Study Guide #3 (20 points)- due by Sunday

DIRECTIONS:

 To answer the questions below, watch the video lectures and read the assigned
readings.
 Answer all of the questions in different font color.
 You can answer the questions in a text entry, or upload a word document, or a PDF file. 
 You may also print the study guide to handwrite the answers and take pictures of your
written answers to upload them. 

Readings Julien's Primer of Drug Action Textbook

 Chapter 1- Pharmacokinetics (pg 3-36)

 Chapter 4- Neurobiology of Drug Addiction (pg 105-128)

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

Chapter 1 : Pharmacokinetics
This chapter is from Julien’s Primer of Drug Action Texbook (pg 3-36)

1. What is meant by the term pharmacokinetics? Time course of a particular drug’s action
the time first taken to the duration of the effect. Rise and fall of the drugs concentration
2. Describe how the half-life of drugs differ depending on their mode of entry. Which route
of entry enters the bloodstream the quickest? Absorption, such as oral, injection or
inhalation is the quickest.
3. Bioavailability of the drug ADME. Be able to describe in detail the pharmacokinetics of
drugs through each of the categories below.
a. Absorption, how drug molecule gets into the bloodstream
b. Distribution, how drug molecule is spread throughout the body to
target site (receptors)
c. Metabolism, breakdown of the drug molecule into waste
d. Elimination , routes through which drugs can leave the body
(kidneys, lungs, bile, skin)
4. Discuss the various methods of administrating drugs. What are the enteral routes (2 of
them) and parenteral routes (4 of them) Enteral routes, oral administration and rectal
administration. Parental routes, injection, inhalation, absorption through skin, and
absorption through mucous membranes.
5. Why does it take longer for a drug to enter the bloodstream by oral administration in
comparison to an inhalation of the drug. Because about 75% of orally administered
psychoactive drug is absorbed into the bloodstream within about 1 to 3 hours after
administration, and because it passes first through the stomach and intestines.
6. Which is the fastest route of administration for drug molecules to enter the blood
stream? Inhalation, as far as 1-2 minutes
7. Which route of administration has to pass through the stomach and small and large
intestine? Oral administration
8. Which route of administration is used for snorting or sniffing of the drug? Inhalation
9. Describe the purpose of Cerebral Spinal Fluid in the brain and its function. watery liquid
that surrounds brain and spinal cord only circulates nutrients and chemical substances
filtered through the blood. The 3 main functions are, protect the brain and spinal cord
from trauma, supply nutrients to nervous system tissue, and remove waste products
from cerebral metabolism
10. Define the blood-brain-barrier and describe why it difficult for a drug to transport across
this barrier to get into the brain. Which type of drugs cross through the blood brain
barrier with more ease (non-polar (lipid soluble) or polar (water-soluble)? BBB Is like a
fence that keeps unwanted things out of the brain and capillaries in brain do not allow
drugs to pass as easily as capillaries in rest of body, for examples the glial cells, they
cover blood vessels and prevent molecules from getting into the brain. Lipid soluble
drugs easily enter the blood rain.
11. Describe the role of the liver and the enzymes cytochrome P450 in drug metabolism.
The drugs molecules are filtered in the liver. The liver cells enzymes breaks down drugs.
The Cytochrome p450 enzymes- break down about 50% of psychoactive drugs that are
lipophilic (mostly non-polar; non-water soluble).
12. What are 3 types of membranes that affect drug distribution?
13. What is the difference between drug tolerance and drug dependance? Drug Tolerance:
State of progressively decreasing responsiveness to the same dose of a drug. A person
who develops tolerance needs a larger dose of the drug to achieve the effect originally
obtained by a smaller dose. Dependance: needs the drugs to avoid withdrawal
symptoms.
14. Can drug molecules pass through the placental barrier? YES
15. Describe how drug molecules pass through the capillaries and into tissues. The
capillaries allow transport of drugs regardless of lipid-solubility, blood and protein are
too large for pores; drugs that bind to plasma proteins cannot pass through
16. Describe the role of the kidneys in drug elimination. What are some other routes of
drug elimination? It has 2 major functions, excretion oof most metabolic products and
regulate the levels of most substances found in the body fluids. Other methods involve
active secretion of drug molecules from liver into the bile, through the skin and through
exhalation, from lungs to environment
17. How does metabolic tolerance increase drug tolerance? What is reverse tolerance? How
does behavioral conditioning affect drug tolerance? Metabolic tolerance adapts the
body to excess drug, reducing the number of receptors available to drug and increasing
the number of enzymes to break down drug. Reverse tolerance Is an amplified response
to drug after repeated exposure which is the opposite of tolerance. Often occurs with
cocaine and ecstasy. Tolerance not developed by chemical dependence instead it is
developed by environmental stimulus paired with drug administration
18. What is physical dependance? If a person has withdrawal symptoms, does that mean
they are addicted to the drug? Drug taken to avoid withdrawal symptoms. Withdrawal is
 not a sign of addiction- it is an indicator that brain and body functions were altered by
the drug

