.
90.Title: Zheng Mian jiwen SEMIHKI (A record of the punitive

expedition to Burma)
Author: Wang Chang
Summary: A day-by-day account of the Qing army's last
expedition to Burma in 1768-1769, including valuable
details of Qing-Burmese negotiations.
Comment: Written in early 1770.
»91. Title: Chunrongtang ji #)?^? (Collection of

Chunrongtang)
Author: Wang Chang
Summary: Contains poems written during Qing-Burmese War.
Comment: Also included in the Shilu t^F$&, book 3 of the
Yongchang fu wenzheng ^(.M^'XWì-
92. Title: Huangchao wugong jisheng M#JÄ#J$EiS (Record of
the military achievements of the Qing)
Author: Zhao Yi MM (1727-1814)
Summary: Volume 3, entitled Pingding Miandian shulue ??.
IBêEBS (A sketchy record of the pacification of Burma),
is a somewhat detailed account of the 1765-1769
Qing-Burmese War.
Comment Prefaced in 1792. Zhao Yi served in the Qing army
during the last two expeditions to Burma (1768-1769).

Since his work covers the war from its very beginning, he
must have derived information from other sources.
*93. Title: Gaozong yuzhi shiwen shiquan ji M^WiUX+HkM

(Collection of poems on Qing's ten wars by Qing Gaozong)
Author Qing Gaozong if¡tígl Qianlong $£d (r.1736-1795)
Summary: Volumes 40, 41, and 42 contain about sixty poems
related to Burma and the Qing-Burmese War.
Comment Composed by Qianlong between 1766 and 1790 and
compiled afterwards by Peng Yuanrui %%^ (1731-1803),
the Minister of Works.
»94. Title: Ping Mian tu ??? (Illustration of the war against

Burma).
Author Anonymous
Summary: Hlustration of battle scenes from the Qing-Burmese
War.
Comment: Precise date of composition unknown.
95.Title: Yanpu Zaji ^^HIB (Miscellany written under the
eaves)
Author: Zhao Yi
Summary: Volumes 3 and 4 contain miscellaneous notes
related to Burma, including mention of the Qing-Burmese
War, Burmese penis bells, the mining of precious stones in
Mong Mit, and the mining of silver.
Comment: A very valuable source for the study of
Qing-Burmese trade in gems and silver, and for the study
of Chinese silver mining in Burma.
96.Title: Sui Mian jishi Ì@lMfàM (A record of the pacification
of Burma)
Author: Sun Shiyi J&±ft (1720-1796)
Summary: Very detailed account of the Qing-Burmese War,
especially the early period.
Comment: Sun Shiyi served in the Qing army's last
expedition to Burma, in 1769. Ironically, however, the
Sui Mian jishi provides little information on that
expedition but details all the events prior to 1769. There
is therefore some doubt of Sun being the real author. Fang
Guoyu (1984a, vol. 2, 531-532 [H]) has speculated that the
work was written between late 1776 and early 1780 by

Sun's subordinate(s) while he was serving as financial

commissioner and governor of Yunnan. Many details
included in this source are not found elsewhere.
97. Title: Qingchao wenxian tongkao if$8%fâM% (General

history of institutions and critical examination of
documents and studies of the Qing Dynasty)
Summary: Volume 296 contains a relatively long account of
the 1765-1769 Qing-Burmese War.
Comment: Compiled during the reign of Qianlong (1736-1795).
»98. Title: Yongchang fuzhi ¿kUkfftM (Gazetteer of the
Yongchang prefecture)
Author: Xuan Shitao M1&M, Liu Yuke $J®tS? et al.
Summary: Volumes 23, 25, and 26 of the 1785 edition by Xuan
Shitao contain several memorials from Ming and Qing
times that touch upon Ming- and Qing-Burmese relations,
a number of poems and records by Ming poets regarding
Burmese precious stones and other products, and a short
account of a Burmese letter to the Ming during the late
16th century. Volumes 65 and 66 of the 1884 edition by Liu
Yuke includes several other poems on Ming- and
Qing-Burmese relations.
Comment: There are altogether four editions of this work,
and I have so far gained access to only the two mentioned
above. The other two were compiled in 1702 and 1826,
respectively.
»99. Title: Oubei shichao ggjfciti^ (Collection of poems by Zhao
Yi)
Author: Zhao Yi
Summary: Volumes 1, 2, and 3 contain poems touching upon
the Qing-Burmese War.
Comment: Zhao Yi composed these poems while serving in
the Qing army. Printed in 1791. Also included in the
Shilu ¡#i$&, book 3 of the Yongchang fu wenzheng

»100. Title: Juyu ji ?$??^8 (Collection of poems by Zhao Wenzhe)

Author. Zhao Wenzhe ??? (1725-1773)
Summary: Contains poems written during the Qing-Burmese
War.
Comment Zhao Wenzhe served in the Qing army and fought
against the Burmese. Also included in the Shilu ¡#£|,
book 3 of the Yongchang fu wenzheng f^^MXW.·
101.Title: Dian hai yuheng zhi W=MMWM (Record of the
resources of Yunnan)
Author Tan Cui &^ (7-1799)
Summary: Volumes 2, 5, and 9 contain descriptions of Burmese
products, including jade and jade Buddha images, penis
bells, eggplants, insects, rubies, cotton, and cotton cloth.
Comment: Prefaced in 1799 and printed in 1804.
102.Title: Tengyue zhou zhi JfâMWM (Gazetteer of the Tengyue
Department); Tengyue ting zhi HIS H M (Gazetteer of
the Tengyue Subprefecture)
Author: Wu Kai J&fê, Tu Shulian MìÈWi et al.; Chen
Zonghai U^M, Zhao Ruili ISfHrW. et al.
Summary: Volumes 2, 3, 8, 9, and 10-12 of the Tengyue zhou
zhi contain information regarding travel routes leading
to Burma, commercial products of Burma, biographies of
Ming and Qing figures involved in Burma affairs,
activities of the "Gui" people, the resumption of
Qing-Burmese relations after the Qing-Burmese War, the
establishment of Mianzi guan SS^SI/ and Ming- and
Qing-period memorials and essays concerning Ming- and
Qing-Burmese relations; volumes 15, 17, and 20 of the
Tengyue ting zhi contain a brief account of Burma prior to
its annexation by the British in 1885, a map of Burma, a
preface by Wu Kai to the Tengyue zhou zhi, and a map of
the southwestern Yunnan border region.
Comment: the Tengyue zhouzhi was first compiled in 1770 by
Wu Kai and was expanded by Tu Shulian in 1790. The
Tengyue ting zhi is a continuation of the Tengyue zhou
zhi and was completed in 1887. These are very important
8 Fang Guoyu (1984a, 2, 530 [??]) puts this as Zouyu ji PfôPSA, which might
be a mistake.

sources for the study of Ming- and Qing-Burmese economic

and political relations.
103.Title: Dien xi §llt (A collection of works on Yunnan)
Author: Shi Fan Èp|g (1751-1811)
Summary: Volumes 11, 16, 19, 20, 26, 28, 36, and 40 contain the
following: a proclamation by Deng Zilong ÜS-pÜf, a
biography of Ha Guoxing BpSA, a record about Baigu
O-E" (Pegu), a proclamation by Liu Ting §lj|5, a document
by Tan Cui W^, a treatise by Wu Zongyao !%£%, a
memorial by Zhou YuIi JS 1&W., a map of the 18 íhsís, and
a list of Burmese words together with pronunciation
guidelines and Chinese translations.
Comment: Prefaced in 1807. Shi Fan's work is an extensive
collection of written works on Yunnan from earliest times.
Though most of the items in the Dian xi are extant in
their original form, some are difficult to obtain. A few
are preserved only in Shi Fan's collection. The account
about Pegu is particularly valuable for the study of the
Gui people of Lower Burma.
104.Title: Zhuyeting zaji ftl^HtB (Miscellany written in the
Bamboo Leaf Pavilion)
Author: Yao Yuanzhi fflötlZ-
Summary: Volume 1 contains a very brief account of the
Burmese mission to Beijing in 1796.
Comment: The contents consist primarily of the Jiaqing
Emperor's edict to Burmese envoys.
105.Title: Xiaoting zalu ISÜ^HÜfc (Miscellany written in the
Xiao Pavilion)
Author: Zhaolian BSJS (1780-1833)
Summary: Volume 5 contains a very detailed record of the
Qing-Burmese War, and volume 7 mentions Gongliyan
"UMM, the leader of the Gui.
Comment Completed in 1814 or 1815 and known to have been
printed in 1880, if not before. The section on Burma is
entitled "Miandian guicheng benmo" ?^^?Ft^ (The
process of Burma's submission). Zhaolian was only a
compiler, but he no doubt had access to primary sources.
Some details, such as Wu Shangxian's enticing Burma to
send a mission to the Qing in 1749-1750 and the struggles

for the throne among Alaungpaya, the Gui, and the Mon
troops from lower Burma ("Minjia" WM. in Chinese), are
original and valuable.
106.Title: Hai lu M$& (A record of travel on sea)
Author: Xie Qinggao WtEUj (1765-1821) and Yang Bingnan
mmw
Summary: Volume 1 contains a brief account of late
18th-century "Wutu guo" 0±!U (the Ussa kingdom)—its
cities (which include Tuowai fÈH [Tavoy], Meiliju
M M M [Mergui], Yinggong 1BX [Rangoon], Beigu {ffë
[Pegu], and Anghua áiS [Ava]), trade, Chinese
communities, customs, commercial products, and so on.
Comment Xie Qinggao worked on European ships navigating
between China and Europe circa 1782-1795. In 1820 he
narrated his observations to Yang Bingnan, who wrote
them down.
107.Title: Chaojin tuji HÜJÉtB (Diary of pilgrimage)

