1.

SPECIFIC RESISTANCE OF THE MATERIAL OF THE COIL USING -

METRE BRIDGE
OBSERVATION
Length ofthe coil 100 cm = 1 m
L=
Table 1: To findthe resistanceofthe given coil:

Before interchanging After interchanging Mean

S.
R
2
Resistance Balancin
No R (Q) Balancin R(100-1) 8
length X100D
cm
1
length
(0) cm (0) (0)
14.4 5.9444 85.3 5.8027 5.8736
25.2 5.9365 74.6 5.8740 5.9052
33.5 5.9552 66.1 5.8496 5.9024
41.5 5.6385 58.4 5.6153 5.6269
46 5.8695 54 5.8695 5.8695
Mean resistance, X 5.8355

Table 2To find the radiusof the wire:

Zero error == -
(100-95)-5 Zero correction = +5 LC 0.01 mm
Total Reading Corrected Reading
PSR HSC
S.No. -PSR +(HSC LC) TR +ZC
(mm (div.)
mm (mm)
56 0.61

58
2 0.62
0.63
59
60 65
0.64
0.65
2r -0.63 103m
CALCULATION: r 0.315 x 103m
akculation. **

Bete irtencharg charg

..
4h L 853 m,
R
R1oo- 4)
(too-A

K, (loo-l44)

s.9444 S8o27
i.
***

*
 Begon inhcky itavreharg

(
.

X
00-s.2
(lo0-74-6)

X .9365 *2 .3140-

R3 33.Scm L 66tem
K u00 -33-5)
33.5
2x 66.
too- L6-1)
:, 5.ss * 5.946 2
4l-s cm
x,4lio0-41s)
loD-Se-

-6385 5.6I5S

Ras

K Cloo -) K S 54
1D0 S4)

X5-8e25 5-BEasA

Mian X
x t**(n) 5.assa+S8494 -8o4
2-

O5.444 t5:2021- 1.741

x 5.A024n
2
6 38s + S61S3 l-2
r = S.8136
s38

X S.6269
S.365+S.8T4o11OS
2
2 s.8ts+5.961s 173
2 2
X 5.8615

MeAn x 5.8136 +S9os+5.1o2 +S 6269tS-864s

Mank 1117 mean x 583S5S
 Ca

..YY .31Sx1o -3 FIm XE S83Ss

S.9355x3.14 x(o.31SXI0

.818lx lo M,
 2. HORIZoNTAL COMPONENT OF EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD USING
TANGENT GALVANOMETER

OBSERVATION

Number of turns of the coil n =2

Circumference of the coil (2rur)

= 50cm = 50x 10 m

Radius of the coil r-20=S0x10=7961 x 104 m

x 3.14 0.c8

S.No
Current

(Ampere)1
Deflection in TG (degree
3 Mean K=
(degree) tan 6
35 35 55 35 35 2.285
40 40 40 10 40 2.503
45 45 45
50
2.400
50 50 2.433
55 Mean K
2.240
2.372
 5L
akculaipn;

I 6* pet 9 3S

0 7002

A
I 21A 8 4o

o83907

I d-4 A
R.so3A
45
-
.4 ban So

4 .1.1917S

A -433'*

3.2A
3.2
8Ss
3.2
tnss 4282

Mean
k o
B
A
ATy lo 'x2x 2.24o
2x 7 961 x
k
Aês+2-s03 1d

433
t140o 42 7
t24o BH 56-2688 x to
IS-22-Xio
-861
IBA= 3.5a4o x1D T
Mean 2.312
OBSERVATIONS

balancing length for balancing length for

S.No
Lechlanche cell Daniel cell

,cm I, cm
576 422 1.360

569 440 1.293

453 335 1.352

448 333 1.346

451 334 1.350

460 340 1.352

Mean
"E 1.337
 oporiion q Emtotwocalls
woug pokenHgmete

Foimulo
Cnounst
**
)

**
Calculaten

,=516

E1-365
=4o .

