CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO
SAFETY, HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT
Contents
• Definitions and Concepts: Occupational Safety, Health and
Environmental (OSHE) Management
• History of OSHE In Malaysia
• Objectives of OSHE In Organization
• Importance of OSHE In Organization
• Implementation of OSHE In Organization
• OSHE Issues
Definition

Security is a protection from threats, danger or harm, equipment

from authorized access and use or potential damage or loss, avoidance
of workplace violance and preparedness for emergency situation or
crisis.
Safety is defined as free absent from danger.
Health is defined as the state of physical, socially and mentally
wellbeing of a worker.
Definition
Accident / Incident is an unexpected, unplanned event in a
sequence of events that occurs through a combination of
causes which result in physical harm to an individual,
damage to property, near-miss, a loss or any combination of
these effect.
Injury refers to the inflictions or resulting effects onto a
human body resulting from an accident/incident.
Near miss accident is defined as an accident at a place of
work which has the potential to cause injury to any person
or damage to any property.
Dangerous Occurrence refer to occurrence arising out of
or in connection with work activity stipulated in Second
Schedule, FMA (1967).
Definition
Danger is a relative exposure to hazard.
Hazard is a source or situation with a potential for harm in terms of
human injury or ill-health, damage to property, damage to the
environment or a combination of these.
Risk a combination of the likelihood of an occurrence of a hazardous
event with specific period or in specified circumstances and the
severity of injury or damage to the health of people, property,
environment or any combination of these caused by the event.
Environment - air, land, water, flora & fauna, natural resources,
human, surroundings & its interaction

ENVIRONMENT
Historical perspectives of OSHE in
Malaysia
1972
◦ ROBENS Committee, UK was formed to investigate the high rate of industrial accidents, diseases and
deaths at work place.
1994
◦ UK Health and Safety Commission revamped their piecemeal regulations and published the new OSH
regulations. Malaysia was part of the committee and therefore adopted the ROBEN Report’s
recommendations:
◦ a single comprehensive Act dealing with OSH which contains clear statements of responsibilities of
employer/employees
◦ self regulations by employers and employees
◦ the Act shall be supported by regulations and codes of practices
1999
◦ Government start enforcing OSH Act 1994 and directs all organizations to comply
2000
◦ Government make it mandatory for all construction workers in construction industry to undergo
compulsory safety training and issuance of Green Card to permit entry and work at the work site.
◦ Government enforce all organizations to have registered OSH Officer in organizations through
enforcement checks.
History of OSHE in Malaysia

Steam Industrial Occupation

Machinery Industrial
Boiler Safety and al Safety
Safety ( Safety
Safety Hygiene and Health
1914- (1953-
(before (1970- (1994 -
1952) 1967)
1914) 1994) onwards)
Accident Cases

Bhopal Disaster, India

chemical leak in 1984 in the city of Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. India At the time, it was called the worst industrial accident in
history.
On December 3, 1984, about 45 tons of the dangerous gas methyl isocyanate escaped from an insecticide plant that was owned by
the Indian subsidiary of the American firm Union Carbide Corporation. The gas drifted over the densely populated neighborhoods
around the plant, killing thousands of people immediately and creating a panic as tens of thousands of others attempted to flee
Bhopal.
The final death toll was estimated to be between 15,000 and 20,000. Some half a million survivors suffered respiratory problems,
eye irritation or blindness, and other maladies resulting from exposure to the toxic gas; many were awarded compensation of a few
hundred dollars.
Investigations later established that substandard operating and safety procedures at the understaffed plant had led to the tragedy.
In 1998 the former factory site was turned over to the state of Madhya Pradesh. (https://www.britannica.com/event/Bhopal-
disaster)
 Minamata Disease, Japan
It started with the town cats. In the mid-1950s, the people of Minamata, Japan began to notice their cats
were going crazy and falling into the sea. Some people thought the cats were committing suicide. Soon after, a
strange illness appeared to be going around town.
The people of Minamata reported numbness in their limbs and lips. Some had difficulty hearing or seeing.
Others developed shaking (shakes) in their arms and legs, difficulty walking, and even brain damage. And, like
the cats, some people seemed to be going crazy, shouting uncontrollably. Something was affecting their
nervous system.
Finally, in July 1959, researchers from Kumamoto University discovered the source of the illness –– high
levels of mercury poisoning –– which they then named Minamata disease.
A large petrochemical plant in Minamata, run by Chisso Corporation, was suspected immediately.
Chisso denied the allegations and continued its manufacturing without changing its method of
production. Chisso continued to deny its involvement or that its mercury waste was causing any illness. ( It was
later discovered that Chisso Corporation had dumped an estimated 27 tons of mercury compounds
into Minamata Bay.)
Mercury dumping continued, poisoned women gave birth to poisoned babies. These children were
born with severe deformities including gnarled limbs, mental retardation, deafness, and blindness. 
Chisso finally quit poisoning Minimata's waters in 1968. According to the Japanese government, 2,955 people
contracted Minamata disease and 1,784 people have since died. Researchers believe, however, that the criteria
the government uses to diagnose Minamata disease is too strict, and that anyone showing any level of sensory
impairment should be considered a victim. To date, Chisso has financially compensated over 10,000 people and
continues to be involved in suits regarding the matter. 
https://www.verywellhealth.com/minamata-disease-2860856
 Deep Water Horizon
also called Gulf of Mexico oil spill, largest marine oil spill in
history, caused by an April 20, 2010, explosion on the Deepwater
Horizon oil rig—located in the Gulf of Mexico, approximately 41
miles (66 km) off the coast of Louisiana—and its subsequent sinking
on April 22.

