University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mining and Geology,

Department of Mining, Belgrade

Technical university of Kosice, BERG faculty.

Institute of Geotourism, Kosice

MINING IN THE CENTRAL EUROPE

THROUGH HISTORY

Editors:

prof. Jacek Engel

prof. Miloš Grujić
prof. Pavol Rybar

Belgrade - Kosice
2010
 f fhc l-^uropc rhroiii^Ji H i s t o r v
31

HUMAN CAPITAL AND SERBIAN MINING:

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

Gordana G arić Petrović, Madeta Petrovič

H istojy histitute, Belgrade, Serbia

The term hum an c a p ita l, a lth o u g h d e fin e d as e a rly as 18* c e n tu ry by A d am Sm ith,

attracted significant a tte n tio n o f sc ie n tists , p rim a rily e c o n o m ists, only in the m id-
20" century, w h erea s a t th e o n s e t o f th e n e w m ille n n iu m it becam e th e central
subject of the g lo b a l d e b a te o n th e fa c to rs o f e c o n o m ic g ro w th and related
phenomena and u p h e a v a ls in c o n te m p o ra ry so c ie tie s.

New economic and so c ia l th e o rie s a sc rib e p a rtic u la r p ro m in e n c e to the p o tential o f

eveiy individual, an d p e rc e iv e th e ir k n o w le d g e , sk ills an d e x p e rie n c e not only as
the basis for p erso n al a d v a n c e m e n t a n d e c o n o m ic p ro s p e rity but also as the basis
for a general a d v a n c e m e n t o f th e so c ie ty a n d country' w h e re th e y live.^

Human capital, and its ro le in e c o n o m ic d e v e lo p m e n t o f ce rta in field s, used to be

an exclusive rese a rc h s u b je c t o f th e h is to ria n s d e a lin g w ith the m odern age.
However, a n u m b er o f h is to ric a l p h e n o m e n a , I p rim a rily re fe r here to the ones
related to econom y a n d m ig ra tio n s o f p o p u la tio n m ay be p ro p e rly o bserved only if
human capital is ta k e n in to c o n s id e ra tio n . T h e y d e fin ite ly inclu d e the historical
development o f m in in g a n d m in in g -re la te d m e ta llu rg y .

fhe establishm ents o f th e n e w silv e r m in e in N o rth e rn B rita in in 1133 and another

one in 1170 near F re ib e rg , in S a x o n y , m a rk e d th e o u tb re a k o f a n o th er epoch in the
history' of E uropean m in in g ." It a n n o u n c e d th e m ig ra tio n o f Saxon m iners that
initiated the d ev elo p m e n t o f m in in g in th e o re -fo rm in g re g io n s in the C entral and
'W h-E astera E urop e. T h e d ire c tio n o f su c h m ig ra tio n s w as n ot co n d itio n ed by the
‘- e l of econom ic d e v e lo p m e n t o f c e rta in a re as, as it is the case today, but by the

^ Keeiey, Human capital; How what you know shapes your life, OECD. 2007, 3; Dictionary of
A (k C Black; London, 2006. 93, 215.
Blanchard, Mining. Metallurgy and Minting in the Middle Ages. vol. 2, Afro-European
^-Premacy, 1125-1225. Stuttgart ; Stainer, 2001, 687; The Cambridge Economic History o f Europe.
2, Trade and Industry in the Middle Ages, ed. M. M. Postan and E. Miller. Cambndge Universilv
1Ш .699.
32 G. Garić Pcfrovič, К Pelrović, Ишпаи Cufyifal ancJ Srrhtan Миц,

richness o f natural reso u rces.'' T h e ir sco p e w as re la tiv e ly sm a ll and included only,

narrow circle o f p o p u latio n that p u rsu ed the sam e p ro fe ssio n and ow ned specif,^
sp ecialized kno w led g e. G ro u p s o f skilful m in ers an d m in in g en trep ren eu rs carried
w ith th em selves, as the m o st p recio u s v alue, new m in in g m e th o d s and technology
thanks to w hich they fo rm ed eth n ical and p ro fe ssio n a l co m m u n ities with a
privileged status wdthin the rec e iv in g societies."^