Author: Ma Fuchu mUW (7-1874)
Summary: Contains a brief record of Ma's trip to Mecca via
Burma in 1841-1842, including information on the routes
leading into Burma, Chinese traders, Chinese copper,
Muslims in Burma, and ship fare.
Comment: Ma Fuchu, also called Ma Dexin HÍÜ $f/ was a
Chinese Muslim.
»108. Title: Qinding libu zeli ^fë^BUÎ (Stipulations of the

Ministry of Rites made by imperial order)
Summary: Volumes 171 and 179 contain accounts of missions
and "tributes" from Burma, Qing gifts in return, and Qing
regulations regarding Burmese missions, particularly the
granting of gifts to Burmese officials and royalty.
Comment: Finished in 1845.
109. Title: Mian shu MÌE (An account of Burma); Mianguo jilue
??§!??§ (A short account of Burma)
Author. Peng Songyu 1&%¿M.
Summary: The Mian shu is a relatively detailed record of
the cities, festivals, royalty, bureaucracy, format of
official credentials, army, religion, law, language,

Í. F. Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)
Chinese minorities, trade, customs, and products of Burma

in the mid-19th century; the Mianguo jilue traces briefly
Burmese history and Qing-Burmese relations up to 1843
and details the struggle for succession between Bagyidow
(Mengji jgßE in Chinese;1819-1837) and Tharawaddi
(Mengkeng WfLm Chinese; 1837-1846).
Comment: Written in 1848 by Peng Songyu, Associate
Administrator (tongzhi ?\*8?) of the Tengyue prefecture,
who recorded information about Burma given him by a
Burmese envoy sent by the myowun of Bhamo to
Yongchang in 1848. The Mianguo jilue is appended to the
Mian shu. The information on Qing-Burmese relations is
derived from old Tengyue gazetteers; the account of the
struggle for succession, however, seems to originate from
the same Burmese envoy who provided information for
the Mian shu.
110.Title: Hai ke ri tan M^rBWi (Diary written by sea

traveller)
Author: Wang Zhi ??^
Summary: Volumes 1, 2, and 3 contain a day-to-day record of
the author's travels in southwestern Yunnan and Burma
in 1871, touching upon agriculture, the market value of
rice, Chinese minorities, architecture, food, ships, rivers,
commercial products, music and musical instruments,
traditional dance, religion, the palace in Mandalay,
bureaucracy, dress styles, language, marriage, and
Burma's conflicts with the British. A list of Burmese
words with pronunciation guidelines and Chinese
equivalents is included at the beginning of the book.
Comment: Completed in 1872 and published in 1876. Also
called the Hai shuo #||£ or Yuying luzhi ifaMMM.
Wang Zhi served in the Qing army at Tengyue ÜÍS in
southwestern Yunnan and proceeded to South Asia and
Europe via Burma.
111.Title: Xiyon riji BH B IB (Diary of the journey to the West)
Author: Huang Maocai MMM
Summary: A day-to-day record of the author's journey
through Burma to India in 1879, touching upon the
country's monetary system, cities, architecture, rivers,
Chinese communities, climate, agriculture, commercial

products, internal and external trade, bureaucracy,

drama, conflicts with the British, and the struggle for
royal succession. Huang met two Burmese princes in exile
in Bengal.
Comment Huang Maocai was sent to India by Ding Baozhen
TS^ (1820-1886), the governor of Sichuan. Very
important source for the study of Burmese history,
Qing-Burmese trade, and the Chinese community in
Burma.
»112. Title: Yongchang fit ru Mian jing daoli tu ¿KÌÈ>lfìAMMMSkM

(Map of the routes from the Yongchang prefecture to the
capital of Burma)
Author Anonymous
Summary: A color map of travel routes from Yongchang to
Ava.
Comment: Drawn during the 18th or the 19th century.
113.Title: Li Wenzhonggong quanji ^X&^^M (Complete
works of Li Hongzhang)
Author: Li Hongzhang ^MM (1823-1901)
Summary: Volumes 4, 9, and 18 contain Li Hongzhang's five
conversations with British officials about Burma affairs
between 1875 and 1885, plus a letter dated 1885 from Paris
regarding Britain's annexation of Burma.
114.Title: Miandian tushuo M^lMW. (An illustrated record of
Burma)
Author: Wu Qizhen J&gfë
Summary: A detailed description of the overland routes from
Yunnan into Burma during the late 19th century, and of
Burmese cities, the distances between them, and their
commercial products.
Comment Wu Qizhen was sent by the Qing court in early 1886
to inspect the border passes in southwestern Yunnan. He
and another local official spent several months reading
and examining relevant books in order to provide updated
information on the routes leading to Burma. The
information on Burma's geography is based on a
comprehensive Burmese map purchased by a border
official and translated into Chinese. Extremely

important source for the study of Sino-Burmese political

and economic relations.
115.Title: Cen Xiangqingong zougao ^HÜJAÜÍI (Cen Yuying's

memorials)
Author: Cen Yuying $$£ (1829-1889)
Summary: Volumes 10-12 and 25-28 contain memorials by Cen
Yuying regarding Qing-Burmese relations, border affairs,
and the annexation of Burma by the British between 1874
and 1887.
Comment Cen Yuying was the governor of Yunnan in the late
19th century.
116.Title: Xuxiu Yunnan tongzhi MWMWMM (Supplement to

the Comprehensive Gazetteer of Yunnan)
Author: Cen Yuying et al.
Summary: Volumes 114 and 116 contain records of border
conflicts between Burma, Yunnan, and Siam, and of
Qing-Burmese border affairs in the late 19th century.
117.Title: Yong'an quanji ffSfët&M (Complete works of Xue
Fucheng)
Author: Xue Fucheng îg/3c (1838-1894)
Summary: Volumes 1-4 contain Xue's diary, written in 1890
during his trip to Britain, France, Italy, and Belgium,
together with various memorials written in 1891-1893
about Yunnan-Burmese border affairs.
Comment: Printed in 1884-1898. Xue Fucheng was a Qing
diplomat. Very important source for the study of
Qing-Burmese trade and of Chinese communities in
Burma.
118.Title: Chushi riji xuke tufë B IBII^lJ (Supplement to the

diary of diplomatic mission)
Author Xue Fucheng ¡SUßic
Summary: Volumes 1-9 contain Xue's diary from 1891 to 1893,
including accounts of boundary negotiations, routes
leading to Burma, and Chinese traders in Burma.
Comment Xue Fucheng's sources include letters from China,
contemporary British newspapers, and Chinese records
about Burma. Very important source for the study of

Qing-Burmese trade and political relations and the

Chinese community in Burma.
119.Title: Dian Mian huajie tushuo }ÄIiiS!W!Ill£ (Illustrated
explanation on the delimitation of the Yunnan-Burmese
boundary)
Author: Xue Fucheng Wfëfà
Summary: Contains memorials, official correspondence, and
treatises regarding Qing-Burmese relations between 1891
and 1893, primarily with respect the setting of
boundaries.
120.Title: Binlangyu zhilue fëMtfàMWè (A brief record of Pulau

Pinang)
Author Li Junî^
Summary: Contains two brief records of Chinese merchant
activity in Burma during the late 19th century.
121.Title: Zhentan ji iMWoñ (Record of the reconnaissance)
Author: Written by Zhang Dexin WËÊM and Zhang Chengyu
fâ$M, edited by Yao Wendong WiXW.
Summary: Day-to-day record of Britain's exploration of the
Yunnan-Burmese border region in 1890-1891.
Comment: Zhang Dexin and Zhang Chengyu were sent by
Qing border officials to act as horse-drivers for the
British exploratory mission and hence to keep watch on
their activities. The Zhangs kept separate diaries in
Burmese lest the British, most of whom knew Chinese,
should find them. The Zhangs later translated their
diaries into Chinese.
122.Title: Ji'si guangyi bian íÜ©@f&aÉ (A collection of all useful

works)
Author Yao Wendong ilfoXffî.
Summary: Volumes 1-2 contain four memorials by two
officials about affairs in Burma and on the
Yunnan-Burmese border in the early 1890s.
Comment: Yao Wendong was a Qing official and diplomat.
123.Title: Yunnan kanjie choubian ji MWWiWW&'fà (Record of
the delimitation of the boundary and the preparation for
the border affairs in Yunnan)

Author: Yao Wendong

Summary: Contains memorials, letters, and treatises by Yao
Wendong and other people about Qing-Burmese border
affairs in the early 1890s.
124.Title: Da Qing huidian shili ^Jf#ftV09 (Collected
statutes and sub-statutes of the great Qing)
Summary: Volumes 502, 503, 504, 505, 507, 508, 509, 510, and
514 contain somewhat detailed records of Burmese tribute
missions to China and of Qing regulations regarding those
missions.
Comment: Completed in 1899. Some informatin overlaps with
that in the Qinding libu zeli.
125.Title: Qing shilu ifS^ (The veritable record of the Qing

Dynasty)
Author: OfficiaUy compiled
Summary: Contains very detailed records of relations
between China and Burma from 1644 to 1911, focusing
largely on the 1765-1769 Qing-Burmese War. The
intercourse between China and British Burma primarily
concerns the demarcation of the Sino-Burmese boundary.
Comment Like the Ming shilu, the Qing shilu was compiled
by contemporaries, and so is highly reliable.
126.Title: Qingchao xu wenxian tongkao t?$???$?.?% (The
Qing supplement to the wenxian tongkaó)
Author: Liu Jinzao UlU^ (1854-1929)
Summary: Volumes 200 and 333 contain short descriptions of
Burmese music and the annexation of Burma by the
British.
Comment: Compiled between 1894 and 1921.
127.Title: Qing shigao if$M (The draft history of the Qing

dynasty)
Author: Zhao Erxun Mffim (1844-1927) et al.
Summary: Volumes 6, 10-20, 23, 101, 114, 125, 137, 151-152,
154, 224, 236- 237, 248, 301, 305, 318, 323, 327, 331-334, 337,
343, 358, 419, and 528 contain somewhat detailed records
of Qing-Burmese intercourse from 1644 to 1911.