.
4S3

, 448
cCm

m
33S
33s m
293

1-3S2

34
, 48 5S

333

n A 334Cm
4Sl
4S
334
1- 3so

,46o u A2 34o em

1-35 3
34d

Mean
-3bs + -23 + 1-3s2
1 +t-34S +1:3Sod
t3S3
 2

d
1343 (ne
,
 4. REFRACTIVE INDEX OF THE MATERIAL OF THE PRISM

OBSERVATION
Table 1 To find the angle of the prism (A):

Vernier (B) Degree

Image Vernier (A)Degree
MSR VSC| TR MSR VSC TR
Reflected image from
face 1
600 600 7 2400 7 2407

Reflected image from

2 2990 3 2990 3' 1190 3 1190 3

2
face

Difference 2A 2 A R1 -R2 1210 4 A R1-R2 12104'

Mean 2A = 121° 4'
Mean A = 60° 32'
Tofind "A
VERNIER-A
2A = R Ra = 2990 3' - 600 2980 63'- 600 7 2380 56'
7'

This value is larger OBTUSE ANGLE, So it must be subtracted from 3600

2A 3600- 238°56' 3590 60'- 238°56'= 1210 4
VERNIER-B
2A = Ri -Ra 2400 7- 1190 3= 1210 4
AVERAGE 2A = 121°4'+ 121°4
A
A

A
A
= 4
242°8

600 32
=1210 4'

4/11

Table 2: To find the angle of minimum deviation (D):

Vernier (A)Degree Vernier (B)Degree

Image
MSR VSC TR
3190
MSR VSC TR 1390
image R3 46 46
Refracted 319 46 1390
46
46
Direct image R4 00 00 1800 1800

Difference D D R3-R4 400 14' D -R3 - R4 400 14'

Mean D = 400 14'
Tofind p"
VERNTER-A

D Ra -R4 = 3190 46'-00 =3600 3190 46' 3590 60' 3190 46'= 400 14'

VERNTER-B

D R3 -R4 = 1800 - 1390 46'= 1790 60' - 1390 46'= 40° 14'

Average D
=40 14+40014'
D 80028'
D 400 14'
CALCULATION
To find ""

stn(
sin
()
sin (6032"+400 14'

sin32)
sin100040'
2
sin(
sin( 50 23)
sin(300 16')
0.7705
0.5040

H 1.529 No Unit

RESULT
. Angle of the Prism (A) =600 32' (degree)
Angle of the minimum deviation of the prism (D)= 400 14' (degree)
Refractive index of the material ofthe Prism (p) 1.529 (No unit)
OBSERVATION

To find the wave length of prominent colours of the mercury spectrum:

Number of lines 5x 105 lines per metre

Diffracted Ray Reading (Degree) Difference

20
Degree)
Left Right

Vernier A Vernier B Vernier

A Vernier B

MSR VSC
TR| MSR VSC TR MSR vSC TR MSR vsC TR

3020
0 3020 1220 0 470 25 30'

0 19 0 119° 330 330 150 I50 31° 31|15

31°
30 30 30 30 30 30 30 45

298 298° 118° 118° 331°

30
331
30
1510
30
151°
30
33 33 33 16
30 30 30

296 o296 116 116°

30 153
30
153
0 30
 lolos wsing otprackon
Comoiruenk
WDeleng h

Formula
in(A)
nN

allakn
N Sx1o ines m

12s0
blue
in d)=O 21645
Sxio
0.Dh329 XI0

O o432kto°x io

32.1 nm

& S 45
in ss')0.2114
Sx 1o SxtoS

0 0S 428 x tox o

nm
reen 5542.8
a) 16'4'
Aiol16'us) 28e17
Sxio

lo
576.3 nm

)
Yetlous

in 84s) o32144
Sx1oS S io
0O 06428 x to o

Red 642.8nm
 6. vOLTAGE-CURRENT CHARACTERISTICs OF A PN JUNCTION DIODE

OBSERVATION
Table 1 Forward bias characteristic curve:

S. No
Forward bias voltage V Forward bias current lf

(volt) (mA)
0.1

0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6 3.5
0.7 17.5

Table 2 Reverse bias characteristic curve:

Reverse bias voltage VR Reverse bias current l«

s. No
(volt (uA
0
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
10 10 160

CALCULATION

() Forward resistance

()Knee voltage 0.55

R, = stope

V(from graph)
AlF =
14x 10-3 A 0.007142x 103 =7.142

RESULT
The V-I characteristics of the PN junction diode are studied.

i) Knee voltage of the PN junction diode -0.55 V ( from graph)

i) Forward resistance ofthe diode R= 7.1420

 7. vOLTAGE-CURRENT CHARACTERISTICS OF A ZENER DIODE

OBSERVATION

Table 1 Forward bias characteristic curve:

S. No
Forward bias voltage V Forward bias current I
(volt) (mA)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

Table 2 Reverse bias characteristic curve:

Reverse bias voltage Vr Reverse bias current

S. No
(volt)_ A)

6.2 0.2
6.4 10
CALCULATION

() Forward resistance Ry =one 0.01 x 103 = 100

slope 10x 103
()kneevoltage 0.77v (from graph)

(ii) The breakdown voltage ofthe Zener diode Vz 6. 4 V (from graph

RESULT
The V-I characteristics of the Zener diode are studied.

i) Forward resistance R =10

(ii) knee voltage 0.77V(from graph)
(ii) The breakdown voltage of the Zener diode Vz =6.4 V (from graph)
 8. CHARACTERISTIcs OF A NPN-JUNCTION TRANSISTOR IN COMMON
EMITTER CONFIGURATION
()Input characteristic curve: VBE vs Is (VCE Constant)

VCE= 2V VcE 5V
S. No VBE lB VBE B
(V (A) (LA)_
0.1 0.1
0.2 0.2
0.3 0.3
0.4 0.4
0.5 0.5 O
0.6
0.7
2
48
0.6
0.7 76
0.8 86 0.8 192
0.9 148 0.9
10characteristic1.0 200 1.0
1) Output curve: VCE VS Ic (lB constant)

I25uA Ig-50uA
S. No
V
VCE Ic
mA)
VCE lc

(mA)_

3.25 5.25
3.25 5.25
3.25 5.25
3.25 5.25
3.25 5.25
3.5 5.5
3.5 5.5
9 9 3.5 5.5
0 10 3.5 10 5.5
(ii) Transfer characteristic curve: Ia Vs. Ie (VcE constant)

VCE= 5V
S. No B Ic
(uA_ (mA)
0
25 1.25
50 3.50
75 5.75
100 7.75
125 10.5
RESULT

The input, output and transfer characteristics of the

i)
NPN junction in common emitter
mode are drawn.
ii) (a) Input impedancer = 2777
(b) Output impedance ro= 400
(c)
=
Current gain B 90 (no unit)
 9. VERIFICATION OF TRUTH TABLES OF LoGIC GATES USING
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
INPUTS AND OR NOT X-OR NAND NOR
Gate Gate Gate Gate Gate Gate
Y=A.BY=A+B Y=Y = ÄB + ABY
=A.BY =A+B

CALCULATION:
AND Gate: Y =A.B 1) 0.0 0 2) 0.1 0 3) 1.0 0 4)1.1 1
ORGate: Y =A +B 1) 0+0 0 2) 0 11 3) 1+0=1 4)1+1 1

NOT Gate : Y = 1)0=0 2) I 0

X-OR Gate: Y +AB =B
1)0.00.0 1.0+0.1 =0+0 =0
2)0.1 +0.1 =1.1 +0.0 1+0 =1
3) 1.0 + 1.0 =0.0 + =0+1=1 1.1

4)1.1 +1.1 = + 0+0 = 00.1 1.0

NAND Gate: Y =A.B

1)0.01+1 1 2)0.1 1+0=1 3)1.0 0+1 =1 4)1.1 =0+0 =0

NOR Gate: Y = A+B
1)0+01.1=1 2)0+1=1.0= 0 3)1+ 0 0.1 =0 4) 1+1=0.0=0

RESULT
The truth table of logic gates AND, OR, NOT, Ex-OR, NAND and NOR using
integrated circuits is verified.
 10. VERIFICATION OF DE MORGAN'S THEOREMS

OBSERVATION

De-Morgan's first theorem

Truth Table

A00BA+1B_. B

De-Morgan's second theorema

Truth Table

00L1 AA1
AB

CALCULATION

De-Morgan's first theorem

A+B 1)0+0 1.1-1 2)0+1 1.0 0 3)1+0 0.1 =0

4)1+T =0.0 = 0
A.B 1) 0.0 1.1=1 2)0.1=1.0= 0 3) T.0 =0.1 =0
4)1.1=0.0=0
De-Morgan's second theorem

A.B 1) 0.0 1+1 =1 2)0.1 1+0=1 3)1.0 =0+1 =1

4)1.1 = 0+ 0 =0
A+B 1) 0+01+1=1 2)0+ 1=1+0 1 3)Í+Õ =0+1 =1
4)1+ I =0+ =0 0
RESULT
De Morgan's first and second theorems are verified.