Chapter 4- The Neurobiology of Drug Addiction

This chapter is from Julien’s Primer of Drug Action Texbook (pg 105-128)

1. Give some examples of drugs that were used in times of war. Amphetamine called
“Perventin,” cocaine, heroin, marijuana
2. Explain why the government formed the DEA to fight addiction and what the DEA is.
Addiction rates began to climb, and when policy holders began notice this, they
began making reforms in order to eliminate drugs from society. In 1973, the DEA
was developed to help combat drug production.
3. Why was the control substances act (CSA) created and what is it? It exists to protect
people from the harm that drugs can do
4. Know the 5 scheduled drugs of the CSA and be able to identify what kind of schedule
a specific drug is. For example, if I ask you what schedule is LSD in, you would
answer “Schedule I.” Schedule l substances include no currently accepted medical
use in the United States, a high potential for abuse and a lack of safety for use under
medical supervision, such as heroin, LSD, ecstasy, peyote, spice, and bath salts.
Schedule ll include substances that have a high potential for abuse, which may lead
to severe psychological or physical dependence, for example methadone,
oxycodone, fentanyl, morphine, opium, codeine, amphetamine, methamphetamine,
and methylphenidate. Schedule lll involves substances that have less potential for
abuse than previous substances and abuse may lead to moderate or low physical
dependence or high psychological dependence, for example, products containing
not more than 90 mm of codeine per dosage unit. Schedule IV substances have a
low potential for abuse relative to substances in Schedule lll, including alprazolam,
clonazepam, diazepam, lorazepam, midazolam and triazolam. Schedule V have
substances with a low potential for abuse relative to substances in Schedule IV and
consist primarily oof preparations containing limited quantities of certain opiates,
including, cough preparations containing not n=more than 200 mm of codeine per
100 milliliters or per 100 grams.
5. Which drug schedule has the highest potential for drug abuse? Schedule I
6. Which age population uses the most drugs? 18 to 25 years
7. Explain what it means to view drug addiction as a disease rather than a moral
failure. Addiction changes how the brain responds in situations involving rewards,
stress, and self-control. These changes are loong-term and can persist well after the
person has stopped using drugs.
8. Define and explain the Reward Circuit Pathway and know the 3 main structures:
hypothalamus, mesolimbic pathway, and mesocortical pathway. How do each of
these brain structures contribute to addiction? The Reward Circuit pathway include
the hypothalamus, the mesolimbic pathway, and the mesocortical pathway which
are covered with dopamine neurons, neurons that produce pleasurable feelings,
 positive reinforcement so you can repeat the behavior. The hypothalamus is critical
for motivated behavior, activation during stress can trigger need for reward. The
mesolimbic pathway is the dopamine pathway from VTA to NAc crucial to addiction
(attention related cues feelings of reward). The mesocortical pathway starts at VT,
to prefrontal, cingulate, perirhinal cortex. Strong working memory at less risk for
drug addiction
9. Describe the Olds and Milner experiment from 1950. What part of the brain was
tested and what did it show? It was an experiment with electrical stimulation of
brain on rats that showed how rats worked very hard to get electrically stimulated in
certain brain sites (ventral tegmental are VTA)
10. What was found in the experiment in which Ritalin was given to people that had a
cocaine addiction? The subjects were given methylphenidate while they underwent
a brain scan. The brain scan showed the greater the rating of the high, the greater
the neuronal activity in the reward circuit.
11. Explain what happened to mice that had their VTA lesioned (damaged). Mice with
lesions ate less and lost weight. Natural rewards become less pleasurable.
12. Which neuronal receptors are associated with reward circuit pathway (there are 3 of
them). 1. Dopamine receptors 2. Glutamate receptors 3. Opiate receptors
13. Explain the difference between agonists and antagonists used to treat drug
addiction. An agonist substance is a substitute drug that work as an intervention to
treat addiction. An antagonist substance blocks the drug from stimulating neurons.
14. Is methadone an agonist or antagonist for drug treatment? How does it work?
methadone used to treat Heroin addiction (agonist)
15. Is Naltrexone an agonist or antagonist for drug treatment? How does it work?
Naltrexone (antagonist) blocks opiate receptors from receiving neurotransmitter. It
works in the brain to prevent opiate effects (feelings of wellbeing, pain relief). It
also decreases the desire to take opiates.
16. Why are people most likely to relapse with antagonist treatments? since there’s no
reward with this method, a person may stop taking the medicine and relapse. The
effect of the relapse will be much worse