Comment Compiled between 1914 and 1927, after the Qing

dynasty ended. The Qing shigao is derived directly from
primary records, one being the Qing shilu.
128.Title: Shiliao xunkan ¿ì^'èJìHJ (The journal of historical
materials)
Author: Collectively compiled
Summary: Numbers 22-25 contain several memorials and
edicts of the Qinglong reign dealing with the
Qing-Burmese War.
Comment: Written during the 18th century; compiled and
published by the Palace Museum in 1931.
129.Title: Qingdai waijiao shiliao iffW3£&;N· (Historical
records of Qing's foreign relations)
Summary: Contains memorials and edicts from the reigns of
Jiaqing MM (1796-1820) and Daoguang jt^fe (1821-1850),
dealing with Qing-Burmese boundary disputes and border
disturbances.
Comment: Written between 1805 and 1823; compiled by the
Palace Museum and published in 1932.
130.Title: Qingji waijiao shiliao Ífp^t-^^Í4 (Historical
records of late Qing's foreign relations)
Author: Wang Yanwei ??1& (1843-1904)
Summary: Volumes 40, 52, 61-65, 67, 69, 72-73, 84, 89-91, 96,
101, 114-117, 125, 152, 170, 181, and 200 contain official
telegrams to the Qing court from envoys in Great Britain,
together with official estimations of China's relations
with British Burma during the reign of Guangxu jft^
(1875-1908). Also included are accounts of the dispute in
Qing-Burmese relations surrounding the annexation of
Burma by the British, and of the demarcation of the
China's border with British Burma.
Comment: Printed in 1932-1935. These are valuable primary
sources written by contemporaries.
131.Title: Qing Xuantong chao waijiao shiliao if'E.fäMWSi&.fö
(Historical records on Qing's foreign relations during the
reign of Xuantong [1909-1911])
Author: Wang Yanwei ??????

Summary: Volumes 14-15 and 17-20 contain collections of

documents consisting primarily of the Yunnan governor's
memorials—and the replies to them from the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs—dealing with Qing-Burmese border
affairs and the demarcation of boundaries during the
reign of Xuantong.
132.Title: Ming Qing shiliao EPJif£$¦ (Historical records of the
Ming and Qing dynasties), "Geng bian" MM, volume 7
Summary: Apart from an edict by Kangxi (1662-1722) about
the capture of Yongli and a memorial regarding the
Burmese mission during the reign of Jiaqing (1796-1820),
all other memorials and edicts in the Ming Qing shiliao
date to the reign of Qianlong and deal with
Qing-Burmese border affairs and, especially, the
Qing-Burmese War.
Comment: Written during the 17th and 18th centuries.
Compiled by the Institute of History and Philology,
Academia Sinica, and published in 1936 and again in
1960. These records are authored by contemporary
officials and emperors. The Ming Qing shiliao might
have been one source of the Qing shilu. Like the Shiliao
xunkan, the Ming Qing shiliao is an especially valuable
source for the study of the Qing-Burmese War.
133.Title: Yongchang fu wenzheng ¿KMIftXWl (Collection of
works on the Yongchang prefecture)
Author: Li Genyuan $$ÜÜ (1879-1965)
Summary: Contains records on Burma and Sino-Burmese
relations.
Comment Printed in 1941, this is a collection of literary and
historical records dating from the Han through the
Republic era and relating to the Yongchang prefecture
and the border region in southwestern Yunnan. Many of
these records—some of which are not easily
accessible—deal with Burma and Sino-Burmese
relations.
»134. Title: Gongzhong dang ??GF?? (Archives of the secret palace

memorials of the Qing dynasty)
Author Compiled by Guoli Gugong Bowuyuan MtL^.'EW-^ö^

Summary: The memorials written during the reigns of

Yongzheng and, especially, Qianlong contain detailed
information on Qing-Burmese relations and on the
Qing-Burmese War in particular.
Comment: To my knowledge, Guoli Gugong Bowuyuan in
Taiwan has between 1973 and 1988 published the
Gongzhong dang of four reigns, those of Kangxi,
Yongzheng, Qianong, and Guangxu.
»135. Title: Shangyu dang _h!Éîft (Archives of the edicts)
Author: Zhongguo Diyi Lishi Dang'an Guan +gin—M^S.
Summary: Contains detailed information on Qing-Burmese
relations and the Qing-Burmese wars. Again, the most
detailed records are in the reign of Qianlong.
Comment: Published by the Zhongguo Diyi Lishi Dang'an
Guan in microfilm form in 1987, the Shangyu dang
includes material from the reign of Yongzheng to that of
Xuantong.

7LWOHDQG$XWKRU,QGH[WR$QQRWDWHG&KLQHVH6RXUFHV
'2,MEV
Title and Author Index to Annotated Chinese Sources
(References are to citation and not page numbers)
Baiguji 41 Gaozong yuzhi shiwen

Baigu tong 41 shiauan ji 93
Batgu tongji 41 Gongzhong dang 134
Baigu tongji qianshu 41 Guangzhi 22
Batshi changqing ji 13 Guang zhiyi 54
Baiyizhuan
Ban Gu 2
33 Guochao wenlei 30
Baojianjie 55 Guochao xianzheng Iu 59
BaoRuji 66 Guoli Gugong Bowuyuan 134
Bianji 9 Hailu 106
Binlangyu zhilue 120 Haishuo 110
Bogu tongji 41 Haike ritan 110
Honshu 2
Cen Xiangqinggong zougao 115 HouHansfiu 4
CenYuying 115,116 HuZhijun 15
Chang Qu 5 Huang Maocai 111
Chaoftn tuji 107
ChenShou 3 Huang Ming jingji wenlu 44
Chen Wen 39 Huang Ming jingshi wenbian 67
ChenXun 40 Huang Ming xiangxu Iu 63
ChenZilong 67 Huang Qing zhigong tu 85
ChenZonghai 102 Hiwng Yuan zfœng Mian Iu 30
Chunrongtang ji 91 Huangchao jingshi dadian 30
Chushi nji xuke 118 Huangchao wugong jisheng 92
Congzheng Miandian riji 86 Huanyu tongzhi 40
Huayang guo zhi 5
Da Qing huidian shili 124 Huayi yiyu: Miandian
Da Tang xiyu ji 9 guan yiyu 48
Huilin 12
Da zhuan
Tang xiyu
10
qiufa gaoseng Huilin yinyi 12
Oaoyi zhilue 31
Dazangyinyi 12 Jiao Hong 59
Deng Kai 69,79 Jingtai Yunnan tujing zhishu 39
Dian /tei yuheng zhi 101 Jisi guangyi bian 122
Dûwfcio 76 /im Tang s/im 18, 19, 20
Dian /ue 41, 60 Juy«;'i 100
Dwn Mian huajie tushuo 119 Ke s/w 25
Dion nan xinyu 83 Ke Xi Qiao Yin 70
Dian ?? 103
Dian xiao ji 81
Dion xing rilu 89 Li Daoyuan 6
Día« Yuw linian zhuan 82 Li Fang 22
Dzaw z/ii 55, 65 LiGenyuan 133
Dong Gao 85 LiHongzhang 113
DongLun 68 Li Jun 120
Du You 17 Li Shida 53
Fan Shouii 57 Li Wenzhonggong quanji 113
Fan Ye 4 Li Xinzhuan 28
Feng Su 76 LiYuanyang 47
Funan tusu 22 Liang shu 2,7
Funan zhuan 6 Lingwai daida 23, 24
Fuxian 88 Liu Chai 71

Liujian 80 shiliao 131

Liu Jinzao 126 Qing zhigong tu 85
LiuKun 77,80 Qingchao wenxian tongkao 97
Liu Sanwu 34 Qingchao xu wenxian tongkao 126
Liu Ting 51, 103 Qingdai dang'an shiliao
LiuWenzheng 65 congbian 74
Liu Xu 19 Qingdai waijiao shiliao 129
LiuYuke 98 Qingji waijiao shiliao 130
LuWeiqi 64 Qiuyelu 70
Qujiusi 58
Ma Fuchu (Ma Dexin) 107 Quan Tang shi 15
Man shu 18 Quxiao xinwen 57
MaoRuizheng 63
Mao Yuanyi 62 Saipingzhang dezheng bei 29
Mian lue 55, 56 Sanguozhi 3
Mian shu 109 Shangyu dang 135
Miandian guicheng benmo 105 ShenDefu 56
Miandian shimo 55 ShenShixing 52
Miandian suoii 88 Shi Dian zaji 78
Miandian tushuo 114 Shi Fan 103
Miandian zhuyi kaolue 84 Shiji 1
Mianguo jilue 109 Shi jiang bei 38
Ming huidian 52 Shi Mian Iu 36
Shiliao xunkan 128
Ming Qing shiliao 132
Ming shi 73 Shou Mian jishi 71
Mingshilu 68,73,125 Shui jing zhu 6
Mubang xianghua song 84 Shuyu zhouzi Iu 46
Mubang xuanwei shisi yin 35 Sima Qian 1
Siyi guan kao 49
Nanhai jigui neifa zhuan 11 Siyi guan zengding guanze 64
Nanyishu 37 Song huiyao jigao 28
Nanyuan manlu 42, 45 Song Lian 32
Nanzhao tongji 41 Song shi TJ
Nanzhaoyesni 41 SuTianjue 30
Nanzhong bajun zhi 20 Sui Mian jishi 96
Suishu 8
Nanzhong jiwen 66
Nanzhong zashuo 77 SunChengze 75
Nanzhou bajun zhi 22 SunShiyi 96
Nanzhou yiwu zhi 22
Ni Lu 41 Taiping yulan 2, 22
Ni Tui 81, 82 TanCui 101,103
Tang Ci 16
Oubei shichao 99 Tang huiyao 20
OuyangXiu 21 Tengyue ting zhi 102
Tengyue zhou zhi 102
PengSongyu 109 Tian Rucheng 45
PengYuanrui 93 Tianfu guangji 75
Piaoguo yue song 16 Ting wen Iu 80
Ping Mian tu 94 Tong dian 2, 17
TuShulian 102
QianGuxun 33 Tuguan dibo 43
Qinding libu zeli 108, 124 Tuotuo 27
Qing Gaozong (Qianlong) 93
QiW shigao 127 Wan Biao 44
Qingshüu 125,127,132 Wang Chang 87, 89, 90, 91
Qing Xuantong chao waijiao WangDayuan 31

