OCTAHEDRAL VOIDS (OV)

Simple Cubic Body Centered Cubic Face Centered Cubic Hexagonal Closed Packed Density

Surrounded by 6 spheres
VOIDS Unit Cell (S.C.C.) Unit Cell (B.C.C.) Unit Cell (F.C.C.) Unit Cell (H.C.C.)

C.N. = 6 Z× M
d=
TYPES OF NA × a3
Present on edge centre and body TETRAHEDRAL
body centre of FCC unit UNIT CELLS
VOIDS (TV)
Surrounded by 4 spheres
C.N. = 4 Packging Efficiency
Coordination No.
Lattic Corners Corners + Body Corners + All Corners + Face Centers (C.N.) (P.E.)
Present on body diagonal line at a points Center Face Center + 3 atoms in middle layers
a 3 It is no. of nearest 4
distance of
4
from corner of FCC
 1  1   1 1  1 1  Z× π r3
unit Effective Number 8× 8 = 1 8 × 8 + 1  = 2 8 × 8 + 6× 2  = 3 12× + 2× + 3  = 6 Neighbours of a PE = 3 × 100
     6 2 
of atoms (Z)   lattice point a3

Packing Efficiency 52% 68% 74% 74%

CRYSTALLINE & AMORPHOUS (PE)

SOLIDS STRUCTURE OF VARIOUS IONIC CRYSTALS

Coordination No. 6 8 12 12
CRYSTALLINE AMORPHOUS Crystal
Structure
Lattice
Points
C.N. Number of Formula
Units per unit cell
Example

• Have a long range • Do not have ordered LiCl, KCl

Cl-,-CCP

SOLID STATES
Rock salt
order of particles structure or have a very 6:6 4
NaCl type Na+ -OV RbCl, AgCl
short order
• Anisotropic • Isotropic Zinc-Blende S2--CCP ZnS, Bes,
• True solids • Pseudo solids 4:4 4
Zns type Zn2+-Alternate TV CuCl, CuI
• Sharp melting point • Diffused melting point
• NaCl, Quartz, ZnS • Glass, Rubber, etc. CsCl type Cl--Corners 8:8 1 CsBr, CsI,
(BCC type) Cs+-Body centre CsCN
Molecular Covalent/Network
Fluorite type Ca2+-CCP SrF2, BaF2,
(CaF2) 8:4 4 SrCl2
F-all TV
Ionic Solid Metallic Solids
Anti-Fluorite O2--CCP K2O, Li2O,
4:8 4
type (Na2O) Li+-all TV K2 S
CRYSTAL LATTICE / SPACE
LATTICE
A regular 3-D arrangement of constituent
MAGNETIC & ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES
particles.
DEFECTS IN CRYSTALS
UNIT CELL
STOICHIOMETRIC
Smallest repeating
DEFECTS NON STOICHIOMETRIC MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
unit which repeats
itself over and over DEFECT • Paramagnetic- Weakly attracted by magnetic field. eg. O2, Cu2+ etc.
again to generate
entire crystal.
IN NON-IONIC IN IONIC • Diamagnetic- Weakly repelled by magnetic field. H2O, NaCl, etc.
SOLIDS SOLIDS • Ferromagnetic- permanent magnetism even in absence of magnetic
fields eg. Fe, Ni, CO, CrO2, etc.
Vacancy Interstitial Schottky Frenkel Metal excess Metal deficiency • Ferrimagnetic- Magnetic moment is smaller than that of
Defects Defects Defects Defects Defect Defects ferromagnetic substances. eg. Fe3O4 , MgFe2O4 .
Types of Crystal Lattice/ • Equal no. of • Smaller ion is • Antiferromagnetic- Zero magnetic moment due to equal no. of anti-
• Some of the • Some particles • It may arise either
parallel domains. eg. MnO, etc.
14 Bravis Lattices lattice sites occupy an cations and dislocated from
it's normal site
due to anionic • Occurs due to cationic
anions are vacancies or due to vacancy and presence
are vacant interstial site
missing to an interstitial presence of extra of a cation having
Cubic a=b=c α = β = γ = 90° sites cations at interstitial higher charge.
• Decrease in • increase in
• Decrease in Sites ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES
Tetragonal a=b≠c α = β = γ = 90° density density density • no change density • Appearance in oxides
• Generate F-centres of d-block metals.
• Conductors- Valence bond is partially filled or it overlaps with higher
Orthorhombic a≠b≠c α = β = γ = 90° which are responsible energy unoccupied conduction bands.
Monoclinic a≠b≠c α = γ = β ≠ 90° for colour in crystal
• Insulators- Large energy gap between valance and conduction bands.
Hexagonal a=b≠c α = β = 90° γ = 120° O2- • Semi-conductors- Small energy gap between valance and conduction
bands.
Rhombohedral a=b=c α = β = γ ≠ 90°
e- Fe3+
Triclinic a≠b≠c α ≠ β ≠ γ ≠ 90° • p-type semiconductor: (by doping e- deficient impurities
Fe3+
• n-type semiconductor: (by doping e- rich impurities

anand_mani16 DR. Anand Mani https://www.anandmani.com/ https://discord.io/anandmani t.me/anandmani001