MANUFACTURING II

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES EXERCISE

Tutor:
Ing. Luca Giorleo
Tensile Test Resume
Tensile Test Resume

Engineering Stress

F
σe =
Ao

Engineering Strain

L − Lo
e=
Lo

Tensile Strain

Fmax
TS =
Ao
Tensile Test Resume

Elastic Region

σ e = Ee
Ductility

Lf − Lo
EL =
Lo
True Stress-Strain in Log-Log Plot

Plastic Region

F ε = ln
L
σ=
A Lo

n
σ = Kε
K = strength coefficient
n = strain hardening exponent
 Exercise 1

A tensile test uses a test specimen that has a gage length of 50 mm

and an area = 200 mm2. During the test the specimen yields under a
load of 98,000 N. The corresponding gage length under this load is
equal to 50.23 mm. The maximum load = 168,000 N is reached at a
gage length = 70 mm. Determine (a) yield strength, (b) modulus of
elasticity, and (c) tensile strength.
 Exercise 1 - Solution

Input Data Output Data

L0 = 50mm A0 = 200mm
Y , E , TS
L1 = 50.23mm F1 = 98000 N
L2 = 70mm Fmax = 168000 N

F1 98000
Yield strength Y= = = 490 N
A0 200 mm 2

Y L − Lo 50.23 − 50
Modulus of elasticity E= e= = = 0.0046
e Lo 50
Y 490
E= = ≈ 106520
e 0.0046
Fmax 168000
Tensile strength TS = = = 840 N 2
Ao 200 mm
Exercise 1 - Solution

Solution:
A typical Matlab code structure:

1.Constants declaration (stress and strain)

2.Variables declaration

3.Function definition (optional)

4.Cycles

5.Solution

6.Graphs
Matlab code for Ex1
 Exercise 2

During a tensile test in which the starting gage length = 125.0 mm and the
cross- sectional area = 62.5 mm2, the following force and gage length data
are collected (1) 17,793 N at 125.23 mm, (2) 23,042 N at 131.25 mm, (3)
27,579 N at 140.05 mm, (4) 28, 913 N at 147.01 mm, (5) 27,578 N at
153.00 mm, and (6) 20,462 N at 160.10 mm. The maximum load is 28,913
N and the final data point occurred immediately prior to failure. (a) Plot the
engineering stress strain curve. Determine: (b) yield strength, (c) modulus
of elasticity, (d) tensile strength.
 Exercise 2 - Solution

Input Data Output Data

A0 [mm2] F [N] L [mm]
62,50 0 125 Stress − Strain curve
17793 125,23
23042 131,25 Y , E , TS
Fmax [N] 27579 140,05
28913 28913 147,01
27578 153
20462 160,1
ε σ [Mpa]
0 0
0,00184 284,688
L − Lo F 0,05 368,672
e= σe = 0,1204 441,264
Lo Ao 0,17608 462,608
0,224 441,248
0,2808 327,392
 Exercise 2 - Solution

stress-strain

500
450
400 ε σ [Mpa]
350
stress (Mpa)

0 0
300 0,00184 284,688 Y
250 0,05 368,672
200 0,1204 441,264
150 0,17608 462,608 TS
100
0,224 441,248
50 0,2808 327,392
0
0 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3
strain

E = Y / ε = 284.68 / 0.00184 ≈ 154721

Matlab code for Ex2
Exercise 2
 Exercise 3

In exercise 2, determine the strength coefficient and the strain-hardening

exponent in the flow curve equation. Be sure not to use data after the
point at which necking occurred.
strain hardening exponent

n
σ = Kε
strength coefficient

The value of stress and strain are not engineer but true!!!!
 These are referred to
the engineering stress
and strain

F L
σ= ε = ln
A Lo
Remember :
What is equal in these samples??

Volume
 Exercise 3

Starting volume of test specimen V = 125*62.5 = 7812.5 mm3.

Select two data points:
(1) F = 23042 N and L = 131.25 mm;
(2) F = 28913 N and L = 147.01 mm.
(1) A = V/L = 7812.5/131.25 = 59.524 mm2.
Stress σ = 23042/59.524 = 387.1 MPa. Strain ε = ln(131.25/125) = 0.0488

(2) A = 7812.5/147.01 = 53.143 mm2.