-due to a blowout is the uncontrolled release of crude oil

and/or natural gas from an oil well or gas well after
pressure control systems have failed. Modern wells have
blowout preventers intended to prevent such an
occurrence. An accidental spark during a blowout can lead
to a catastrophic oil or gas fire.
-the deaths of 11 workers; 17 others were injured

https://www.britannica.com/event/Deepwater-Horizon-oil-spill
Bright Sparkle, Malaysia
-Fireworks factory and fire – happened in
Sungai Buloh, Malaysia (7th May 1991)
- Huge explosion, deemed one of the
nation’s worst industrial disasters.
- 26 died , over 100 injured, the explosion
had ripped the roofs of some local houses
and damaged more than 200 residential
properties.
- It had been triggered by explosive
chemicals spilt during an experiment in the
canteen of the facility.  
- Bright Sparklers Sdn.Bhd, violated many
laws to carry out dangerous operation(
Objectives of OSHE in Organization
• To manage OSH and welfare matters of workers at a workplace
and work environment
• To protect lives and well being of the workers in an organization
through minimizing risks, hazards, dangers arising from the work
activities and preventing accidents at work
• To comply with all related government and national law
regulations, codes of practices, world and international standard,
industry standard and others requirements
• To minimise the OSHE impacts on efficiency, productivity and
business performance
Importance of OSHE in Organization
• Helping organization creates safer work environment
• To minimize OSHE hazards at workplace and surroundings
• To avoid many investigations of workplace accidents and
environmental accidents
• Reducing injuries and injuries related costs
• Minimize losses to organization: productivity, delays, interruptions,
miss schedule and delivery, energy conservation, preservation of
natural resources.
• Improving business opportunities because customer are favored to
purchased product or services from companies with an OSHMS
• Providing measurable system to verify the OSH performance in the
companies
• Demonstrate the companies is meeting a legal requirements
 Benefits of OSHE implementation
§Improves workers’ productivity
§Cuts down on absenteeism
§Reduce compensation payments
§Improves company’s image and reputation
§Cuts down healthcare and insurance costs
§Minimizes penalties and fines lawsuits
§Creates confidence from public, investors and government
Implementation of OSHE in Organization
Top management to formulate OSHE policies, Top Management
OSHE targets, establish OSHE system, Planning and Commitment
provide resources
Management to lead, set up OSHE Middle Management
Organizational chart, establish safe work Leading and Compliance to OSHE Laws
culture, provide directions, and compliance
to OSH regulations Employees Involvement
Organize OSEH programs, education, Organizing OSHE programs
trainings, activities to achieve OSH
Objectives Coordinate OSHE programs,
Coordinate efforts to implement OSHE documentations, investigations
inspections,audits,promotions,
investigations, documentations Management and Employees
Control and Monitor
Controls to monitor OSHE programs, all OSHE programs
prevention programs to minimize accidents,
safety controls system, SHC review
effectiveness of programs, accidents
OSHE Issues

• Fire at Bitumen Factory, Kemaman – gas explosion that destroyed 2

oil tanks

• Fire at Pusat Tahfiz Darul Quran Ittifaqiyah, Jalan Keramat Ujung

-killed 23 (21 pupils and 2 teachers) - the fire started out in one of
the bedrooms at the top floor of the three-storey religious school.

