KMU-KYM 437 Ölçüm ve

Kontrol Teknikleri
(2021-22 Güz)
Hafta 10
1

Doç.Dr. Suna ERTUNÇ

ertunc@eng.ankara.edu.tr
ertunc.suna@gmail.com
2 Haftalık Programı
Hafta Konu

1 Ölçüm ve Kontrol Tekniklerine Giriş

2 Temel Ölçüm ve Kontrol Sistemleri Terminolojisi
3 Ölçmenin Tarihi
4 Ölçüm Özellikleri
5 Sıcaklık Ölçümü
6 Basınç Ölçümü
7 Seviye Ölçümü
8 Arasınav
9 Akış Hızı Ölçümü
10 Konum ve Hız ölçümleri
11 Gelişen Ölçümler, Sinyal İşleme Devreleri
12 Malzeme Özellikleri Ölçümleri
13 Ölçüm Elemanı Seçimi
14 Mühendislikte Ölçüm ve Kontrol Uygulamaları
3 5.4. Flow Rate Measurements
 Flow is one of the most important variables measured
in industrial and commercial environments.
 Whether the fluid is oil, gas, steam, air, or water, there
are many occasions when it is vitally important to
know how much flow is traveling through a pipe.
 Measurement of petroleum and natural gas at multiple
points along the distribution chain very important
issue both the economy and the safety issues.
 In addition, flow is measured in rivers and streams,
rather than in closed conduits, and this is called
openchannel flow measurement.
 There are many ways of defining flow (mass flow,
volume flow, laminar flow, turbulent flow). Usually the
amount of a substance flowing (mass flow) is the most
important, and if the fluid’s density is constant, a
volume flow measurement is a useful substitute that is
generally easier to perform.
 New-technology Traditional technology
4 flowmeters flowmeters

Differential pressure
Coriolis flowmeters
(DP) flowmeters

Magnetic Positive displacement

flowmeters flowmeters

Ultrasonic
Turbine flowmeters
flowmeters

Open-channel
Vortex flowmeters
flowmeters

Thermal Variable area

flowmeters flowmeters
 Traditional technology
5 flowmeters

Differential pressure
They have the following characteristics (DP) flowmeters
1. They were introduced into commercial and industrial
environments before 1950.
Positive displacement
2. They typically require more maintenance than new-
flowmeters
technology flowmeters.
3. Suppliers generally do less product development on
traditional technology flowmeters than on new-technology Turbine flowmeters
flowmeters.
4. They typically are not as accurate or reliable as new-
technology flowmeters. Open-channel
5. They have been relatively slow to adopt modern flowmeters
communication protocols
Variable area
flowmeters
6 Differential pressure (DP) flowmeters

• Differential pressure flowmeters operate by placing a constriction in the flowstream that

creates a difference in pressure upstream and downstream from the constriction.
• The constriction is called a primary element. DP flowmeters use the difference in pressure to
generate a flow measurement.
• There are many types of primary elements, including the following
 Orifice plates
 Venturi tubes
 Flow nozzles
 Pitot tubes
 Other
• DP flowmeters differ from other flowmeters in that the primary elements used with DP
transmitters to measure flow are often sold separately from the DP transmitter itself. Some
companies are in the business of manufacturing primary elements. They may leave it up to
the customer to specify whose DP transmitter they prefer to use with the primary element.
 * An orifice plate is a round plate, usually made of steel, with a hole in it. Orifice plates are relatively
inexpensive, but are generally good at handling dirty fluids. One chief disadvantage of orifice plates is
7 that they create significant pressure loss because the part of the plate that does not have a hole, or
“orifice,” in it blocks the flow. They are also subject to wear over time, which can degrade the accuracy of
the flow measurement.
* A Venturi tube is an elongated tube that narrows at one end. Venturis can be used with clean liquids,
gases, and steam, although they also can handle slurries and dirty liquids. They cause less pressure loss
than orifice plates because of their relatively wide opening. Venturis are the best suited for high-speed
flows. They tend to be relatively expensive, and can also be difficult to install.
* A Pitot tube is a vertical flow element that has pressure ports both in the front and also in the back of
the tube. Pitot tubes are designed for use with clean liquids, gases, and steam. They are subject to
clogging when used with dirty fluids or fluids with particles. Pitot tubes cause relatively little pressure
drop.
* A flow nozzle is a shortened tube that curves inward to form a narrower opening than the internal
diameter of the pipe. Flow nozzles can handle both clean and dirty liquids, as well as clean gases and
saturated steam. Like Venturi tubes, they work best with highspeed flows, and they also do well in high
temperature applications. Flow nozzles have less pressure loss than orifice plates.
8 Positive displacement flowmeters