I. Index to Annotated Sources
Wang Ji 38 Yuan jingshi dadian 30

Wang Pu 20 Yuan sni 30,32
WangShixing 54 Yuan wen lei 30
WangYanwei 130,131 YuanZhen 14
Wang Zhi 110 Yuanchao zheng Mian Iu 30
WangZongzai 49 Yuanshi changqing ji 14
Yunlu manchao 26
Wanli wugong Iu 58
Wanli yehuo bian 56 Yunnan ji 22
(Wanli) Yunnan tongzhi 41, 47
Wei lue 3
Yunnan kanjie choubian ji 123
Yunnan shilue 82
Wei Zheng 8 Yunnan zhi 18
Weiyuanying shizhong bei 51 Yuying luzhi 110
Wen Tiren 68 ZengMiandian
xingren xuLi Sicong shi
Wu bei zhi 62 34
Wu Kai 87,102 Zhang Chengyu 121
WuQizhen 114 Zhang Dexiang 28
Zhang Hong 36, 37
Xt'nan yifang zhi 20 Zhang Hong 83
Xi'nanyi fengtu ji 50 Zhang Tingyu 73
Xiaoting zalu 105 Zhang Xuan 61
XieQinggao
Xie Zhaozhe 60
106 Zhang Zhichun 42
Zhang Zhifu 25
Xin Tang shu 18, 20, 21 Zhangshi ke shu 25
Zhao Erxun 127
Xiyou rtji 111
Xiyuan wenjian Iu 61 ZhaoRuguo 24
ZhaoRuili 102
XuFuyuan 67
Xujiong 78 ZhaoWenzhe 100
Xu Song 28 ZhaoYanwei 26
XuXiake 72 Zhao Yi 92,95,99
Xu Xiake youji 71 ZhaoZiyuan 29
XuanShitao 98 Zhaobu zonglu 30
Xuanzang 9 Zhaolian 105
XueFucheng 117,118,119 Zheng Da 79
Xuxiu Yunnan tongzhi 116 Zheng Dexin 121
Xuzongci ji 53 Zheng He hanghai tu 62
Zheng Mian juue 87
YanCongjian 46 Zheng Mian jiwen 90
Yang Bingnan 106 Zhentanji 121
YangNai 41 Zhiyuan zheng Mian Iu 30
Yanjiao jiwen 45 Zhongguo Diyi Lishi Dang'an
Yanpu zaji 95 Guan 74, 135
Yao Silian 7 ZhouQufei 23
YaoWendong 121,122,123 Zhou Yu 86
YaoYuanzhi 104 Zhufanzhi 24
Yeshi Iu 69, 70, 71, 79, 80 ZhuFengying 84
Yeshi wuwen 79 Zhuyeting zaji 104
Yijing 10,11
Yiqie iing yinyi 12
Yonganquanji 117
Yongchangfu ru Mian jing daoli
tu 112
Yongchangfu wenzheng 91, 99,
100, 133
Yongchangfu zhi 98
Yongxuan 85
YuHuan 3

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II. Introductions and Compilations of Chinese
Historical Sources on Southeast Asia
Chen Jiarong RgIE, Xie Fang Wj, and Lu Junling mt&fê

1986 Gudai Nanhai aiming ~&iWiMi&%, [Collection and
annotation of ancient Nanhai place names]. Beijing:
Zhonghua Shuju.
FangGuoyuîPE
1984aYunnan shiliao mulu gaishuo Sê^SÜÊIÄ [A general
introduction to the historical sources on Yunnan]. 3 vols.
Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju.
Franke, Wolfgang
1972 "Some Remarks on Chinese Historical Sources in Southeast
Asia, with Particular Consideration of the Ming Period,
1368-1644." In David C. Buxbaum and Frederick W. Mote,
eds., Transition and Permanence, Chinese History and
Culture: A Festschrift in Honor of Dr. Hsiao Kung-ch'uan.
155-167. Hong Kong: Cathay Press. Reprinted in Wolfgang
Franke, Sino-Malaysiana: Selected Papers on Ming & Qing
History and on the Overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia
1942-1988. 476-488. Singapore: South Seas Society, 1989.
Fujita Toyohachi
1913 "To So jidai Nankai ni kansuru Shina shiryo" [Chinese
historical sources on Southeast Asia in the Tang and Song
dynasties]. Toa kenkyu 3(2). Included in Fujita Toyohachi,
Tozfli kosho shi no kenkyu Nankai hen [Study of the
East-West relations: the Nanhai volume]. 39-46. 1st ed.,
1932; reprint, Tokyo: 1943. Fujita's book was translated into
Chinese by He Jianmin ????? and entitled Zhongguo
Nanhai gudai jiaotong congkao F???^#£|?&§||%
(Beiping [Beijing]: Shangwu Yinshuguan, 1936).
1929 Nanyo ni kansuru Shina shiryo ni tsuite [On Chinese
historical sources on Southeast Asia]. Taipei: Taiwan
Nichinichi Shibun. Included in Ikeuchi Hiroshi, ed., Kenpo
Iso [The works written by the late Kenpo (Fujita
Toyohachi)]. 77-98. Tokyo: 1930.

Gu Hai MM
1990 Dongnanya gudai shi zhongwen wenxian tiyao WMÔlE\X$i
F?^?????? [Annotation of Chinese sources on ancient
history of Southeast Asia]. Xiamen: Xiamen Daxue
Chubanshe.
Ishida Mikinosuke
1945 Nankai ni kansuru Shina shiryo [Chinese historical sources
on Southeast Asia]. Tokyo: Seikatsusha.
Jing Zhenguo JHSi[Il
1985 Zhongguo guji zhong youguan Laowo ziliao huibian f S-E"
jji F'???^????^????? [A corpus of Chinese historical sources
on Laos]. Zhengzhou: Zhongzhou Guji Chubanshe.
Li Genyuan î
1941 Yongchang fu wenzheng ¿KMfàJCfêl [Collection of works on
the Yongchang prefecture]. Kunming: Qushi Congshu.
Li Xiaoyuan ^'h^f.
1988 Yunnan snwmu HjÎIEi [Bibliography of Yunnan]. Kunming:
Yunnan Renmin Chubanshe. First printed in the late 1930s.
LuJunlinglËÎiëÎft and Zhou Shaoquan JHS^
1986 Zhongguo guji zhong youguan Jianpuzhai ziliao huibian f S
?G»F?????5(??ß*?*4???? [A corpus of Chinese historical
sources on Cambodia]. Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju.
Luo Huangchao ?%1!$?
1979 "Yinduzhina bandao sanguo gu han ji shuyao" ^Ü^Sß^JiH
Hfölü^läii! [A brief introduction to ancient Chinese
historical works on Indochina peninsula]. Guangxi minzu
xueyuan xuebao £E££$£$9 3.
Momoki Shiro
1984-1985Dfli Shin jitsuroku chu Tonan'a kankei kiji Kenryu
[Records on Southeast Asia in the Da Qing shilu: the reign of
Qianlong]. Kyoto: Tonan Ajia Shigakkai Kansai Reikai
"Kanseki o Yomukai."
Onishi Kazuhiko
1991 Dai Shin jitsuroku chu Tonan'a kankei kiji Junchi, Kouki,

?. Introductions and Compilations
Yousei [Records on Southeast Asia in the Da Qing shilu: The

reigns of Shunzhi, Kangxi, and Yongzheng]. Kyoto: Tonan
Ajia Shigakkai Kansai Reikai "Kanseki o Yomukai."
Parker, Edward Harper
1893"Precis." A precis of Chinese imperials and provincial annals
and state papers relating to Burma, printed departmentally
in Rangoon when Parker was Adviser on Chinese Affairs to
the Government of British Burma.
1894Digest of the Yung-ch'ang Annals on Burma. Simla: The

Government Central Printing Office.
Su Qianying ffî&fê
1941 "Zhongguo Nanhai guanxi shiliao shuyao" F?^?§?^
.aH^Mii? [A brief introduction to the Chinese historical
records on Nanhai]. Xuelin ^# 10:99-112.
Wada Hisanori
1944 "Sodai Nankai shiryo toshite no toi zasshi." [Miscellaneous
records about the island barbarians in the historical
materials on Nanhai of the Song dynasty] Ochanomizu Joshi
Daigaku jinbun L·gaku kiyo 5.
Wade, Geoffrey Philip
1994 "The Ming Shi-lu (Veritable records of the Ming dynasty) as
a Source for Southeast Asian History—14th to 17th
Centuries." Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Hong Kong.
WangYongH^
1932 "Song Ming jian guanyu Yazhou nanfang yanhai zhuguo dili
zhi yaoji" ^mmmnmm-^^mmmms.^^m [Mam
geographical works on coastal countries in southern Asia
between Song and Ming]. Fangzhi Yuekan ^ÜS^TO 8:20-26.
Wang Yude 3E3£fé et al.
1991 Ming shilu leizuan—shewai shiliao bian ^KiHIII — W
^f-jè$4IÉ [Compilation of the Ming shilu according to
category—the volume of historical sources on foreign
relations]. Wuhan: Wuhan Chubanshe.