Stress σ = 28913/53.143 = 544.1 MPa. Strain ε = ln(147.01/125) = 0.1622
Substituting these values into the flow curve equation, we have
(1) 387.1 = K(0.0488)n
(2) 544.1 = K(0.1622)n

544.1/387.1 = (0.1622/0.0488)n
1.4056 = (3.3238)n

ln(1.4056) = n ln(3.3238) 0.3405 = n 1.2011 n = 0.283

The flow curve equation is: σ = 910.2 ε^0.283
Matlab code for Ex3
 Exercise 4

Derive an expression for true strain as a

function of D and DO for a tensile test
specimen of round cross-section,
where D = the instantaneous diameter of
the specimen and DO is its original
diameter.
 Solution of exercise 4

Starting with the definition of constant volume:

V = A0 L0 = AL
L ⎛ V A0 ⎞ A0
ε = ln = ln⎜ ⎟ = ln
Lo ⎝A V ⎠ A

(
A0 = πD 2
0 )4 ( )
A = πD 2 4

⎛ πD 4 ⎞
2
⎛ D0 ⎞ ⎛ D0 ⎞
2
A0
ε = ln = ln⎜⎜ ⎟ = ln⎜ ⎟ = 2 ln⎜ ⎟
0
2 ⎟
A ⎝ 4 πD ⎠ ⎝ D⎠ ⎝ D⎠
 Exercise 5

A metal alloy has been tested in a tensile test

with the following results for the flow curve
parameters: strength coefficient = 620.5 MPa
and strain-hardening exponent = 0.26. The
same metal is now tested in a compression test
in which the starting height of the specimen =
62.5 mm and its diameter = 25 mm. Assuming
that the cross section increases uniformly,
determine the load required to compress the
specimen to a height of (a) 50 mm and (b) 37.5
mm.
 Solution of exercise 5

Starting volume of test specimen

D02 252
V = A0 h0 = π h0 = π 62.5 = 30680 mm 3
4 4
(a)
At h = 50 mm, ε = ln(62.5/50) = ln(1.25) = 0.223
σ = 620.5(0.223)0.26 = 420.1 MPa
A = V/L = 30680 / 50 ≈ 614 mm2
F = 420 (614) = 257,770 N

(b)
At h = 37.5 mm, ε = ln(62.5/37.5) = ln(1.667) = 0.511
σ = 620.5 (0.511)0.26 = 521.1 MPa
A = V/L = 30679.6 /37.5 = 818 mm2
F = 521.1(818.1) = 426,312 N
 Exercise 6

A tensile specimen is elongated to twice its

original length. Determine the engineering
strain and true strain for this test. If the metal
had been strained in compression, determine
the final compressed length of the specimen
such that (a) the engineering strain is equal to
the same value as in tension (it will be
negative value because of compression), and
(b) the true strain would be equal to the same
value as in tension (again, it will be negative
value because of compression).
 Solution of exercise 6

L − Lo 2 L0 − Lo Lo L 2 L0
e= = = =1 ε = ln = ln ln 2 = 0.693
Lo Lo Lo Lo Lo

(a)
To be compressed to the same engineering strain (e = -1.0) the final height of the
compression specimen would have to be zero, which is impossible.
L − Lo
e= = −1 ⇒ L − Lo = − Lo ⇒ L = 0
Lo
(b)
To be compressed to the same true strain value (e = -0.693) the final height of the
compression specimen can be determined as follows:

L L
ε = ln = −0.693 ⇒ = e −0.693 = 0.5 ⇒ L = 0.5L0
Lo Lo
 Exercise 6

In a Brinell hardness test, a 1500 kg load is pressed into a

specimen using a 10 mm diameter hardened steel ball. The
resulting indentation has a diameter = 3.2 mm. (a)
Determine the Brinell hardness number for the metal. (b) In
order to reproduce a smaller indentation (1,86 mm) find the
right load.

2F
HB =
πDb ( Db − Db2 − Di2 )
 Exercise 6 - Solution

(a)

2(1500) 3000
HB = = = 182
π 10(10 − 10 2 − 3.2 2 ) π 10(0.5258)

(b)

2F 2F
HB = = = 182
π 10(10 − 10 2 − 1.86 2 ) π 10(0.17)
π 10(0.17)
F = 182 ≈ 500 Kg
2