T he Saxon m iners w ho cam e to the reg io n o f S erb ia e sta b lish e d th eir settlements
and initiated m ining activ ity in a reg io n w hich had alrea d y been m arked by a long-
lasting m ining trad itio n . T h e lo calities like R u d n a g la v a in E astern Serbia and
Prljusa - M ali S turac on R u d n ik M o u n tain , had the c o n tin u ity o f m ining activity
that w'ent back to the p reh isto ric and an cien t p e rio d .“ R o m an P ro v in ce o f Upper
M esia that stretched o v er a g reat p art o f to d a y 's S erb ia w as w id ely-know n as the
m ining province. T h e traces o f the R om an m in ing and m etallu rg ical activity are
still visible on K o sm aj, A v ala, R u d n ik , K o p ao n ik , in E astern Serbia.^’ B ased on the
up-to-date research es, the ex act relatio n b etw een the n u m b er o f new ly opened
m ines and the an cie n t m ines w h ere S axons resu m ed the pro d u ctio n cannot be

■' New emigration flows, emerged in a process linked to economic development, bring people from
countries in the earliest stages of industrialization to post-industrial societies. See D.S. .Massey. J. Arango,
G. Hugo. A. Kouaouci, A. Pellegiino. J. E. Taylor. Worlds in motion: understanding international migration
at the end of millennium, Oxford University Press. 2005, 2; T. Hammar, K. Tomas. Why do People Go or
Stay, International Migration. Immobility and Development, Berg, 1997. I.
Medie\ al mining community was generally a sort of state within a state, witli its own laws and regulations.
Tlie first code of which we have direct e\'idence is for Trent. The most influential codes were Iglau codes
\4hich left their trace on mining communities in Germany. Hungary, Transylvania and Venetian Republic. See
Tire Cambridge Economic Historv' of Europe, vol. 2. 713. 715-716.
The Charter on Saxon miners’ pri\fleges in Serbia has not survived. From the later .sources we can conclude
that the Saxon incomers enjoyed personal freedoms and freedom of confession, as well as tire right to search
for ore deposits and extract the ore. Town organization of the Saxon type was present in minimg settlements
such as Bi-sko\o. No\'o Brdo. Srebrenica Fojnica and 01o\o. See P.T.vk, До.аазак Caca n ycnon Брскова
Старо српско р>дарство, Београл: В\ кова за 1>'жбина Нови Сад; Прометеј, 2002. 29-31.
Tire mine Rudna Glava in the \ icinity of Majdanpek dates back to the early stage of Gradac phase of
Vinca culture. This archaeo-nretallurgical locality is one of the most importarrt vantage points of lire llrcoiy
according to which the primary' metallurgy of the South-Eastern Europe stemmed from the autochthonous
basis of the early Eneolithic period. See Б. .1овановнћ. Арехометачуршка исиазишта - искш категорија
културиих добара. Саопштења 37-3S (2005-2006): 212.
,At mountain Rudnik, during the prehestoric age, the first core to he extracted was rock-ciystal. and
afterwards oxide and sulfide copper ores. Ore deposits at the locality of Prljusa - Mali Sturac are a unique
occurance in prehestoric mining, since we find extraction of both metal and non-metal raw material at one
locality. See Б. Јоваповић. Прљуша - Main Штурац, Праисториски руОиик бакра u горског
кристаш на Рубиику, Зборник радова Народног .музеја у Чачку 18 (1988): 5-12: Б. Јовановић. Д
Минић. Д. Мркобрад, Споменици старог рударстеа u м епш ургије иа РуОнчкт. Гшсник CpnCKOi
археолошког друштва 4 (1987); 49.
‘ S. Dusanic. Roman mining in Ulyricnm: HisioricaJ aspects. Dali' Adriatieo al Danubio-L'lllinco nellco
intemazionale, Cividale del Fnuli, 25-27 seUembre 2003, Pisa; EdiaoW
d o n ly ,
-pvolatoi) determ ined, to r all m e d ie \a l m ines in the lerritory of contempv^rarN
wore located on the ore d ep o sits that had been widely-known and exploited
c a r r ie d
in the ancient period. In ad d itio n , the u p -t0 4 late researches have failed to re\eal
n o lo g v
|e\el o f d e \e lo p m e n t o f m in in g and m etallurgy in M edieval Serbia prior to the
\^ ith 'a
fir^t half of the 13 " century and the a m v a l o f Saxons.