Warry, W.
n.d. "A precis of Chinese State Papers." Printed departmentally in
Rangoon when Warry was Adviser on Chinese Affairs to the
Government of British Burma.
Wu Jinghong (Wu Ching-hong) ^M%

1959 "A Study of References to the Philippines in Chinese Sources
from Earliest Times to the Ming Dynasty." Philippine Social
Sciences and Humanities Review 24(1-2):1-181.
Xiao Dehao NÉÎHfê, and Huang Zheng ^JIf et al.
1993 Zhong Yue bianjie lishi ziliao xuanbian F?^^?
£3£$JiáÍ [Selected historical materials on the
Sino-Vietnamese border]. Beijing: Zhongguo Shehui Kexue
Wenxian Chubanshe.
Xiang Da |qJJÉ
1930 "Han Tang jian Xiyu ji hainan zhuguo gu dili shu xulu" ÜJÜÍfRI
ffi^&fêif§tiiÎ"iÉïIlt$^ [An introduction to books on the
ancient geography of the countries in the Western Region and
South Sea during the Han and Tang dynasties]. In Beiping
Tushuguan guankan Jh^HÔêgêi^J 4(6):23-36. Included in
Xiang Da, Tangdai Chang'an yu xiyu wenming JüffCíl
^HBH&fcW 565-578. Beijing: Sanlian Shudian, 1987.
Xu Daoling WfMM
1937 "Nanyang shumu xuanlu" fë#it @ jliü: [Selected books on
Nanyang]. In Yu gong 6:89. Included in Li Dingyi ^S —, Bao
Zunpeng iHMM, Wu Xiangxiang ^JfJïtfj et al., eds., Zhongguo
jindai shi luncong F?jöftüifi . Series 2, 4:201-212. Taibei:
Zhengzhong Shuju, 1961.
Xu Yunqiao (Hsu Yun-ts'iao) fFlÜÍÉ

1959 Nanyang wenxian xulu changbian ^P^^C$^.^.^M.M [A
preliminary bibliography of Southeast Asian studies].
Singapore: Nanyang University.
1967 "The Contribution of Chinese Sources to the Ancient History
of Southeast Asia." Dongnanya yanjiu J$MHiSffl$i
(Singapore) 3:9-15.

II. Introductions and Compilations
Yao Takao
1985 Dai Shin jitsuroku chu Tonan'a kankei kiji Kakei [Records on
Southeast Asia in the Da Qing shilu: the reign of Jiaqing].
Kyoto: Tonan Ajia Shigakkai Kansai Reikai "Kanseki o
Yomukai."
Yu Dingbang T&fëfP, Huang Zhongyan fig, and Jiang Xingdong

UMM
1985 Zhongguo guji zhong de Miandian ziliao huibian f^???F
fàMGH^fàMfÊ [A corpus of Chinese historical sources on
Burma]. Mss.
Yunnan Sheng Lishi Yanjiusuo MW^M&ffiÇuffi

1959 Ming shilu youguan Yunnan lishi ziliao zaichao B^Sf^WP
MWM&.fëfâfàfà [Historical records on Yunnan in the Ming
shilu]. Kunming: Yunnan Renmin Chubanshe.
1984Qing shilu youguan Yunnan lishi ziliao zaichao WAiIWSIIS
^MÄÄÊfe!>[Historical records on Yunnan in the Qing
shilu]. 4 vols. Kunming: Yunnan Renmin Chubanshe.
1985Qing shilu Yuenan, Miandian, Taiguo, Laowo shiliao
zh a i chao fit£G$&?5??4s$?;&a£?4&& [Historical
records on Vietnam, Burma, Thailand, and Laos in the Qing
shilu]. Kunming: Yunnan Renmin Chubanshe.
Zhang Xiumin Sl^K
1992 "Zhong Yue guanxi shumu (guoren zhushu)" F???^#@
(MÀMtÈ) [Bibliography of Sino-Vietnamese relations:
Works by Chinese]. In Zhang Xiumin, Zhong Yue guanxi shi
lunwenji tpfâMfâ&WïXM. 211-236. Taibei: Wenshizhe
Chubanshe.
Zhao Lingyang (Chiu Ling-yeong) Ü^Ü et al.

1968 Ming shilu zhong zhi Dongnanya shiliao |§??$&F
¡è.^fêSÎ.ië^ [Southeast Asia in Chinese reign chronicles
(1368-1644)]. Vol. 1. Hong Kong: Xuejin Chubanshe.
1976 Ming shilu zhong zhi Dongnanya shiliao ????F?,?
?·d?&#4 [Southeast Asia in Chinese reign chronicles
(1368-1644)]. Vol. 2. Hong Kong: Xuejin Chubanshe.

Zhongguo Shehui Kexueyuan Lishi Yanjiusuo F HJÎtU'i^HPfêljil

1982 Gudai Zhong Yue guanxi shi ziliao xuanbian "Sf^ f® ^%
^SJñ^M^ [Selected materials on pre-modern
Sino-Vietnamese historical relations]. 2 vols. Beijing:
Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chubanshe.
Zhongshan Daxue Dongnanya Lishi Yanjiusuo f Lil^lP^fëlïîJÎU
1980 Zhongguo guji zhong youguan Feilubin ziliao huibian F??t?G
HÎWMfg&SBfÎrBA [A corpus of Chinese historical
sources on the Philippines]. Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju.
Zhu Jieqin ¿fcjföifr
1963a "Wo guo lidai guanyu Dongnanya shidi zhongyao zhuzuo
shuping" ÄHfiftlWJ&*mffi£ift«gWäE!¥[An
introduction to important Chinese books on the history and
geography of Southeast Asia throughout the dynasties].
Xueshu yuekan Wfàn^l, vol. 1 Included in Zhu Jieqin,
Zhongwai guanxi shi lunwenji tpft-ffîfâ&WiXM· 8-33.
Zhengzhou: Henan Renmin Chubanshe.
1963b "Zhongguo gu wenxian zhong youguan Miandian de ji ben shu"
F??'?'?ß?F^??????^??? [Several books concerning
Burma in Chinese historical records]. Xueshu yanjiu ¡!piJ5 Cf%
1:65-78.

,,,/LVWRI5HVHDUFK:RUNV&RQFHUQLQJ%XUPDWKDW8VH&KLQHVH6RXUFHV
'2,MEV
HI. List of Research Works Concerning Burma
that Use Chinese Sources
Ba Shin a>^£
1966 "Bi-tha-no myo-haung hnin tha-maing amin"
eccû|:gGuo£:$53û§é:33(ï}£ [Old Vishnu city in a historical
perspective]. Tega-tho pannya padei-tha sa-zaung
oofl}o§o5og»üe3a»ioe«rt£ 1, 3.
Backus, Charles
1981 The Nan-chao Kingdom and T*ang China's Southwestern
Frontier. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Translated into Chinese by Lin Chaomin under the title
Nanzhao guo yu Tangdai de xinan bianjiang ^sSSUSf^íÑ
WfëîaM. (Kunming: Yunnan Renmin Chubanshe, 1988).
Bagchi, Prabodh Chandra
1951India and China: A Thousand Years of Cultural Relations.
2nd ed., revised and enlarged. New York: Philosophical
Library.
Bennett, Paul J.
1984 "The Kingdom of T'an and Early Burma." Paper presented at
the Southeast Asian Studies Summer Institute Conference.
Cammann, Schuyler
1952"Review of P. C. Bagchi's 'India and China: A Thousands
Years of Cultural Relations'." The Far Eastern Quarterly
12(1).
CenZhongmian 3?F?
1959a"Ju Shi ji kanchu Mian, Jimie (Jianpuzhai), Kunlun (Kelun),
Luoxian deng zu you Yunnan qianchu" ÜAlBíf tfilE ' *1
(***) »si% (#1%) 'mmmm^mmmm [Evidence
from the SM ji showing that Burmans, Khmers (Cambodia),
Kunlun (Karens), Siamese, and others migrated from Yunnan].
Zhongshan Daxue xuebao F?1|^^^9· Reprinted in
Dongnanya lishi luncong ^féj5iÉ¿Í&3l 2 (1979):l-25.
1959b "Xihan dui Nanyang de haidao jiaotong" H^fí^#E]^ÍÍ
3£3® [Maritime routes between the Western Han and
Southeast Asia]. Zhongshan Daxue xuebao f??|;?:??1???$3 4.