 The first positive displacement flowmeter was invented by Thomas Glover in 1843.
 Today positive displacement flowmeters have cloth or synthetic rubber diaphragms and are
made from cast aluminum.
 Positive displacement flowmeters work by capturing the flow in compartments of known
quantity, emptying those compartments, and then counting how many times this is done. This
need for counting explains the register that appears on positive displacement flowmeters; this
register serves as a counter for determining how often the compartments are filled and
emptied.
 There are a number of different types of positive displacement flowmeters that are classified by
their design. The main types are as follows
• Diaphragm
• Rotary
• Oval Gear
• Helical Gear
• Nutating Disc
• Oscillating Piston: a piston that rotates inside a cylindrical chamber.
 Positive displacement flowmeters are important for measuring the fluids which are Water, Oil,
Industrial liquids, Gas.
 Positive displacement flowmeters
9
 Turbine Flowmeters
10
 The word “turbine” comes from a Latin word meaning “spinning thing.” Turbine meters have a
rotor with propeller-like blades that spins as fluid passes over it.
 The rotor has bearings and is mounted in a housing. The rotor spins in proportion to flowrate.
Different methods are used to detect the speed of the rotor, including an electronic sensor
and a mechanical shaft. There are at least seven different types of turbine meters that vary
according to the design of the spinning rotor:
Axial: a rotor that revolves around the axis of flow.
Jet: mainly used for water measurement, jet meters have an orifice that water is
forced through, forming a “jet”; the two types are single jet and multi-jet.
Paddlewheel: a lightweight paddlewheel spins in proportion to flowrate.
Pelton Wheel: like paddlewheel meters but with a single size rotor with straight
blades.
Propeller: mainly used for dirty liquids, with helical-shaped blades that are longer
than the blades of most other turbine meters.
Woltman: also called “bulk” meters, are water meters for large volume
applications. They have a gear train to convert the motion of the rotor into the
rotation of a vertical shaft.
Compound: because they incorporate 2 meter technologies; typically they have
turbine technology for high flowates and positive displacement technology for low
flowrates.
 Open-Channel Flowmeters
11
 Most flow measurement occurs in closed pipes. However, there is one type of flowmeter that
is designed to measure flow in rivers, streams, and open conduits.
 Called an openchannel flowmeter, these meters are used for agriculture, irrigation, and
wherever flowhas to be measured outside of a closed pipe.
 Another way to draw the distinction is between flow that occurs under pressure and
gravitational flow. Flow in closed pipes typically occurs under pressure, whereas flow in rivers,
streams, and open conduits typically relies on the force of gravity to generate the flow.

 Weirs and Flumes

 Area Velocity Method (Q=V*A)
 Variable Area Flowmeters
12
 Most of them are read manually, and they are
sometimes used to indicate a flow/no-flow situation.

 Flowrate is read by comparing the position of a float

in a tube in the meter to a dial on the outside of the
tube that indicates flowrate.
 Most variable area flowmeters consist of a tapered
tube containing a float. Typically, these meters are
mounted vertically, and the fluid’s upward force is
counterbalanced by the force of gravity. At some
point, the float remains constant and the flowrate
can usually be read from a scale on the meter tube.
The variable area meter tubes consist of glass,
metal, and plastic. Plastic tubes are the lowest in
cost, whereas metal tubes are used to handle high
pressure applications.
 New-technology
13 flowmeters

Coriolis flowmeters New-technology flowmeters are distinguished by the

following characteristics
1. They were introduced into the commercial market in 1950
Magnetic or after.
flowmeters
2. They incorporate technical advantages that avoid some
problems with earlier flowmeters.
Ultrasonic 3. They are the focus of more product development by
flowmeters suppliers than are traditional technology flowmeters.
4. Their level of performance, including reliability and
accuracy, is better than that of the pre-1950 flowmeters.
Vortex flowmeters 5. They typically have been quick to adopt modern
communication protocols
Thermal
flowmeters
 New-technology
14 Coriolis Flowmeters flowmeters

Coriolis flowmeters
Coriolia flowmeters get their name from the French mathematician
Gustave Coriolis. This effect is often illustrated by using the rotating Earth
or using a merry-go-round. Someone at the center of a merry-go-round Magnetic
who aims a ball at a target at the edge of the spinning object will miss the flowmeters
target if the merry-go-round is spinning fast enough because by the time
the ball reaches the location of the target, the target will have moved on,
Ultrasonic
along with the spinning merry-go-round. flowmeters

Coriolis flowmeters are made up of one or more vibrating tubes, which are Vortex flowmeters
usually bent. The fluid accelerates as it moves through the tube toward
the point of maximum vibration, and decelerates in the tube as it leaves
this point. This motion causes the tubes to twist. Mass flow is directly Thermal
proportional to the amount of twist in the tubes. Tube positions are flowmeters
sensed by position sensors.
 New-technology
15 Coriolis Flowmeters flowmeters