The Slavs \\ ho inhabited the B alkans w ere to certain extend know ledgeablc of diegin^

and processing m inerals and metals, primarily iron, and such knowledge was
undoubtedly improx ed to a certain degree in the course o f many centuries.^ The unique
growth of this econom ic field w as initiated only by establishment of the first Saxon
mining settlements and o^xening o f new . that is. restoration o f old. mining depxxsiis,
whemas it reached its clim ax in the first h alf o f the 15^‘ century w hen the great pan of
sil\er in W estem Eiiropx' originated from the mine pits in Serbia and Bosnia/ The bas<.'
of such dex elopm ent rested at the adx anced m ining teehnologx w hose principles were
introduced in Serbia by S axons. T h e increase o f prcxiuction made the local fx^pul.ition
more familiar w itii the necessary' m ining know ledge and it w as becoming increasingh
significant within this eco n o m ic field, w hile, sim ultaneously, the piw ess of slavioaiion
of the originally ethnically pure co m m u n ity o f G erm an settlers was in progress:
whereas in the late M id d le A ges and throughout the periixi o f the Ottoman domin.itioii
(he word Saxon Ixx'am e the sy n o n y m for a miner. ''

The penetration o f the O tto m a n s into the S outh-E astern Europe turned the
developed m ediexal S e rb ia n m in in g into the m ajor O ttom an mining .uxl

(' ImpKOBuh. Рудииии u pyi\)pcK u niKvnH^iL e'rapv'' ерпско p\ lapci b o . 50.

' P. li\K. Аптичко u с .и њ ги с к о H iicjchc, t'rapo српско py 'UiperBO. IS
The .silver exports from Serbian and Bosnian mines pro\ided the mamsi.w oi Тии^лмп s'.’ooi
.''lipplies in the late I4‘*4'entiir\ and during ihe first half o f the 15 ' eem in\. l\'s.inka kov.KO\re Ke ie
was the tlrst scholar to point out the signifieanee o f the output o f the.se mme.v for the TTnoiv.m nxusei
ofpreeious metals in her work P a n s la Sarhla <7 la Pasait' >fh\lii'va!(s: *4:*h's .O'' t J а.ехс''..
Aimales. Heonomies. Socieles. C ivilisations. \o l. 15. no, 2 248 Г55 Aeeoiding to the tmde.'gs
of her latest re.seareh during eei tain decades o f the fifteenth eentury, the annual output ot sioei .ir.d
wld in Serbian and Bosnian mines could not h.we been below thirtx tons, гД KoBaMeHuh Komh.
OmcKo cpcnpo It n a m o v capoi'uKi]] п / у о и i \ l \ Х \' auwsK laipona w ^.'реи. beoipwi
Иеторијеки m icim yr. lloim t'a i: 1Ipanoe uuma pen. 1U0(>, |(ч^; v .to.v'..
t^luntttUHithti cf\'o/4i, Chapo ерпеко p\ iapciH(>. I IS; lilrttt, I t s p*YCa u\ »ic o
loopmiK pa ioH.i H ioam o.iouiK or im evurxia 41 BU 'O.ff .Mvwh
itHidest estimates o f 10 and 8.5 lt>ns are g i\e n b\ Smia Ciikoxie (S. r'nkoMO. Uw' rioduvUou oi
f'Bld. SiKer and Copper m the Central Pails o f the Balkans from the l.'th to the iMh Ceniuw. 1
metals m the age of expansum ; papeis o f the W it h Iniernaiional ("onress of the Ih.stor. Sciences. vO
Hornianii Kellenhen/. Stiiiigail: Klell (foita. P>Sl, 5.V) and I. Blanchard d Blancluud.
^It'hillutyY atul Miming in thr M u U I y .Agtw. \o l, 3. (AuUinumg Afro 1чио|ч\\п v^upumucN,
StuUgarl; Stainer, 2005. 102 П fo r ouifnit of Balkan mines duung the Ottoman
Miiiphoy, Silver PritJin'liint in Rnm elia \a i\n \h n y um ( ( ^itonian Repart i .'•< '• CtC. Si.v
j'n!sduingen39(P)80): 7 5 0 0 4 .
b h\K. (\jCit ii w non Ррак(нип Chapo epncKo p\ laperuo. 29
34 G. G a r i ć P e t r o v i č , V’. P e l r o v i ć , И и п ш п C a p i t o l a n d S e r b ia n

m e ta llu rg ic a l p ro d u c tio n in th e B a lk a n s w h o se im p o rt to W estern Europe

d is c o n tin u e d a lo n g w ith th e p re c io u s m e ta ls trading.^ ^ T h e d e p le tio n o f the old j!"*
m in e s a n d e x c lu s io n o f B o s n ia an d S erb ia fro m th e W e st E u ro p e a n precious rnet^
m a rk e t w a s o v e rc o m e b y th e in tro d u c tio n o f th e n e w te c h n o lo g y for processin
p o ly -m e ta llic a n d lo w -g ra d e -s ilv e r o re s k n o w n as Saigerprozess^"