• Fire at Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Johor Bahru

-due to short-circuit- a fire which broke out on the second floor of
the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of Hospital Sultanah Aminah killed at
least six patients and triggered the evacuation of hundreds of others

• COVID-19 ???
https://www.dosh.gov.my
 Occupational Safety, Health,
and Environmental Management
System

Chapter 2
Contents

§ OSH Management System and requirements

§ Environmental Management System and requirements

§ Overview of the OSH Standards (OHSAS 18000 and MS1722)

§ Overview on the Environmental Standards (ISO14001)

§ OSHE Certifications
 OSH Management System

 OSH Management System is an integral part of the overall

management system of an organization to manage the risks associates
with the business of the organization.

 http://www.jsm.gov.my/ms-1722#.W1_bY_ZuI2w
 - requirement
 - objectives / scope
 Overview of the OSH Standards (MS1722
)
 This Malaysian Std. provides requirements on OSH management system and a basis for the
development of a sustainable safety and health culture in an organization.
 This Standard is intended to address OSH rather than product and services safety.
 Purpose of Standard:
 to provide a system to protect employees from hazards and elimination of work related injuries, disabilities, ill
health, diseases, near misses and fatalities.
 to establish a framework for OSH management system.
 to provide requirements on OSH management system with integration of OSH elements with policy and
management.
 to provide a means to motivate employers, management staff, employees and their representatives in
implementing OSH management principles with continual improvement in OSH performance.
 Overview On MS 1722: 2011
1 Scope and Purpose
2 Terms and Definitions
3 OSH Management system (Process)
3.1 Policy
3.1.1 OSH Policy
3.1.2 Employee Participation
3.2 Organizing
3.2.1 Responsibility and Accountability
3.2.2 Competence and Training
3.2.3 OSH Management system documentation
3.2.4 Communication
3.3 Planning and Implementation
3.3.1 Initial Review
3.3.2 System Planning, Development and Implementation
3.3.3 OSH Objectives
3.3.4 Hazard Prevention
3.4 Evaluation
3.4.1 Performance Monitoring and Measurement
3.4.2 Investigation of Work related Injuries, Disabilities, Ill heath, Disease
Near misses and Impacts on Safety and Health Performance
3.4.3 Audit
3.4.4 Management Review
23
3.5 Action for Improvement
3.5.1 Prevention and Corrective Actions
Process of
OSH Management System
 Objectives of
OSH Management System
§ OSHMS is a coordinated and systematic approach to managing health and safety
risks.

§ OSHMS helps organization to continually improved their safety performances

and compliance to health and safety legislation and standard.
 Benefit of
OSH Management System
§ Helping organization creates safer work environment
§ Reducing injuries and injuries related costs
§ Improving business opportunities because customer are favored to purchased
product or services from companies with an OSHMS
§ Providing measurable system to verify the OSH performance in the companies
§ Demonstrate the companies is meeting a legal requirements
§ Enhancing the organization’s reputation
 OHSAS 18000

 The aim of the OHSAS 18000 standard is to support and promote good occupational
health and safety practices, including self regulation, in balance with organization’s and
socio economic need.

 OHSAS 18000 has publications:

§ OHSAS 18001 Occupational Health and Safety Management System – Requirements
§ OHSAS 18002 Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems –
Guidelines for the Implementation of OHSAS: 2007

A clause-by-clause summary of OHSAS 18001:2007 standard

 Overview of the OSH Standards (OHSAS
18001)
 Title: Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems: Specification

 This OHSAS Specification is to be used to develop a recognizable OHS management system which can
be assessed and certified.

 OHSAS 18001 is developed to be compatible with ISO 9001: 2008 (QMS) and ISO 14001: 2004
(EMS) standards to facilitate the integration of quality, environmental and occupational health and safety
management system.
 Latest ISO 45001 update – June 2018
 The highly anticipated ISO 45001, the first global Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) management
system, has now been published.

ISO 45001 replaces BS OHSAS 18001 and organizations will need to migrate to ISO 45001 in the
next three years.
Objective of OHSAS 18000

§ Developing an occupational health and safety policy for the organization.

§ Establishing an occupational health and safety management system
§ Identifying the hazard, assessment of risks and risk control.
§ Clarifying the legal and other requirement and evaluating compliances with them.
§ Setting the occupational health and safety objectives and targets.
§ Establishing programs for achieving the occupational health and safety objectives targets
§ Implementing and operation of the occupational health and safety management system
§ Evaluation of the occupational health and safety management system
Benefits of OHSAS 18001

§ Compliance with legal and other requirements

§ Employee satisfaction
§ Reducing of absenteeism
§ Reducing of work-related accidents and illness
§ Reducing of costs associated with accident and illness
§ Increasing of control of regulatory issues
§ Potentially reducing of insurance costs
OHSAS 18001
 ISO 45001 (New)

 Latest ISO 45001 update – June 2018

 The highly anticipated ISO 45001, the first global Occupational

Health and Safety (OHS) management system, has now been
published.