Coriolis flowmeters

Magnetic
flowmeters

Ultrasonic
flowmeters

Vortex flowmeters

Thermal
flowmeters
 New-technology
16 Magnetic Flowmeters flowmeters

Coriolis flowmeters

 They are used to measure the flow of conductive liquids and slurries,
including black liquor and paper pulp slurries. Their main limitation is
Magnetic
that they can only measure conductive liquids. flowmeters
 Their purchase price can be relatively high, depending on line size.
The large size meters are typically used for water and wastewater
applications. Ultrasonic
 Magnetic flowmeters have wire coils mounted inside or outside the flowmeters
body of the flowmeter.
 Either alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC) is applied to these
coils, which generates a magnetic field inside the meter body. Vortex flowmeters
 As conductive liquid passes through the meter body, a voltage is
generated due to the presence of the magnetic field.
 Electrodes on either side of the meter body detect this voltage. The Thermal
flowmeter uses this voltage value to compute the flowrate. flowmeters
 New-technology
17 Magnetic Flowmeters flowmeters

Coriolis flowmeters

Magnetic
flowmeters

Ultrasonic
flowmeters

Vortex flowmeters

Filling machines are another major Thermal

application for magnetic flowmeters flowmeters
 New-technology
18 Ultrasonic Flowmeters flowmeters

 Their advantages are many: they create very little pressure drop in Coriolis flowmeters
the line, they are highly accurate, and they are very reliable over time.
 Ultrasonic flowmeters are mainly use for liquid and gas applications,
although some are now being used to measure steam flow. Magnetic
 The dominant technology used in ultrasonic flowmeters is called flowmeters
transit time.
 When liquids contain a large number of impurities, Doppler
Ultrasonic
ultrasonic meters are used.
flowmeters
 Doppler meters work like transit time meters except that instead of
bouncing a signal off the other side of the pipe, they bounce a signal
off the particles in the flowstream.
 Mounting type is an important consideration for ultrasonic Vortex flowmeters
flowmeters.
 They are sometimes used as check meters to monitor the
performance of another flowmeter and where it is desirable to Thermal
measure flow at different locations. flowmeters
 New-technology
19 Ultrasonic Flowmeters flowmeters

Coriolis flowmeters

Magnetic
flowmeters

Ultrasonic
flowmeters

Vortex flowmeters

Thermal
flowmeters
 New-technology
20 Vortex Flowmeters flowmeters

• Vortex flowmeters are the most versatile type of flowmeter Coriolis flowmeters
because they can reliably measure liquid, steam, and gas flows
with relative ease.
Magnetic
• They are also able to withstand the high temperatures and
flowmeters
pressures associated with steam flow, and hence are uniquely
qualified to measure steam.
• Vortex flowmeters make use of what is called the von Karman Ultrasonic
effect. flowmeters
• The vortex flowmeter counts the number of vortices generated
by the bluff body, which is a broad object with a flat front
Vortex flowmeters
that is inserted into the flowstream.
• Flow velocity is proportional to the frequency of the vortices.
• Flowrate is calculated by multiplying flow velocity times the Thermal
area of the pipe. flowmeters
• Vortex flowmeters offer reliable and accurate flow
measurement at a reasonable price.
 New-technology
21 Vortex Flowmeters flowmeters

Coriolis flowmeters

Magnetic
flowmeters

Ultrasonic
flowmeters

Vortex flowmeters

Thermal
flowmeters
 New-technology
22 Thermal Flowmeters flowmeters

 Thermal flowmeters are used almost entirely for gas flow Coriolis flowmeters
measurement.
 Thermal flowmeters work differently from other new-
Magnetic
technology types.
flowmeters
 They actually introduce heat into the flowstream and
measure how quickly this heat dissipates.
 Heat dissipation is measured using one of the two methods Ultrasonic
Constant temperature differential flowmeters
Constant current
 Both methods use the principle that greater cooling results
Vortex flowmeters
from higher velocity flows.
 In the early 1990s, there was an environmental push to
measure the amount of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrous oxide Thermal
(NOx). flowmeters
 Thermal flowmeters found a gap in this market, which is
referred to as continuous emissions monitoring (CEM).
 New-technology
23 Thermal Flowmeters flowmeters

Coriolis flowmeters

Magnetic
flowmeters

Ultrasonic
flowmeters

Vortex flowmeters

Thermal
flowmeters
24
25 Selecting Flow Sensors

Here are important questions to ask during the selection process:

■ Is the measurement for a process control application, where repeatability is the
major concern, or for accounting or custody transfer, where high accuracy is
important?
■ Is local indication or a remote signal required? If a remote output is required, is it to
be a proportional signal, or a contact closure to start or stop another device?
■ Is the liquid to be measured clean, viscous, or a slurry?
■ Is the liquid to be measured electrically conductive?
■ What is the specific gravity or density of the liquid to be measured?
■ What flow rates are involved in the application?
■ What are the process's operating temperatures and pressures?
■ What accuracy, range, linearity, repeatability, and piping requirements must be
considered?