A lo n g w ith th e new' b o o m in th e C e n tra l E u ro p e a n m e ta llu rg y , a fte r the initial wap

d riv e n c risis , n o t o n ly d id th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f o ld m in in g c e n tre s in Serbia агкј
o th e r E u ro p e a n re g io n s o f th e O tto m an E m p ire c o n tin u e , b u t a num ber of печ
m in es, lik e M a jd a n p e k , K u č a jn a an d B ah , in th e S an jak o f Smederevo, or
Ć e lu sn ic a . in th e B e rk o v ic a K a d ilu k , an d M o d a v a in R o m a n ia w ere established.
A t th e sam e tim e, th e k n o w le d g e o f S erb ian m in e rs b e c a m e h ig h ly valued in mine':
a c ro s s th e O tto m a n E m p ire . T h e re fo re , th e R u m e lia n m in e rs resu m e d the operation
o f th e silv e r m in e in th e re m o te S h irv an , A zerbaijan.'"^

D u rin g th e O tto m a n c o n q u e sts, S erb ian m in e rs and m e ta llu rg ists fell among the
m o st sk ilfu l an d m o st e x p e rie n c e d m in ers o f th e p erio d . T h e ir shafts were
so m e tim e s up to 190 m e te rs d e ep and had th e d ra in a g e fa c ilitie s and ventilation
sy stem s. T h e y a p p lie d an a u th e n tic m eth o d by w h ich th e ro ck s w ere warmed by
fire and ra p id ly c o o le d by w ater, w h ich m ade th em crack . G o ld w as separated from
silv er, w ith the h elp o f a c i d s . T h e sig n ifican t e v id e n c e on m etallu rg ical skill is the
co m p o sitio n o f th e slag fro m th e ore d ep o sit n ea r Ja n je v o and N o v o B rd o that does
n o t co n ta in lead an d p re cio u s m etals, alth o u g h the g re a t q u a n tities o f lead ore with
a d m ix tu re s o f g o ld an d silv e r w ere p ro cessed there. A c c o rd in g to V asilije Simic.
w'et se p a ra tio n o f o res w as fo r the first tim e ap p lied in th e S erb ian ore deposits
p ro b a b ly in th e early 15* century'.'^ T he w ateф o w 'er w as also used for ore-
c ru s h in g , iro n -fo rg in g , an d b e llo w ’s b low ing.'^

‘ During the reign o f sultan .Mehrned the government brought in restrictions on transportation and
exchange o f specie by merchants and other private individuals. In the same lime exports ol specie and
output o f silver mines u'ere prohibited. See S. Pamuk. A Monetary History o f the Ottoman Empire
London; Cambridge University Press, 2000, 44-45.
I. Blanchard, Mining, Metallurgy and Minting in the Middle Ages, vol. 3. 972. 1071
(7 KaTHh, Историја pyoapcm ea u Menuuypruje y Осмаиском царетву (na ПЈжмеју
смеОеревское сапиака). Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University o f Belgrade. 20(Ј5, 47.
'^4hid.(A.
C. Ћирковић, Ј^аботкици, воЈиици, духовпици: Друштва среО/поаекоано.' Есикапа. HcoipiU
ESquilibrium, 1997,76.
V. Simić, h loriski razvoj na<eg rudarstva, Beograd; Savct /а energetiku i ekstraktivnu industn)i;
Vlade FNRJ, 1951,42-44.
The remains of hydrotcchnical structures, which consist of a net of vads and pipc-imcs, lone
fifty kilometres, are situated in the vicinity of Plana, the most important mining region on Kopaonil^
Mountain. See B. Симић, Плаиа, среОњеаековно насеље pyckipcKe n/nwpeOe,
Етнографског ипс 1m y ia CM 14-6(1955-1957): 114-115.
 ш flit' C e n t r a l E u r o p e t h r o u g h H is to ry' 35