 ISO 45001 replaces BS OHSAS 18001 and organizations will

need to migrate to ISO 45001 in the next three years.

 http://www.jsm.gov.my/ms-1722
 Environmental Management System

 EMS is a system comprising of an organizational structure with its

responsibilities, practices, procedures, processes and resources for
implementing and maintaining the system relating to management of the
environment.
 Environmental Standards (ISO 14000)

 ISO 14000 is a set of standard designed to help organization to establish and

objectively evaluate the EMS and to manage environmental impacts of their
activities

 Two main standard used to establish EMS:

§ ISO 14001:2004 Environmental Management System with Guidance for Use
§ ISO 14004:2000, General Guidelines on Principles, System and
SupportingTechniques

§ http://www.jsm.gov.my/ms-iso-14001#.W1_dZPZuI2w
ISO 14001
- Std. specifies requirements to establish an environmental management system with policy and objectives which takes into
account legal and other requirements which the organization subscribes and its significant environmental aspects.

- used to certify an organization with an established Environmental Management System.

http://www.jsm.gov.my/ms-iso-14001#.Xls-5U8zbcu

 Clause 4 – EMS Requirements

 4.1 Establish Environmental Management Systems based on the standard, document, implement, maintain and
improve
 4.2 Establish Environmental Policy, communicate to all staff, contractors or any other person working on behalf of
the organisation and public
 4.3 Plan your EMS by:
 -identifying, document, implement environmental aspects Establish procedure on identifying environmental
aspects
 -identifying, document, implement legal and other requirements. Establish procedure on identifying legal and
other requirements
 - establishing environmental objectives and targets and establish programmes to achieve those targets and
objectives

4.4 Manage implementation and operations of EMS by :
1) identifying roles, responsibilities and authorities. Document and communicate to them
2) providing adequate resources to implement the systems
3) appointing management representative
4) providing relevant training and awareness programs
5) Establish procedure to control internal and external communication with regards to EMS
6) and environmental aspects
7) documenting your EMS which include:
8) environmental policy, objectives and targets
9) scope of EMS
10) describe main elements of the EMS and how they interact with each other
11) establish procedure to control your EMS documents
12) providing operational control by with identifying significant environmental aspect and establish procedure to manage and control
operational situation that have environmental impacts. Establish procedures to control the significant environmental aspects of the goods
and services provided by your suppliers and contractors.
 4.5 Check your EMS by :
1) establishing procedures to monitor and measure the key operational characteristics that could have a
significant impact on the environment
2) ensuring that environmental monitoring and measuring equipment are calibrated and verified, maintained
and records are retained
3) establishing a procedure to periodically evaluate compliance with all relevant legal environmental
requirements
4) establishing procedure on managing actual and potential non-conformity and the corrective and preventive
actions
5) establishing record control procedure for the EMS
6) establishing internal audit procedure, conduct internal audit and report result to management
 4.6 Perform management review of the suitability, adequacy, and effectiveness of your EMS by review
inputs such as internal audits, feedbacks from external parties and achievements of objectives and targets. The
output of management review to include conclusion on the EMS and decisions and actions required continual
improvement
 A Comparison on MS 1722: 2011 , OHSAS 18001:2007 and ISO 14001:2004

MS 1722: 39
2011 OHSAS 18001: 2007 ISO 14001:2004

1 Scope and Purpose 1 Scope

2 Terms and Definitions 2 Reference Publications
3 OSH Management system 3 Terms and Definitions Clauses Description
4 OH& S management system elements
3.1 Policy
4.1 General requirements 4.1 General Requirements

3.2 Organizing
4.2 OH & S policy
4.2 Environmental Policy

3.3 Planning and Implementation 4.3 Planning

4.3 Planning

3.4 Evaluation 4.4 Implementation and

4.4 Implementation and operation Operation

3.5 Action for Improvement 4.5 Checking and corrective action

4.5 Checking

4.6 Management review

4.6 Management Review
 EMS Legal and Other Requirements

§ Environmental Quality Act 1974 (Act 127) –to prevent, abatement, control of pollution and env. For
any purposes related with that

§ Environmental Protection Act 1994 – to preserve env.

§ Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 – to deal with OSH at workplace
§ Factory and Machinery Act (Act 139) – handling accident / diseases
§ Local Town Councils Regulations – local planning
 Benefits of OSH Certification
§ Comply with legal requirements as specified in Occupational Safety and Health Act and other relevant regulations
§ Fulfilling the business and social responsibility on environment management
§ Eliminate or minimize the risks to the employees and other people who may be exposed to OSH risks
associated with its activities.
§ Safeguarding the business and provide the customer, supplier and stakeholders with confidence because
able to manage the OSH issues.
§ Save more money because costs of preventing the OSH accidents are lesser than costs of handling and
corrective action after accidents occurs.
§ Provide the competitive edge in market place because the system provide the continuous improvement.
§ Increase the staff morale and commitments because the system needs into the needs of human resource.
§ Increase probability and business security