Reprinted in Dongnanya lishi luncong MW1i¿M!ÍIÍeWí

2:26-40 (1979).
Chang Renxia íjffí:$

1955 "Zhengui de Zhong Mian wenhua guanxi" ^g; tfJ^MXitíSS
% [Precious Sino-Burmese cultural relations]. Dagong bao ^
&${? October 6. Reprinted in Dongfang yishu congtan
Chen Guohua R^S#

1946 "Zhong Mian de lishi guanxi" F?$??&.$?% [Sino-Burmese
historical relations]. Fengtu zazhi J¡H±$SiÍ£ 2(l):28-29.
Chen Jiarong (Chen Arong) E$îë3I
1987 Zhong wax jiaotong shi F^-^SÜ [A history of the
communication between China and foreign countries]. Hong
Kong: Xuejin Shutian.
Chen Liangwei &$.&·($
1987 "Xinanyi sidao chutan" S$||j$&$I& [Study of the
southwestern silk road]. Xinjiang Daxue xuebao %t?^^^¥&
2.
Chen Qian MM
1981"Chuan Dian Mian Yin gudao chukao" J 1 1^,WA"JElU^
[A preliminary study on the ancient Sichuan-Yunnan-Burma-
India route]. Zhongguo shehui kexue F?^????F. Reprinted
in Wu Jiachen and Jiang Yuxiang 1990:128-158.
1982"Shilun Mianzu de xingcheng wenti" UWlMWifàl&tftMtia [A
preliminary discussion of the formation of the Burmans].
Dongnanya ziliao MfUlSÎfëfà 3.
Chen Ruxing (Chen Yi-sein) WMfê. ^«I
1960 "The Chinese Inscription at Pagan." The Bulletin of Burma
Historical Commission 1(2):153-157.
1961a"Mian bei de Jindi Shanzu" Mlt&l&i&MWi [The Khamti
Shan in northern Burma]. Nanyang wenzhai fë#3tji§ 2(1):33.
(Under the name of Tian Jiaqing ffl^W/ the pen name of Chen
Ruxing).
62The Journal of Burma Studies, Volume 2

III. Research Works Using the Chinese Sources
1961b "Miandian Jiyezu ren de tonggu—wagu" HtfaJ p, WMAtflMtk

— ÍÉS [The bronze drum of the Kaya people in Burma].
Nanyang wenzhai WWXM 2(1):39.
1961c "Miandian de wuzuo huaqiao miaoyu" ?^?&?????^????
[Five Chinese temples in Burma]. Nanyang wenzhai WWXM
2(4):36.
1961d "'Miandian' kao" 'M$l' # [A study of "Miandian"].
Nanyang wenzhai WWXM 2(7):39-40.
1961e"Pugan huawen gubei zhi mi" WMW'X'^Wi.^ [The
mystery of the Chinese inscription at Pagan]. Nanyang
wenzhai WWXM 2(8):36-37.
1961f "Gudai Zhong Mian jiaotong kongdao" "ift F?83£??31?

[Main ancient communication routes between China and
Burma]. Nanyang wenzhai WWX1E 2(11):17-18.
1961g"Jingdong jingnei de Lahu zu" SÄ&PitöätfE8e [The Lahu
people in Kengtung]. Nanyang wenzhai WWXM 2(12):42.
1961h "Miandian huaqiao zuizao de baokan" [The earliest
Chinese newspaper in Burma]. Nanyang wenzhai WWXM
2(12):48-49.
1961i "Miandian zuizao de huaqiao xuexiao" Mîiik^fàWWi^fâ.

[The earliest Chinese school in Burma]. Nanyang wenzhai W
WXM 2(12):53.
1962a "Miandian gudai de qianbi" Mî'&'tXtfjfä'ifc [Ancient coinage

in Burma]. Nanyang wenzhai WWXM 3(2):36-37.
1962b "Bamo 'weiyuan ying' beiwen shang de 'jinsha' yu 'guiku'"
AU 'AW mX±. lft '&$>' m '&^' [The words
'jinsha' and 'guiku' in the 'weiyuan ying' inscription at
Bhamo]. Nanyang wenzhai WWXM 3(2):54 (Under the
name of Tian Jiaqing H^W) .
1963 "Miandian shi yu Man shu" !S1EDjEIIiIE!! [Burmese history
and the Man shu]. Nanyang wenzhai WWXM 4(ll):28-29.

1966 "The Chinese in Upper Burma before 1700." Dongnanya

yanjiu %WBffl% (Singapore) 2:81-94.
1966"The Chinese in Rangoon during the 18th and 19th Centuries."
In Ba Shin, Jean Boisselier, and A. B. Griswold, eds. Essays
Offered to G. H. Luce by his Colleagues and Friends in honour
of His Seventy-fifth Birthday, vol. 1, 107-111. Ascona,
Switzerland: Artibus ASIAE Publishers. Reprinted in
Ngwei-ya-tu-tha-bhin atein-ahmat pun-neit pyi sa-tan-su
gçcicï}3û:»S33o8S:33<î°$<J|o[<5: »???d:^ [Silver jubilee publication],
171-176. Rangoon: Pyei-htaung-su hso-she-lit tha-ma-ta
Myan-ma naing-ngan-taw yin-kyei-hmu hta-na, 1982.
1967"Fan Chuo Man shu dui Miandian shi zhi gongxian"
^&^1!Ííffi60£e.AJ& [The contributions of Fan Chuo's
Man shu to the study of Burmese history]. Dongnanya yanjiu
W.WÏÏffi% 3:17-26.
1969-7Oa "Mingchu de Zhong Mian guanxi" Wtilfä^MMfä

[Sino-Burmese relations in the early Ming (1368-1424)]. Parts
I & ?. Kagoshima Daigaku Shiroku 2:1-32; 3:11-28.
1969-7Ob "Shei-haung Ti-bet Myan-ma mya hnin yin-to
ywei-pyaung la hke thei lan-kyaung mya"
eêuw&oSooS^trt^Î^œ&aêêJtpficvwsaûgfcoa: efëpë-.qp: [Ancient
Tibeto-Burmans and the routes of their migration]. Mandalei
w ei -z a hnin lega - t o ni t- I e sa - ? a un g
v$eco:8$$5co<2g:i§o5$5co2Ssoecoé 2:119-126.
1970a"Zhubo kao" &$# [Study of "Zhubo"]. Dongnanya yanjiu
MW^SM^ (Singapore) 6.
1972, 1974, 1975 "Yuan Zhiyuan monian de Zhong Mian heping
tanpan (I-III)" p?p*^«*«»3?»« (MII) [The
Sino-Burmese peace negotiation in the late Zhiyuan period
of the Yuan dynasty]. Kagoshima Daigaku shiroku 5:1-16;
7:23-31; 8:17-26.
1977 "Shin Di-tha-ba-mauk-hka ngyin-hkyan-yei mit-shin

ahpwai" ^íSaMüleoonogá^StetiroSqíssiJ, [Rhan Disapamokkha's
peace negotiation mission]. Naing-ngan tha-maing
thu-tei-tha-na sa-zaung ^Sé^S:x¡emx,^toe<ne 1:41-57.

III. Research WorL· Using the Chinese Sources
Tranlated into Chinese by Wang Jienan 3Lf[W under the

title "Xin Didabamaoke de hetan shituan" ÍbMÁEM^&J^Q
Wifêm Shijie lishi 1«:#??£ 1 (1982).
1979aHka-yit-hnit 802 hku-hnit Ta-yok naing-ngan yauk Pyu
than-ahpwai aGi5$S«>ojíj$£oo<}o5|£¿e«po5ifl|[3¿3>$, [Pyu's mission to
China in 802 A.D.J. Naing-ngan tha-maing thu-tei-tha-na
sa-zaung $£¿03§e:x{G<nz>qm<smS 3:65. Translated into Chinese by
Chen Yan W.fe and Han Xuewen t&^X under the title
"Gongyuan 802 nian Piaoguo shituan fanghua kao"
£p8023??? M^MWiW^ê Zhongwai guanxi shi yicong
F??«»« 3:43-71 (1984).
1979b Pyu hkeit Myan-ma naing-ngan e naing-ngan-hkya
hsek-hsan-yei mneaoSgfoo $£¿«íi|£<![y>:aonCaieei: [Burma's foreign
relations during the Pyu time]. Naing-ngan tha-maing
thu-tei-tha-na sa-zaung ^¡¿^S-.êm^ôoemS 4:1-39.
1979c "Distribution of Pyu Settlements and Stockades As Mentioned
in the New T'ang Dynasty History." Mss.
1985 Ta-yok hmat-tan la shei-haung Myan-ma naing-ngan amei
ta-hku lei-la-hkyet Kyu-po hu-tho amei e ayin-amyit"
33ü2S«S¡336i£:33(í}£ [Note on a name of ancient Burma in Chinese
records: the origins of "Zhubo"]. Naing-ngan tha-maing
thu-tei-tha-na sa-zaung $S6 x>§i-.êm^^snetnS 5:7-22.
1988 "Review of Phases of Pre-Pagan Burma: Language and
History." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great
Britain and Ireland 1:237-239.
1991a"Dui Boxihe Liangdaokao nei youguan Piaoguo de yiduan

lucheng de shangque" f*fâ#|DffiiË#n?iHBHftffiffi
[Discussion on a passage regarding a route in the Pyu kingdom
in Pelliot's "Deux Itinéraires de Chine en Inde a la fin du
Ville siècle"]. DaIu zazhi ^BBU 83(3):1 15-122.
1991b '"Shanguo' kao" 'W % [Study of the "Shan kingdom"].
DaIu zazhi *&&& 83(4): 145-148.