Xhe skill of S erbian m in e rs b e c a m e p ro m in e n t and in great dem and throughout

Europe due to w hich the A ra g o n ru le rs, on the o ccasio n o f the attem pt at im proving
the mining activity in th e ir K in g d o m , b e in g sh o rt o f their ow n professionals, were
nianv times on the lo o k o u t fo r sk ilfu l o re -e x p e rts and sm elters from Serbia and
Bosnia. Reliable e v id e n c e su g g e s ts th a t u p o n su ch call fo u r residents o f N ovo Brdo
embarked to S o uthern Ita ly in 1397.^^

However, the dem ands fo r p ro fessio n al lab o u r force w ere not still satisfied, therefore,
in 1452, Alfonso V sent a req u est to th e K in g Stefan T om as o f B osnia and, three years
later, Serbian D espot D ju rad j B ran k o v ić, ask in g fo r skilful miners and smelters.'^ It
was noted that A lfonso's su c c esso r F erd in an d I m ore than on one occasion wrote to the
two noblemen from N o v o B rd o , ad e p t in m atters regarding m ining work, inviting them
to Southern Italy. T h ey c h o se n o t to accep t these invitations in fear of losing their
property at N ovo B rd o d u e to that. O n e o f them , Ivan or Jovan Grubinic, called Lapor,
is mentioned in a few su rv iv in g d o cu m en ts, w hich testify to his rather developed
business relations even w ith M u slim s. A s a co m es o f T repca, he was a lease-holder of
tolls in Serbia and B o sn ia to g e th e r w ith th e T u rk A yas fro m Dimitrovica."^

Regarding the fact th a t th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f S erb ia n m in in g w as accom panied by-

active participation o f R a g u s a n s in th e tra n sa c tio n s related to not only metals
trading but in v estin g in m in in g a n d m e ta llu rg ic a l p ro d u c tio n in the inland o f the
Balkan Peninsula as w e ll, m a n y o f th e m b e c a m e e x c ellen t m ining and smelting
connoisseurs. T h ey w e re p rim a rily m e d ia to rs in fin d in g and engagem ent o f miners
but sometimes they w o u ld a ls o b e e m p lo y e d as m in in g ex p erts by foreign rulers.
Thus, the B en ed ictin e B la s iu s D a lm a tic u s fro m D u b ro v n ik offered to a Saxon
prince to free his tin m in e o f w a te r b y a m a c h in e w h ich e m p lo y ed w eights and not
man, horse or w in d pow er.^^ S ic ilia n K in g F e rd in a n d I en gaged in 1473 the
Ragu.san m aster M a rin D jo rd jije to w h o m , to g e th e r w ith F ran z M ichaelis, goes
much credit for e s ta b lis h m e n t a n d a rra n g e m e n t o f th e silv er m ines in C alab ria." ,

Along with the rap id te c h n o lo g ic a l a d v a n c e m e n t, m a rk ed by the m assive use of

Saiserprozess in C e n tra l E u ro p e a n d p ro d u c tio n o f iron in the E n g lish and Dutch
blast furnaces, the c o n q u e s t o f n o n -E u ro p e a n te rrito rie s by tw o em erging empires,
‘Spain and R ussia, w as in itia te d . N e w te rrito rie s w ith the then im m easurable
resources stood as b o th a p re r e q u is ite fo r e sta b lish in g g ro w in g econom ies and a

Диинћ, /7? српске ист орцје среО њ ег века, Веогрссч: Bquilibrium, 2003, 469.
М. lin m h , op. cit. (n. 17), 481-482; М. C upcM uh, Д у б р о в н и к u А рагоици : (1442-1495), Бсограл;
за издаваљс уибеника, I97J, 189; М. Спрсмић, Ђ урађ BpanKoeuh u крпЂ Алфоис
'^Р^гонсш, Збормик Филозофског- факултета у Beorpieiy 15-1 (1985); 139.
М. Динић, ор. cil. (n. 17), 677-678.
Вирковић, Работпици, војиици, духовиици: Д руш т ва срсдљовекобиог Вспкана, Beotptcc
1997, 76.
^ ‘Simić, Istoriski razvoj našeg rudarstva, 45.
Зо G. G a r i ć P cfrović, V. P elro vić, H u m a n C a p ila i o n d Serhian Mini

c h a lle n g e u n d e r the c irc u m sta n c e s m ark ed by th e d e fic ie n c y o f p ro p e r tcchnologj^^

and p e o p le w h o kn ew how to ap p ly th em . Iv a n -th e -T e rrib le w as th e first who irie^
to attract fo reig n ex p e rts an d m in ers fo r the p u ip o s e o f stim u la tin g the developmcnj
o f R u ssian m ining an d iro n -p ro d u ctio n .

