BHROPAL

TRADEGY
Marjoelina D. Didulo
2019-1032934
Flow of Discussion
Background

Plant Accident Disaster

Factors Affecting to Gas Leaking

Effects of the Tragedy

Conclusion

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BACKGROUND
It happened at a Union Carbide subsidiary pesticide plant in the city of
Bhopal, India. On the night of 2-3 December 1984, the plant released
approximately 40 tons of toxic methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas, exposing
more than 500,000 people to toxic gases.
It is considered the as world’s worst industrial
disaster.
The toxic substance made its way into and around the
shanty towns located near the plant. The government of
Mhya Pradesh confirmed a total of 3,787 deaths related to
the gas release.

The cause of the disaster remains

under debate. The Indian
Government and local activists argue
that the slack management and
deferred maintenance created a
situation where routine pipe
maintenance caused a backflow of
water into a MIC tank triggering the
disaster Union Carbide Corporation
(UCC) contents water Carbide
Corporation (UCC) contents water
entered the tank through an act of
sabotage,
Civil and criminal case were filed in the District Court of Bhopal,
India, involving UCC and Warren Anderson, UCC CEO at the time
of the disaster.

In June 2010, seven ex- employees, including the former UCIL

chairman, were convicted in the Bhopal and causing death by
negligence and a fine about $2000 each, the maximum punishment
allowed by Indian Law.
UCIL. Built in 1969, which was the Indian subsidiary of
Union carbide corporation (UCC), with Indian
Government controlled banks and the Indian public
holding a 49.1%

In 1994, the Supreme Court of India allowed UCC to

sell its 50.9% share. Union Carbide sold UCIL, the
Bhopal plant operator, to Eveready Industries India
Limited in 1994.

The Bhopal plant was later sold to Mcload Russel

India+ Ltd. Dow Chemical Company purchased UCC
in 2001.
 PLANT PRODUCTION

• The UCIL factory was built to produce the

pesticide SEVIN (UCC’s brand name for
carbaryl) using methyl isocyanate (MIC) as an
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intermediate.

WHO IS RESPONSIBLE FOR BHOPAL TRAGEDY?

• Warren Anderson, CEO

• Over twenty-five years ago, Bhopal was
choking on the deadly fumes that had found
their way across the city from the Union Carbide
Plant. Close to 20,000 people died. And the
man the victims blame for the tragedy is Warren
Anderson, whose plant was the source of the
deadly Methyl Isocyanate gas.
Plant Accident Disaster
• In November 1984, most of the safety systems were not functioning and
many valves and line were in poor condition.
• During the night of 2-3 December 1984 water entered a side pipe that was
missing its slip-blind plate and entered Tank E610, which contained 42 tons
of MIC. About 30 metric tons of MIC escaped from the tank into atmosphere
in 45 to 60 minutes.
• As of 2008, UCC had not released information about the possible
composition of the cloud. Apart from MIC, the gas cloud may have contained
phosgene, hydrogen cyanide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen chloride, oxide of
nitrogen, monomethylamine and carbon dioxide, either produced in the
storage tank or in the atmosphere.
• The chemical reactions may have produced a liquid or solid aerosol.
Factors Affecting to Gas Leaking
Storing MIC in large tanks and filling beyond
recommended levels

Poor maintenance

Failure to several safety system

Safety systems being switched off to save money Plant Management

including the MIC tank refrigeration system which
could have mitigated the disaster severity Lack of skilled operator

Plant location close to densely populated area Reduction of safety management

Undersize safety devices Insufficient maintenance

The dependence on manual operation Inadequate emergency action plans

 Initial Effects Of Tragedy
• Initial effects of exposure were coughing, severe eye irritation and a feeling of suffocation,
burning in the respiratory tract, blepharospasm, breathlessness, stomach pains and vomiting.
• Thousands of people had died by the following morning
• Primary causes of deaths were choking reflexogenic circulatory collapse and pulmonary
edema.
• Finding during autopsies revealed changes not only in the lungs but also cerebral edema,
tubular necrosis of the kidneys, fatty degeneration of the liver and necrosis of the kidneys, fatty
degeneration of the liver and necrotizing enteritis.
• The stillbirth rate increases by up to 300% and neonatal mortality rate by around 200%.
 Long Term Effects
Clinical studied and reported long term health effects are

Eyes Neurological system

Chronic conjunctivitis, scars on Impairment of memory finer motor
cornea, corneal opacities, early skills, numbers eye.
cataracts

Respiratory tracts
Obstructive and /or restrictive disease, Psychological problem
pulmonary fibrosis, aggravation of TR Post traumatic stress disorder {PTSD}
and chronic bronchitis

Children’s health
Peri-and neonatal death rates increased. Failure to grow.
Intellectual impairment.
 METHYL ISOCYANATE EFFECTS ON
HUMAN HEALTH

Methyl isocyanate is irritating

BHOPHAL SAFE GAS and corrosive to the eyes,
TRAGEDY
respiratory tract, and skin. Acute
Bhopal water still toxic
exposure to high vapor
25 years after deadly
gas leak, study finds. concentrations may cause
Groundwater found severe pulmonary edema and
near the site of the injury to the alveolar walls of the
world's worst chemical
industrial accident in
lung, severe corneal damage,
Bhopal is still toxic and and death.
poisoning residents a
quarter of a century
after a gas leak there
killed thousands, two
studies have revealed.
GOVERNMENT HEALTH ECONOMIC REHABILITATION
ASSISTANCE
Madhja Pradesh governments
• The Government of India had
finance department allocated s 874
focused primarily on increasing the
million for victim relief in July 1985.
hospital-based services for gas
After two days they are given relief
victim.
goods, each family are given one-
• Sanbhavna Yrust is a charitable
time ex-grata payment of Rs 1500 to
trust, registered in 1995, that gives
with a monthly income of Rs 500.
modern as well as ayurvedic
Widow pension of Rs200 per month
treatments to gas victims, free of
(later Rs 750) was provided.
charge.
COMPENSATION FROM UNION
CARBIDE

• The government of India passed the

Dhopal Gas Leak Disaster Act that gave
the government rights to represent all
victims in or outside India.
• UCC offered US $350 million, the
insurance sum. The Government of
India claimed US $ 3.3 billion from UCC.
• In 1989. a settlement was reached
under which UCC agreed to pay US
$470 million the insurance sum, plus
interest}in a full and final settle its civil
and criminal liability.
 OVER ALL IMPACTS
• The BHOPAL GAS TRADEGY is the worst accident that not only in India but
the other world was also shaken with. Its effects still prevail after so many
years and there also people present who were under its adverse effect still
present as example
• These shows that with increase in the technology and production
methodology, the human life is threatening day by day.
• Impact to the environment the tube well in the vicinity to the UCC factory had
to be abandoned. UCC laboratory test in 1989 revealed that the soil and
water samples collected from near the factory and inside the plant were toxic
to aquatic resources.
 Conclusion
• All the disaster that occurred to develop countries were neither due
to the managerial operations nor due to the safety regulations.
However, these were the biggestAdd Contents Title
component in the Bhopal gas
tragedy as the management gave only lip service to the process and
personnel safety and the governments did not ensure compliance
with the regulations.

• These is a need for the improvements in method of safety. New

legislation, strict enforcement and personnel training should being
place.

• Elementary R and D is needs in the causes of accidents and is

industrializes processes used in the chemical process industries.

• All the stakeholder needs to pay their part in building a safety culture.
Thank you
Keep safe everyone!