1991c "Dade chunian Yuanjun weigong Muliancheng kao" "XWiffl^-

%W$$CfcW$s% [A study of the Yuan army's siege of
Myinsaing city in the early years of the reign of Dade]. DaIu
zazhi -kBBU 83(6):26-39.
1991d"Guanyu 'Piaoyue/ 'Panyue/ yu 'Dianyue' de kaoshi" gglft
'BIjS' · 'fiB' 'H'^tt' W#» [On the study of
"Piaoyue," "Panyue," and "Dianyue"]. DaIu zazhi jz&fètfc
84(5):193-202.
1991e. "Zhongguo zaiji nei Piaoguo shiliao de yanjiu"

F?«8?? S£#???&& [Research on Chinese historical
sources on the Pyu kingdom]. Mss.
1991f "Miandian kao" M^J# [Study of "Miandian"]. In Chen
Ruxing(1991e), appendix III. (A modified version of Chen
Ruxing 1961)
1991g"Fugandulu yu huangzhi" ^"tflflÉLfít:^ [Fugandulu and
huangzhi]. In Chen Ruxing 1991e, appendix ??.
1992a "A study of P'iao-yueh, P'an-yueh and Tien-yueh." Mss.
1992b "Some Pyu Toponyms in Contemporary Chinese Texts." Mss.
1992c "Han Tang zhi Song Yuan shiqi zai Miandian de huaren"
MBM^TtfêffllEMtBJfàWA [Chinese in Burma from Han
and Tang through Song and Yuan]. Haiwai huaren yanjiu
Mft-WXmfi, 2:41-57.
1993a"Pyu Foreign Relations." Mss.

1993b "The Pyu Mission to China in A. D. 802." Mss.
1993c "Which Was the Last Pyu Capital: Halin or Sriksetra?"

Mss.
1993d "Guanyu 'Da Gula/ 'Xiao Gula/ yu 'Dimasa' de kaoshi"

m ? '?*«' ' '/Jn-OH' ·» 'ËJSffi' fà^m [Onthe
study of "Da Gula", "Xiao Gula," and "Dimasa"]. Dongnanya
MWZS. 2:23-28.

1994a "Mianwen 'Disuobamao shangren beiwen' de yanjiu" MX

'mmBW±.AmX' &jm$c[Study on Rh an
Disapamokkha's Burmese inscription]. DaIu zazhi ;*:fêÈ$ii£
89(3):100-108.
1994b "Suowei 'Piaoguo shiba shuguo' kao" fftW ' igg|-r7\J§III '
# [The so-called Pyu's 18 vassal states]. DaIu zazhi J:M%è
t£ 89(5):203-213.
1995a"Lun Mianzu de xianmin zi Dian xi qianru Miandian de dayue
luxian ji niandai" tt«»lWífeSe^ffiJiA«^W*ÍO»«R
^p-ft [On the approximate routes and time of Proto-Burmans'
migration into Burma from western Yunnan]. DaZm zazhi
^mmU 90(2):54-68.
1995b "'Linyang' kao" '#»' # [Study of "Linyang"]. DoZm

zazhi *mWU 91(1):1-18.
1997 "Kha-yit-hnit hse-le ya-zu ma taing mi ka Shan mya"
sc|S$Ssou5eco: cpçaoîôro^jjaitjp: [The Shan prior to the 14th
century]. Mss.
?1. "Pyu-so-hti thu-tei-tha-na" mneooœ^Gœ:^ [Study of
Pyu-so-hti]. Mo-wei ([-.go?
?. "Myek-hna-mi" q|o$$oogf: [Dark-skin people]. Mo-wei §:eo?

Chen Ruxing, and Maung Maung Thai emëetnëtfcS
1997 "Kon-baung hkit-u Ta-yok Myan-ma hset-hsan-yei
cT}$¡6:m£e3o§§: ooqo5(g|ooson5a5esi: [Sino-Burmese relations during
the early Konbaung dynasty]. Mss.
Chen Xujing Wff>M.
1958 "Mengzu zhuguo chukao" HiMW¡Wiffl3§ [Preliminary study of
the Mon kingdoms]. Zhongshan Daxue xuebao F |?£?;#?|?$1
2. Reprinted in Dongnanya lishi luncong MW1S.M!ÍLÍeWí2
1:1-44 (1979).
1 Mr. Chen Ruxing sent me the reference regarding this and the following item
without the publication dates (Personal communication March 31, 1997). I
have not gotten hold of them yet.
2 1 thank Dr. John Whihnore for giving me this book.

1959 Mengzu zhiguo chukao ?????F?^ [A historical study of

the Mon states in Southeast Asia]. Hong Kong: Zhongwen
Daxue Chubanshe.
1962 "Piaoguo kao" U S^ [Study of the Pyu kingdom].

Zhongshan Daxue xuebao F?4^:§^^ 4. Reprinted in
Dongnanya lishi luncong MWlS.M£.WiM 1:45-82 (1979).
1983 "Pugan kao" Ü"B"# [Study of Pagan]. Dongnanya lishi
xuekan MWRM^mVl 1.
1992 Chen Xujing Dongnanya gushi yanjiu heji fà&fflMWJStë&M

%ii%. [Collection of Chen Xujing's works on ancient
Southeast Asian history]. Vol. 1. Hong Kong: Shangwu
Yinshuguan.
ChenYan R$
1954"Zhong Mian liangguo de youyi he wenhua jiaoliu"
fyffiftWffiW^XWtft. [The friendship and cultural
exchanges between China and Burma]. Shijie zhishi 1ft#£flMÜ
22.
1955"Zhong Mian liangguo youhao wanglai de lishi"

F$???££??£35?F3?3& [History of the friendly intercourse
between China and Burma]. Guangming ribao tftuftHê.
December 8. Reprinted in Xin Yangguang bao §??F:)?6$? and
Dagong bao ^:Ä^; reprinted in Zhongguo he Yazhou geguo
youhao guanxi shi luncong $Bft3£9H#H£ffHffi£li$
(Beijing: Sanlian Shudian, 1956).
1979a"Zhongguo he Miandian liangqian duonian de Ijaobo' youyi"
F®??$???^¥#? 'ISA' ££ [The "pauk-hpaw"
friendship between China and Burma over two thousand
years]. Included in Beida "Wusi" kexue taolunhui lunwenji
Jb* 'SH ' mmelBtwiXM Beijing: Peking University.
1979b "Baobo de youlai" Jfêï?&ÉftÉ3f5 [The origins of "pauk-hpaw"].
Renmin ribao ÀKB$u July 12.

1979c "Gudai Zhong Mian wenhua jiaoliu" ~£{X tCMXikîltil

[Ancient cultural exchanges between China and Burma].
Shijie lishi 1£JMB£.
1979d "Zhongguo he Miandian liangqian duonian de youhao
wanglai" ^MnSSQMT%%-fàWï&%. [Friendly
intercourse between China and Burma over two thousand
years]. Ya Fei wenti yanjiu ?5$???^% 3.
1980a "Han Tang shi Miandian zai xinan sidao zhong de diwei"
ffiÊfàM^&WâUSÈ&fàV&tiL [Burma's role in the
southwestern silk road during the Han and Tang times].
Dongfang yanjiu Hgfiffi^ 1. Reprinted in Shijie shi lunwenji
WR&mXM 1 (1981).
1980b "Zhong Mian youyi he wenhua jiaoliu" *$Mfc&%iXik3i$L

[Sino-Burmese friendship and cultural exchanges]. Renmin
ribao AK B Kx, October 21.
1981"'Baobo' qingyi, yuanyuan liuchang" 'M&' 1fjiE?l$Efeg

[The "pauk-hpaw" friendship which is ancient in origin and
long lasting in development]. Zhongguo Dongnanya yanjiu hui
tongxun ^mMW^m^MB 4.
1982"Tangdai Piaoguo xian yue kao" JSftB Sl$^% [Study of
Pyu's presentation of music during the Tang dynasty]. In
Shijie zhongshiji shi yanjiuhui xueshu lunwenji "täjfîä
JSZ£M1f&fflÊiiXM, 1-34. Xining: Qinghai Renmin
Chubanshe.
1984 "Han Tang shi Zhong Mian liangguo de youhao guanxi he

wenhua jiaoliu" ??$?F???&]%??1%%??<?3£?
[Sino-Burmese friendly relations and cultural exchanges
during the Han and Tang]. In Zhongguo yu Ya Fei guojia
guanxi shi luncong F??3&?*?£??$£?!8, 91-112.
Nanchang: Jiangxi Renmin Chubanshe.
1986a"Lun Zhong Mian liangguo lishi shang de youhao guanxi"

&F???&.±&3&&?% [On Sino-Burmese historical
friendly relations]. Included in Xiangda xiansheng jinian
lunwenji ftllE9t£.%i1&fEXM ¦ Wulumuqi: Xinjiang Renmin
Chubanshe.