T h e aiTival o f E n g lish m in ers and G erm an m a ste rs fo r iro n -p ro c e s sin g to Russia

the m id -1 6 * ce n tu ry in d ic ate d th e o n set o f th e n ew e p o c h d u rin g w hich the leading
ro le in th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f m e tallu rg y w o u ld be tak en o v e r by fo reig n ers and the
S tro g an o v family.^*^ U n til the first m in in g sch o o ls w e re o p e n e d in the beginning of
the rule o f P eter th e G reat, the R u ssian m in in g p ro d u c tio n p rim a rily relied on
h ighly sk illed w o rk ers fro m d iffe re n t E u ro p ea n m in in g r e g i o n s .E x p a n s i o n on the
new territo ries o f S ib e ria an d o p e n in g o f n u m e ro u s n ew m in e s w ere almost
im p o ssib le w ith o u t im m ig ra tio n o f e x p e rt lab o u r fo rc e th ro u g h o u t all 18* century.
F o reig n ers w ere used, e sse n tially , to fu rn ish c o m m e rc ia l c a p a c ity , technical and
o th er skills w h ich n ativ e p o p u latio n w as u n ab le to p ro v id e .

D u rin g the p erio d o f th e o p e n in g o f p ro m in e n t T u la iro n an d steel platits (1632-

1667)“^, P rin ce S tefan M ilo ra d o v ić , S erb ian b y o rig in , v isite d S erb ia on two
o ccasio n s, search in g fo r m in e rs w ho had m a ste re d th e sk ill o f o b ta in in g gold and
s i l v e r . O n the occasio n o f his second v isit he w as sta y in g in th e Studenica
m o n astery that is lo cated on the trib u tary o f the riv e r Ib a r a lso c alled Studenica."
P lan a is situ ated in the v icin ity o f this m o n astery . It is th e m a jo r o re-fo rm in g area

Hans Stitte brought German craftsmen for iron manufacturing to Russia in 1554. The Stroganovs
received rights to extract iron and other ore in Siberia in 1774. See The Cam bridge Economic History
o f Europe, vol. 5, The Economic Organization of Early Modern Europe, ed. E. E. Rich and C. H.
Wilson, Cambridge University Press, 1977, 502.
The first school for education of home mining experts was opened in 1702 by Peter the Great. Two
years prior to that, he started a reform in the field of mining by creating ‘Ириказ рудокопиих дсл”.
Sec К. Н. Трубецкои, Т. В. Глембоцкал, 300 лепг административному управлетио copubiM
делом в Pocciiu, Вестник ОГГГГН РАН 13/3(2000): 3-5.
R. Bartlett, Human Capital: the Settlement o f Foreign in Russia 1762-1804, Cambridge University
Press, 1979, 15.
Their founder was the Dutch merchant Vinius. See K). Г. Гатинскии, M. A. Bишнeвcкa^,
Горнодоббгватцал ompacлb Poccuii: om nepebixрудознатг{ев do совремепиоп иидустрии (к 300-
летик) горио-геологичвскоп слу.жби), Вестник ОГГТТН РАН 13/3(2000): 5.
in 1667 Russian Emperor Alexei Mikhailovich sent a request to the Duke o f Saxony asking for skilful
miners. During few next years the Emperors deputies were on the lookout for mining professionals
from various regions o f Europe and Asia. One of them engaged some experts from Saxony in 1671.
Among them were one smelter and one silver-ore-expert. In 1674 the Duke o f Saxony promised to
send to Russia mathematicians, mining experts, artists and scholars. For foreign experts in Russia see
A. C. МулкжинЂ Hpi зд Ђ иностранцвဠ†Московское государсш бо, С. ПетербурпЈ 1909.
С. Димитријевић, Грађа за српску историју из руских архива u библиот ека. Сиомеинк СКА
5 3 ( 1922): 142- 144.
For mining in this region see V. Bogosavljević-Petrović, C on ,in „i,v o f M ciallu rgv in ihc //’«'
Valley, Metalurgija - Journal o f Metallurgy. Vol. 12, No.2-3 (2006): 129-144,
TV. Mviins r/u’ C t ' n t m l E u r o p e t h r o u g h H i s to t y .37