1986b "Xinan sichou zhilu" EM&j$S£.fê [The southwestern silk

road]. Zhongguo jianshe F?????d 10.
1986 & 1987 "Zhongguo tong Miandian lishi shang de wenhua
jiaoliu" (I, II, III) *HI^ÍÍOfi¿±WXft;5f«£ (± ' F '
T) [Sino-Burmese cultural exchanges in history]. Wenxian
Xm 3 & 4 (1986); 1 (1987).
1987a"Zhongguo he Miandian lishi shang de wenhua jiaoliu" f B

^HM^M^^fflXit^M [Sino-Burmese cultural exchanges in
history]. In Li Litu &WlM and Chen Rongzhao W%kM, eds.,
Nanyang yu Zhongguo—Nanyang Xuehui 45 zhounian jinian
lunwenji wwm^m - wwmt&föifi&i&mxM
[Southeast Asia and China: Collection of papers in
celebrating the 45th annivesary of the founding of the South
Sea Society], 1-56. Nanyang Xuehui congshu di 28 zhong.
Singapore: Nanyang Xuehui. Reprinted in Chen Yan,
Haishang sichou zhilu yu Zhong wai wenhua jiaoliu $g_h
f&MZ.V&f&tpftXib&titL 264-312, with a slight change in the
title. Beijing: Beijing Daxue Chubanshe, 1996.
1987b "Pugan laishi ru Song kao" ?-&%.&7&^ [Study of Pagan's
mission to the Song]. Dongnanya MWHS. 1.
1987c "Zhong Mian wenhua jiaoliu liangqian nian"
F?????????^^ [Sino-Burmese cultural exchanges for
two thousand years]. In Zhou Yiliang JS—$k, ed., Zhong wai
wenhua jiaoliu shi tp$\-Xib3Z$&£i Zhengzhou: Henan
Renmin Chubanshe.
1994 "Dehong zhou zai gujin xinan sichou zhilu zhong de teshu
diwei jiqi fazhan qianjing" &%WEtt?ffiM8iZi6iptt3#
îfeföRÄislllBiJÄ [The special position and prospect of the
Dehong prefecture in the ancient and modern southwestern
silk road]. Included in Miandian yu guoji maoyi wenti
zhuanjia zixun wenji ?#???|£3£ß|??3£&$$:&
Mangshi, Yunnan: Dehong Jingji Yanjiusuo.
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FengChengjun MMfâ
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1982 "Tang Wudai shi Jiannan Dao de jiaotong luxian kao" /Ir
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1988 Ming shi Yunnan tusi zhuan jianzhu Bj£Ufë±WUffg&
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Han Zhenhua WMW

1987 "Gongyuan qian er shiji zhi gongyuan yi shiji jian Zhongguo
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He Shengda fglgu
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Huang Zuwen ^^.X
1980"Miandian Yongjiya wangchao de tudi zhidu chutan" JSHeJfU
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Huang Zhengfu üfflE^c

1943 "Zhong Mian guanxi shi kao" F??1&&% [Study of the
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Ito Takao
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Ito Tomoaki
1939 "Biruma Unnan ruto." [Burma-Yunnan route]. Kaizo 21(2).
Ji Cheng ^c
1943 "Miandian shi yu Zhong Mian guanxi shi" !¡??£?F?5???^
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1983 "Miandian Gongbang wangchao guanzhi kao" ?^?^?.
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Ji Xianlin ^èjfcffi
1954"Zhong Mian liangguo renmin de chuantong youyi" F?????1
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1955"An Old Friendship Renewed: A Review of Sino-Burmese

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1964 "Sino-Burmese Friendship Will Last Forever." Forward
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1982 "Zhongguo cansi shuru Yindu wenti de chubu yanjiu" f SB

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Jian Bozan MiUW
1947 "Nanming shi shang de Yongli shidai" fëBJ3£±Éft;!k/ifëft
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Shanghai: Guoji Wenhua Fuwushe.

Jiang Yingliang ffiffitt

1958 Mingdai Yunnan jingnei de tuguan yu tusi BMiXMWMPiEU±?G
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Kunming: Yunnan Renmin Chubanshe.
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1981"Daizu shi sheji Dong Han Shanguo de shangque" fâM&WBi.
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Yunnan Shehui kexue MWÍÍÑ^^ 2. Reprinted in Jiang
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1983 Daizu shi i$M£. [The history of the Dai ethnicity].

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1953 "Minsho Tenpen doshi no secchi ni tsuite." [On the
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1963 "Cho Ko no Shi Men Roku ni tsuite." [On Zhang Hong's Shi
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Kida Mikio
1981 "Rokusenban Hyakui no hanran ni tsuite—Minsho hei Ten
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1986 "Bokkoki no Rokusen to Mao Shan ni tsuite." [The Luchuan
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Kishibe Shigeo
1944 "Todai Pyu koku (Biruma) no gakki—Biruma ongaku no
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Kuribayashi Norio
1953 "Min no seinan'i keiei." [Ming's administration of the
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1969 "Tan koku ni tsuite." [On the "Tan" kingdom]. Shiroku
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1919 Sino-Iranica: Chinese Contributions to the History of
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Li Changfu ^MW-
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Li Wei 2pJli
1939 "Zhong Mian zhi lishi guanxi" F?2-?&.?%
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1935a"Weiyuan ying keshi kao" I&WÊMfc^ [Study of the stone
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Lin Chaomin #JÜÍ3|
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Ling Bin $£i7Jc

1964 "Miandian de yushi shan" MÛWïHUl [The jade mine in
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Ling Chunsheng (Ling Shun-sheng) fêffliM
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1946 Zhong Mian jiewu wenti F$5^$???11? [Sino-Burmese
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1957 "Han Jin shiqi de xi'nanyi" $i#B$$îfôgjfH [The
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Yu Dingbang #?fë#P
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1990 "Han Jin shiqi Xinan sichou zhilu shang de Yongchang dao"
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Zhang Nan §f|fêî

1983 "Tongwang Yuandu de gudao" ÜÍEâÓ^JÉi [The ancient
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1982 "Zhanguo zhi Xihan shiqi Dianchi quyu faxian de Xiya
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Sixiang zhanxian ®?|??$| 2. Reprinted in Wu Jiachen and
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Zhang Zhengfan ?liE#
1934 "Miandian xingwang shi niaokan" $??????5??|88[ [A bird's
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Zhongshan Daxue Dongnanya Lishi Yanjiusuo FlîizFMW?S.M

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Zhu Depu ^^^

1988 "Cheli yu Dongwu wangchao lianyin zhiyi" $JÜ$|}ÍCf|3í
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Yunnan wenshi congkan MWX$iM T1J 4. Reprinted in Zhu
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Zhu Jieqin ¿fcjfàUJ

1981 "Handai Zhongguo yu Dongnanya he Nanya de haishang
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Haijiao shi yanjiu fé££flí2S 3:1-4 (1981).
Zhuang Jifa jjfîg
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,92WKHU5HIHUHQFHV
'2,MEV
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Sun Laichen 1997 Chinese Historical Sources On Burma. The Journal of Burma Studies 2.

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$%LEOLRJUDSK\RI3ULPDU\DQG6HFRQGDU\:RUNV

Scholars have long recognized the significance of Chinese

1 This article is dedicated to Professor Chen Yan of Peking University. I

The Journal of Burma Studies

begin in earnest.4 Since the 1980s, however, scholars in mainland

2 The Journal of Burma Studies, Volume 2

Chinese sources on Burma (Tuchrello 1988:141[IV]). As the number

The Journal of Burma Studies, Volume 2 3

Huang, and Jiang in arranging the Chinese sources according to

4 The Journal of Burma Studies, Volume 2

Considering the great number of sources at hand, I would like

The Journal of Burma Studies, Volume 2 5

a number of Sinocentric perspectives of dubious merit. For example,

6 The Journal of Burma Studies, Volume 2

provided in John Okell's A Guide to the Romanization of Burmese

The Journal of Burma Studies, Volume 2

A. Chinese historical sources on Burma

The Journal of Burma Studies, Volume 2 9

and opaque glass. Several place names are mentioned,

10 The Journal of Burma Studies, Volume 2

The Journal of Burma Studies, Volume 2 11

Comment: Completed between 515 and 524 and very

*7. Title: Liang shu ^H (History of the Liang dynasty

8. Title: Sui shu ß^ß (History of the Sui dynasty [581-618])

12 The Journal of Burma Studies, Volume 2

11. Title: Nanhai jigui neifa zhuan WM^fÊfàfèfë (On the

*12. Title: Yiqie jing yinyi — WM^M (Pronunciation and

T7ie Journal of Burma Studies, Volume 2 13

Author: Bai Juyi Ö&i (772-846)

14.Title: Yuanshi changqing ji 7ü!fcM:B.M (Collected works of

14 The Journal of Burma Studies, Volume 2

*17. Title: Tong dian 2§Ä (Encyclopedic history of institutions)

The Journal of Burma Studies, Volume 2 15

mentioned as well. Volume 100 mentions the Pyu kingdom

2 1 agree with Chen Ruxing that "buluo" should be translated as "settlement"

16 The Journal of Burma Studies, Volume 2

3 Li Genyuan (1941[1I]), in his Yongchangfu wenzheng ("ji zai" book 1,

The Journal of Burma Studies, Volume 2 17

Summary: Contains a brief record of how Pagan and DaIi sent

18 The Journal of Burma Studies, Volume 2

*29. Title: Saipingzhang dezheng bei OT$í§jgííf (Inscription

30.Title: Yuan wen lei jt'XM. (Collection of the literary works

31.Title: Daoyi zhilue M^MM (Sketchy descriptions of the

TTie Journal of Burma Studies, Volume 2 19

(Martaban), "Danmiao" $£ M (Tavoy or Tenassarim4),

32. Title: Yuan shi 7GJÍÍ (History of the Yuan dynasty)

4 Chen Ruxing (1992c:54[ffl]) argues for Tenassarim.

20 The Journal of Burma Studies, Volume 2

34.Title: Zeng xingren Li Sicong shi Miandian xu HffrA

*35. Title: Mubang xuanwei shisi yin -fc$$M.Mi$Lnifti (The seal of

36. Title: Shi Mian Iu $LM%k (An account of the mission to

5 1 follow Wade (1996[ffl]) in translating this term.

The Journal of Burma Studies, Volume 2 21

Summary: Zhang Hong was sent to Burma to mediate the

22 The Journal of Burma Studies, Volume 2

*40. Title: Huanyu tongzhi g^üi? (Geography of the Ming)

42. Title: Nanyuan manlu WWi^kfsk (notes by Zhang Zhichun)

The Journal of Burma Studies, Volume 2 23

Ming-Burma border region) in Ming-Burmese border

24 The Journal of Burma Studies, Volume 2

46.Title: Shuyu zhouzi Iu ffl^MretVk (A comprehensive record

50.Title: Xinanyi fengtu ji MWMMiíñ (Account of the customs

The Journal of Burma Studies, Volume 2 25