of the Kopaonik region w h ere p o w d ered gold, ordinary sliver, argentum tie glamtp
load, copper and iron w ere p ro d u ced , w hich is evidenced by 2700 mining pits and
iho remnants o f 45 lead, 29 iron and 4 co p p e r sm elting-fiirnaces."^ It is unknown
whether the m iners w’ho n eg o tia te d w ith M iloradović, and w ho were willing to leave
for Russia, did so, but it goes w ithout saying that this was the last time that somebody
interested in the skills o f the m iners from this region. Political, economical and
technological stagnation o f the O ttom an E m pire reflected on the state of Serbian
mining. After the w ar d evastations and depopulation, effectuated during the Great
Turkish War, tiie m ining in the teiritory o f the then Serbia, that had already been
drastically legging behind the m ost prosperous states, did not manage to recover all
until Serbia gained in d ep en d en ce in the 19* century, when the impetus for
development o f m ining w as provided, once again, by the experts from Saxony and its
famous Freiberg M ining Academy.'^^

LITERATURE

[1] Roger B artlett, H u m a n C a p ita l: the S e ttle m e n t o f F oreign in R ussia 1762-

1804, C am bridge L In iv ersity P re ss, 1979.
[2] Ian B lanchard, M in in g , M e ta llu rg y a n d M in tin g in the M iddle A ges, vol. 2.
28
Afro-European S u p re m a c y , 1 1 2 5 -1 2 2 5 , S tuttgart: S tain er 2001.
[3] Ian B lanchard, M in in g , M e ta llu rg y a n d M in tin g in the M id d le A ges, vol. 3.
Continuing A fro -E u ro p e a n S u p re m a c y , 1 2 5 0-1450, S tuttgart: Stainer, 2005.
[4] Vera B o g o sa v lje v ić -P e tro v ić , C o n tin u ity o f M eta llu rg y in the Ibar Valley,
M etalurgija - Jo u rn a l o f M e ta llu rg y , V o l. 12, N o .2-3 (2006); 129-144.
<h ttp ://m etalurg ija.o rg .rs/m jQ m /v o ll2 /N Q % 2 0 2-3 /5 B Q g o sav ljev ic.p d f>
[5] The C am bridge E c o n o m ic H isto ry o f E u ro p e , vol. 2, T rad e and the Industry in
the M iddle A g es, ed. M . M . P o sta n an d E. M iller, C am b rid g e U niversity
Press, 1987.
[6] Ћ е C am bridge E c o n o m ic H isto ry o f E u ro p e , vol. 5, T he E conom ic
O rganization o f E a rly M o d e rn E u ro p e , ed. E. E. R ich and C. H. W ilson,
Cambridge U n iv e rs ity P re s s, 1977.
[7] Sima C irković, T h e P r o d u c tio n o f G old, S ilv e r a n d C o p p er in the Central
Parts o f the B a lk a n s fr o m th e 13th to th e 16rh C entury, P recios m etals in the

B. Симић, Рејоиизација u каракт ерист ика средњевекобне рударске делатности у области

Ропаоиика, Весиик Завода за гсол отк а и гсофизимка истраживања I IP Србмје 15 (1958): 361.
AVork on revival o f Serbian mining was initiated in the year o f 1834, when the first contact was
made between Freiberg and Serbia. It was then that Baron Herder, on the request of Prince Milos,
presented the manner in which the mines should be reconstructed and suggested the most needed
^’^pcrts. During the follow ing year, he traveled across Serbia and made an extensive report on mining
resources and the condition ol’ mines in Serbia. For this topic see V. Simic, Sciksonski rudari i
'^^darska akademija u Erajhergu ii rudarstvu Srbije, Rudarski glasnik 3 (1965): 85-94.
'S Cl. (Giinc р1П\)\Д
.

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C am b rid g e U n iv e rs ity P re ss. 2fKXj.

2Д^ ^ asilije S im ic . Is io n s k i razv o j našeg rudarstva. B eograd: Savei za energetiku i
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<http://\v\4vv .s c g is .ru /ru s s ia n /c p l 25 l/h dgggms/3-2<XX)/mining.htm~bocin>